Sex ing and Sex o ion Among Czech Adolescen s: A Case-Based
Quali a i e Analysis
Vo áč, Dominik; Kopecký, Kamil; H dino á Pe a, Zibu o á Ka olína
Facul y o Educa ion, Palacký Uni e si y Olomouc
Czech Republic
Abs ac
The ise o digi al communica ion has undamen ally eshaped adolescen social in e ac ions, b inging
new isks alongside new o ms o in imacy. This s udy in es iga es he psychosocial dynamics o sex ing
and sex o ion among child en and adolescen s aged 10 o 17, d awing on 416 anonymized case epo s
submi ed o he Czech E-Bezpečí online counseling se ice be ween 2013 and 2025. Using quali a i e
coding and hema ic analysis, he s udy explo es pa e ns o beha io , unde lying mo i a ions,
ela ionship dynamics, and psychological consequences associa ed wi h consensual sex ing and coe ci e
sex o ion.
Findings indica e ha sex ing is mos p e alen be ween ages 15–17, o en d i en by oman ic
mo i a ions, pee in luence, o emo ional explo a ion. A s a is ically signi ican associa ion was ound
be ween gende and ype o case, highligh ing di e gen isk p o iles. The majo i y o pe pe a o s we e
s ange s o online acquain ances, al hough ex-pa ne s and cu en iends also played a ole, e lec ing
bo h oppo unis ic and ela ional abuse dynamics.
Psychological impac s we e p o ound. Vic ims epo ed anxie y, shame, suicidal idea ion, and social
wi hd awal, o en in esponse o b eaches o us o public humilia ion. The emo ional oll was
compounded by ea s o legal epe cussions and he i e e sible ci cula ion o explici con en . No ably,
many ic ims eached ou p eemp i ely, ea ing po en ial dissemina ion, illus a ing how an icipa ed
ha m can d i e dis ess e en wi hou ac ual exposu e.
In oduc ion
The digi al e a has ushe ed in unp eceden ed oppo uni ies o communica ion and sel -exp ession,
pa icula ly among child en and adolescen s, ye his inc eased connec i i y also p esen s no el
challenges, no ably in he ealms o sex ing and sex o ion. Sex ing ( he sha ing, sending, o ecei ing
o sexually explici messages, pho og aphs, o ideos ia digi al communica ion ools, pa icula ly
mobile phones, social media pla o ms, and messaging applica ions) is inc easingly ecognized as a
common beha io among adolescen s, pa icula ly in he con ex o online oman ic in e ac ions, and
may in some cases be misused and lead o coe ci e p ac ices such as online sex o ion (Dö ing, 2014;
Kopecký, 2017; Kopecký & Szo kowski, 2018; Radebe & Njenga, 2024). Sex o ion, a mo e insidious
phenomenon, in ol es he exploi a ion o hese in ima e images o in o ma ion h ough h ea s,
coe cion, o blackmail. This can lead o se e e psychological dis ess and po en ial long- e m
consequences o ic ims (Hong e al., 2020). Unde s anding he psychosocial dynamics, mo i a ions,
and consequences su ounding sex ing and sex o ion is c ucial o de eloping e ec i e p e en ion and
in e en ion s a egies.
This quali a i e s udy del es in o case epo s om an online counseling se ice o explo e he pa e ns,
mo i a ions, and consequences o sex ing and sex o ion among child en and adolescen s aged 10 o 17.
By examining eal-li e scena ios documen ed by ic ims, his esea ch aims o p o ide a nuanced
unde s anding o he expe iences o young people in ol ed in hese beha io s. P e ious s udies ha e
no ed ha ce ain me hodological cons ain s — such as su ey en i onmen s ha do no gua an ee
p i acy — may lead o unde epo ing o sex ing beha io s (Lenha , n.d.; Mi chell e al., 2012). Unlike
la ge-scale su eys ha may ely on pa en al epo s o e ospec i e accoun s, ou analysis is g ounded
in he au hen ic and immedia e es imony o a child con on ing a pe sonal p oblem, hus a oiding his
pa icula limi a ion. This pe spec i e allows o a mo e nuanced unde s anding o he child's li ed
expe ience and o e s aluable insigh s o mo e a ge ed p e en ion and in e en ion s a egies. This
clea e unde s anding o psychosocial mo i a ions and con ex ual isk ac o s is c ucial o p e en ion
and educa ion s a egies (Madigan e al., 2018; Mo i e al., 2020).
Mo i a ions and Pa e ns o Sex ing
The p e alence o sex ing among young people is inc easing, wi h s udies indica ing ha a signi ican
p opo ion o adolescen s ha e sen , ecei ed, o o wa ded sex s (Molla-Espa za, Losilla, e al., 2020;
Szo kowski e al., 2020). The pa e ns o sex ing can a y widely, anging om consensual exchanges
be ween oman ic pa ne s o non-consensual dissemina ion o images o messages. The anonymi y
a o ded by online pla o ms can con ibu e o a sense o disinhibi ion, leading adolescen s o engage in
beha io s hey migh o he wise a oid in ace- o- ace in e ac ions. The lack o immedia e eedback and
he po en ial o delayed consequences can also diminish pe cep ions o isk, making young people mo e
ulne able o engaging in sex ing wi hou ully unde s anding he po en ial ami ica ions (Howa d e al.,
2023).
The mo i a ions behind sex ing among adolescen s a e mul i ace ed, spanning social, emo ional, and
psychological domains. Some adolescen s engage in sex ing as a means o sexual exp ession in online
in e ac ions and as pa o hei explo a ion o eme ging sexuali y (Sha ma e al., 2019) In many cases,
pee p essu e – especially ia social media pla o ms - plays a c i ical ole in ini ia ing such beha io .
The d i e o con o m o g oup no ms and main ain social s a us can o en ou weigh awa eness o isks
and consequences. Addi ionally, sex ing may se e as an exp ession o au onomy, pa icula ly among
you h na iga ing es ic i e cul u al no ms su ounding sexuali y (Chege & Lumala, 2020).
Theo e ical amewo k
Unde s anding he eme gence and dynamics o sex ing and sex o ion among adolescen s equi es a
mul idimensional heo e ical app oach ha e lec s he complexi y o con empo a y digi al socializa ion.
These beha io s do no occu in isola ion bu a e embedded in a b oade sociocul u al and echnological
con ex whe e isk- aking, iden i y explo a ion, and pee in luence in e sec . The con e gence o
in e pe sonal communica ion echnologies and adolescen de elopmen has ans o med adi ional
pa e ns o social in e ac ion, demanding new analy ical lenses o examining beha io s such as sex ing
and he inc easingly p e alen phenomenon o sex o ion (Mo elli e al., 2025).
A ounda ional lens o unde s anding sex ing is social lea ning heo y, which posi s ha beha io is
acqui ed h ough obse a ion and imi a ion o o he s, pa icula ly wi hin pee ne wo ks (Sesa e al.,
2019). Adolescen s o en look o hei social en i onmen o beha io al cues, and when sex ing is
pe cei ed as no ma i e o e en desi able— ein o ced by pee app o al o oman ic a en ion - i
becomes mo e likely ha indi iduals will engage in i (Dodaj & Sesa , 2023). This aligns wi h indings
ha adolescen s exposed o pee s who engage in sex ing a e signi ican ly mo e likely o adop simila
beha io s hemsel es, especially in he absence o c i ical media li e acy o adul guidance.
Complemen ing his is de elopmen al ulne abili y heo y, which sugges s ha ea ly ad e se
expe iences - such as neglec , abuse, o uns able amily dynamics - can impai emo ional egula ion and
lead o inc eased suscep ibili y o isky o exploi a i e beha io s la e in adolescence (Yode e al., 2018).
Fo some adolescen s, sex ing may se e as a maladap i e coping mechanism o a o m o seeking
alida ion in esponse o ea lie emo ional wounds.
The in luence o echnology is u he e lec ed in he concep o digi al na i es - young people who
ha e g own up imme sed in digi al echnologies. Thei li ed expe ience wi h ins an aneous
communica ion and online sha ing o en shapes a mo e luid unde s anding o p i acy and pe manence,
some imes leading o unde es ima ion o he isks associa ed wi h sha ing in ima e con en (Mo i e al.,
2020).
F om a di e en angle, social con ol heo y (Hi schi, 2017) emphasizes he p o ec i e ole o s ong
social bonds, a achmen o ins i u ions (e.g., school, amily), and in e naliza ion o no ms in de e ing
de ian beha io s such as sex ing. When hese bonds a e weakened— o ins ance, due o lack o pa en al
in ol emen o social aliena ion—adolescen s may be mo e p one o expe imen a ion wi h isk-laden
digi al beha io s. This no ion is ein o ced by sel -con ol heo y, which posi s ha indi iduals wi h
lowe sel - egula ion a e mo e likely o ac impulsi ely wi hou ully conside ing long- e m
consequences (Lee e al., 2013). In adolescence, he sea ch o social adap a ion and app o al o en
heigh ens hese endencies, pa icula ly when pee p essu e p omo es sexually exp essi e beha io s.
E en when awa e o po en ial isks, many eens s ill choose o engage in sex ing as hey na iga e
in ima e ela ionships and social hie a chies (Pe y e al., 2022; Tama i e al., 2021).
Applying social exchange heo y, as sugges ed by W igh & Wachs (2024) o e s a compelling lens o
unde s anding he di e en ial ou comes o consensual e sus non-consensual and p essu ed sex ing.
While consensual sex ing may enhance in imacy and emo ional connec ion (i.e., ela ional “ ewa ds”),
coe ced o non-consensual exchanges o en yield psychological “cos s”, he eby con ibu ing o men al
heal h issues and sexual isk beha io s.
Rou ine ac i i y heo y u he explains how sex o ion oppo uni ies a ise om he con e gence o
h ee condi ions: he p esence o a mo i a ed o ende , a sui able a ge , and he absence o capable
gua dians (Ki e ingham & Fennelly, 2020). The online en i onmen o en ampli ies hese ac o s,
o e ing bo h access and anonymi y o pe pe a o s. Resea ch has also shown ha ic ims wi h his o ies
o auma, sexual abuse, o chao ic domes ic li es exhibi g ea e ulne abili y o cybe ic imiza ion
(Hong e al., 2020; Radebe & Njenga, 2024).
Me hods
This s udy is based on da a collec ed h ough he E-Bezpečí online counselling se ice, which has been
ope a ing in he Czech Republic a Palacký Uni e si y in Olomouc since 2010 and has documen ed o e
5,000 cases o isky online beha io among child en and adolescen s. Fo he pu poses o he p esen
esea ch, we analyzed case epo s submi ed be ween 6 June 2013 and 13 Feb ua y 2025. In
acco dance wi h he pla o m’s e ms o use, esponden s we e in o med ha anonymized da a migh be
used o esea ch pu poses. All pe sonal in o ma ion was emo ed in line wi h e hical s anda ds o da a
p o ec ion and he p i acy o indi iduals. The s udy ecei ed app o al om he E hics Commi ee o he
Facul y o Educa ion, Palacký Uni e si y in Olomouc.
Case Selec ion
F om he ull da ase o 5,001 cases, we selec ed hose in ol ing child en aged 10 o 17 yea s and
ca ego ized hem based on he ype o isky online in e ac ion. While he p ima y ocus o ou s udy
was on sex ing, we also included sex o ion cases in he quan i a i e analysis o explo e gende
di e ences be ween hese wo o ms o online sexual isk beha io . Howe e , o he pu poses o he
quali a i e analysis, we ocused exclusi ely on cases in ol ing sex ing wi hou any explici elemen s
o ex o ion. A e his il e ing p ocess, a o al o 133 ele an cases we e e ained o in-dep h
quali a i e examina ion.
Each case en y con ained mul iple a iables: a unique case ID, he da e o submission, he esponden ’s
gende and age, a ee- ex na a i e ( ypically w i en by he child o adolescen ), and a se ies o
esea che -assigned hema ic codes. All cases we e anonymized p io o analysis o ensu e he e hical
handling o sensi i e con en .
Coding S a egy
The s udy employed a quali a i e con en analysis app oach, g ounded in an open, induc i e coding
p ocess. The p ima y esea che manually e iewed each case na a i e line by line and assigned codes
based on ecu ing seman ic hemes. These hemes we e no p ede ined bu a he eme ged om he da a
i sel , in line wi h p inciples o g ounded heo y. All coding p ocedu es we e conduc ed in Mic oso
Excel, which enabled sys ema ic documen a ion and c oss-case compa ison o hema ic ca ego ies.
The inal codebook included a di e se ange o concep s g ouped in o psychological, social, beha io al,
and con ex ual dimensions. Commonly applied codes included:
• Psychological s a es: ea , psychological de e io a ion, sel - e lec ion.
• Social dynamics: o me pa ne , ecen pa ne , unknown pe pe a o , iend, c oss-bo de
elemen .
• Beha io al and esponse pa e ns: non-consensual dissemina ion, a oidance o epo ing,
b ibe y, p ank.
• Technological con ex : pla o m-speci ic dissemina ion (Facebook e c.), gene al modes o
sha ing (di ec messaging, web pos ing e c).
• Pla o m-speci ic dissemina ion: (e.g., Ins ag am, Facebook, Po nhub, Ask. m, Omegle) o
gene al modes o sha ing such as zp á y (di ec messaging) and web (public web pos ing).
Each case could be assigned mul iple codes o cap u e he complexi y o he si ua ion. Fo example, a
case coded wi h ea , unknowb, and sha ing would indica e a ic im expe iencing ea , a ge ed by an
unknown pe pe a o , and a ec ed by he unau ho ized dis ibu ion o in ima e con en .
Illus a i e Example
"Hello. My ex-boy iend sen my naked pho os o e e yone a school. I eally eg e sending hem
o him when we we e oge he , bu i 's oo la e now. When I asked him why he did i , he said
someone had accessed his phone. Bu I g adually ound ou ha he did i himsel . I can'
unde s and why he did ha o me. I ha e his pho os oo. I was ang y and comple ely de as a ed.
Unde p essu e om my iends, who o ced me o do i , I sen his pho o. I s a ed o eg e i
e ibly. I didn' do me any good anyway. Because e e yone in he whole school has my naked
pho os. I wan i all o disappea . Bu I eel like he e's no hing I can do abou i . So I'm w i ing
o you o ask o ad ice. I can' ell anyone because he's so mean o me ha he would use i agains
me. He p obably did all his because I b oke up wi h him. He didn' ea me nicely and g adually
s a ed swea ing a me. Then he sen he pho os e e ywhe e and s ill does. Thank you. Goodbye."
Assigned codes: o me pa ne ; non-consensual dissemina ion; psychological de e io a ion;
di ec messaging
In e code Reliabili y and Collabo a ion
Al hough he ini ial ound o coding was conduc ed by he lead esea che , he coding amewo k and
assignmen s we e subsequen ly e iewed and e ined collabo a i ely by a eam o h ee esea che s
wi h academic backg ounds in educa ion, psychology, and media s udies. Th ough i e a i e
discussion and join calib a ion, he esea ch eam ensu ed consis ency in in e p e a ion and
classi ica ion. While o mal me ics o in e code eliabili y (such as Cohen’s κ) we e no calcula ed—
due o he explo a o y and in e p e a i e na u e o he da ase — he collabo a i e app oach con ibu ed
o concep ual igo and eliabili y ac oss he coding p ocess.
Resul s
The inal sample included 416 ele an cases, o which 133 we e ca ego ized as sex ing and 283 as
sex o ion. Gende dis ibu ion e ealed a highe p opo ion o emale ic ims in bo h ca ego ies.
Figu e 1
Obse ed coun s o sex ing and sex o ion cases by gende
Ca ego y
Gi ls
Boys
No speci ied
Sex ing
103
26
4
Sex o ion
180
98
5
P opo ionally, gi ls accoun ed o app oxima ely 77 % o sex ing cases and 65 % o sex o ion cases,
whe eas boys ep esen ed 20 % and 35 %, espec i ely.
Figu e 2
Obse ed s. expec ed coun s o sex ing and sex o ion cases by gende
Gende
Type
Obse ed
Expec ed
Gi l
Sex ing
103
89.70
Gi l
Sex o ion
180
193.30
Boy
Sex ing
26
39.29
Boy
Sex o ion
98
84.71
To examine whe he his gende dis ibu ion signi ican ly di e ed be ween he wo ca ego ies, we
conduc ed a chi-squa e es o independence. The esul s indica ed a s a is ically signi ican associa ion
be ween gende and ype o case (χ² = 8.78, p = 0.003, d = 1), sugges ing ha he obse ed dis ibu ion
is unlikely o be due o chance and e lec s meaning ul di e ences in how hese beha iou s mani es
ac oss gende s.
Ac oss he da ase , sexually ela ed cybe -inciden s concen a e in mid-adolescence and ha e in ensi ied
in ecen yea s. Sex o ion epo s clus e mos s ongly a ages 16–17, wi h hese wo coho s accoun ing
o nea ly one-hal o all such cases, whe eas consensual sex ing is mo e e enly sp ead ac oss ages 15–
17 and emains uncommon ou side ha ange, as shown in Figu e 1.
Figu e 3
Numbe o sex ing and sex o ion cases by age
When he da a a e iewed longi udinally, sex o ion appea s o be accele a ing: annual coun s emain
ma ginal un il 2019 bu ise con inuously he ea e , eaching a i e- old inc ease by 2024. In con as ,
sex ing luc ua es modes ly—ne e exceeding i e cases pe yea —and shows only a b ie up ick in
2023. Taken oge he , he e idence poin s o mid-adolescence as he p ima y isk window, wi h
sex o ion eme ging as a apidly g owing h ea ha now ou paces sex ing inciden s yea -on-yea . This
pa e n is isualized in Figu e 2.
Figu e 3
Numbe o sex ing and sex o ion cases by yea
Quali a i e Findings
Mo i a ions o Seeking Help
The mos commonly ci ed eason o con ac ing he counselling se ice was he non-consensual
dissemina ion o in ima e ma e ials, e en when no explici blackmail was in ol ed. A o al o 76
ic ims epo ed ha hei p i a e con en —o en pho og aphs o ideos—had been sha ed wi h o he s
wi hou hei pe mission. This equen ly occu ed despi e he ini ial exchange being pe cei ed as
consensual, highligh ing a signi ican b each o us and a common ajec o y om consensual sex ing
o ic imiza ion. One 14-yea -old esponden desc ibed hei expe ience as ollows: „A nude pho o was
being sha ed a school and I don’ know i i has been dele ed o no . I need o alk o someone abou i
because people a school keep looking a me and i ’s eally uncom o able.“
In 27 esponses, pa icipan s epo ed ha he in ima e ma e ial had no ye been dissemina ed, bu hey
we e a aid ha i migh be. As a esul , hey con ac ed he counselling se ice o ad ice on how o
p oceed. As no ed by a 12-yea -old boy:
“I sen nudes and now I’m a aid hey migh be sha ed. I ’s been abou h ee days and no hing has
appea ed on my Facebook, bu I deac i a ed i . A gi l om Slo akia was con ac ed by a boy who said
he had my ideos. I blocked him and ha e no been in con ac since.”
This example illus a es he an icipa o y anxie y ha can a ise e en in he absence o ac ual ci cula ion,
and he pe cei ed loss o con ol ha p omp s child en o seek suppo .
A smalle subse o esponden s (20 cases) desc ibed si ua ions in which hey we e subjec ed o
p essu e o explici eques s o in ima e con en , bu ul ima ely did no comply. These cases
demons a e he psychological bu den ha coe ci e beha iou can impose on mino s, e en in he
absence o ac ual compliance. Illus a i e o his discom o , one adolescen sha ed (age 14): “Someone
con ac ed me on Facebook and asked o be iends. I accep ed he eques , and abou an hou la e , he
s a ed asking o ‘ inge ing’ and hen o pic u es. He asked me i I had e e done i and asked abou
o he sex- ela ed hings. He also con ac ed se e al o my classma es and gi l iends and asked hem o
he same. I’m no iends wi h him, bu I hink he could hu someone, so I’m w i ing o you.”
Ano he g oup (7 cases) con ac ed he counselling se ice o inqui e abou he legali y o sending o
possessing sexually explici ma e ials in ol ing mino s— hese we e ypically indi iduals who had
sha ed such ma e ials hemsel es and we e unce ain abou he legal consequences o hei ac ions. In
some ins ances, conce n was exp essed on behal o o he s, pa icula ly pee s o oman ic pa ne s,
e lec ing an awa eness o po en ial c iminal liabili y e en in ambiguous o pee - o-pee con ex s. As
desc ibed by a 15-yea -old esponden : “Hello, I ha e a p oblem. I know a iend (15 yea s old), and
I’m a bi wo ied abou him. He had a gi l iend (13 yea s old), and she sen him a ew nude pho os
(b eas s, bu ocks). One o he pho os was seen by his emale iend, and la e some o he s by ano he
male iend. The gi l iend ound ou and b oke up wi h him. He a he ound ou abou i a e hal a
yea . Do you hink he could ace legal consequences? I so, wha kind? Thank you.”
Modes o Dissemina ion
The me hods by which in ima e ma e ials we e dissemina ed a ied conside ably. In mos cases (49),
he con en was sha ed ia di ec messaging, o en h ough social media o p i a e cha applica ions.
Howe e , in 11 pa icula ly se ious cases, ma e ials we e made publicly accessible on widely used
pla o ms such as Facebook, Ask. m, Po nhub, o Ins ag am S o ies.
One illus a i e case in ol ed a 17-yea -old gi l who epo ed he ollowing si ua ion:
“Hello, I would like o u n o you wi h he ollowing p oblem. Abou a yea ago, I sen a semi-nude
pho o o my hen ex-boy iend, and yes e day i appea ed on he social ne wo k Ask. m along wi h
anonymous commen s h ea ening o send i o my cu en pa ne . I wan ed o ask i he e is any way o
emo e his ma e ial om ci cula ion, because he whole si ua ion is e y dis essing o me.”
Figu e 3
A concep map illus a ing he easons why child en seek help om he counselling se ice, as well as
he main channels h ough which in ima e ma e ials a e dissemina ed.
Coe cion and Vic im Response
adolescen sex o ion mus be global and collabo a i e, d awing on e idence and s a egies om
a ound he wo ld o p o ec young people as hey na iga e he oppo uni ies and pe ils o he digi al age.
Acknowledgemen :
This a icle has been p oduced wi h he suppo o he p ojec ReDiKid: Resilien Child in he Digi al
Wo ld, eg. no. CZ.02.01.01/00/23_025/0008686 co- unded by he EU.
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