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THE STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL, PARTICULARLY BOTANICAL
MATERIALS, IN LINGUISTICS
Mu odo a Shaxnoza Cho iye na
Independen Resea che , Kokand Uni e si y
Anno a ion: The a icle s udies he lexical-seman ic p ope ies o ag icul u al, and in
pa icula plan science, e ms using he example o his o ical li e a u e.
Keywo ds: Lexical-seman ic, a chaic e m, s ylis ics, g amma , phone ics, ex in
linguis ics, speech ac i i y, discou se, e minology, ansla ion heo y, ex alinguis ic
ac o s o lexical uni s.
As linguis ics has ad anced in a eas such as ex , speech ac i i y, discou se,
e minology, and ansla ion heo y, he need o s udy specialized ex s has also
inc eased. In plan science ex s, scien i ic e ms, hei s uc u e, ansla ion, s ylis ic
ea u es, and hei ole wi hin p o essional discou se a e analyzed h ough a ious
linguis ic me hods. Howe e , he numbe o s udies in his di ec ion is s ill limi ed,
wi h mos emaining wi hin he amewo k o gene al e minology o ansla ion issues.
This s udy examines he s a e o esea ch on ag icul u al ex s, especially hose ela ed
o plan science, wi hin linguis ics, explo ing exis ing app oaches, linguis ic ea u es,
ansla ion p oblems, and p omising esea ch di ec ions in his ield. The ele ance o
his wo k lies in he ac ha i ep esen s a i id example o language and
in e disciplina y in eg a ion, allowing o an in-dep h heo e ical and p ac ical analysis
o specialized speech and ex .
Te ms cons i u e he main uni s o his ield. While phone ics, s ylis ics, and g amma
a e he same in gene al language and in any scien i ic domain, he ocabula y di e s.
The e o e, a dis inc ion is made be ween gene al ocabula y and e minological
ocabula y. The lexical composi ion o each e minological sys em di e s om o he s,
which is o g ea impo ance in language. Acco ding o S.V. G ine a, “Today, he apid
g ow h o scien i ic and echnical knowledge shows ha mo e han 90 % o new wo ds
in mode n language consis o specialized ocabula y. The numbe o e ms in di e en
sciences is g owing as e han he numbe o equen ly used wo ds in language.
The e o e, a p esen , he numbe o e ms in ce ain ields (chemis y, biology) may
exceed he numbe o non-specialized wo ds.” This indica es he apid de elopmen o
e minology. Thus, a special language consis s o special e ms, he numbe o which
co esponds o he numbe o scien i ic ields. Fo example, ag icul u al e ms. Unlike
commonly used ocabula y, specialized ocabula y as e ms has speci ic ea u es
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ela ed o i s es ic ed usage and pu pose. The e o e, o non-specialis s, hese e ms
may be di icul o unde s and.
The s udy e ealed ha in Uzbekis an, only a ew esea ch wo ks ha e been conduc ed
on ag icul u al, pa icula ly plan science, e minology, and ha dic iona ies in his
ield emain insu icien . Exis ing dic iona ies mos ly include he names o plan s
g owing in Cen al Asia, which is no enough o oday’s apidly de eloping coun y.
Any e en o change in socie y is i s e lec ed in language. Th oughou his o ical and
socio-economic de elopmen , he ocabula y o a language cons an ly e ol es. This
en ichmen occu s h ough he eme gence o new wo ds and names ha exp ess new
concep s. The ocabula y and lexical-seman ic sys em o a language a e always in lux;
in mode n condi ions, wo ds deno ing obsole e concep s become a chaic, eplaced by
new ones. Howe e , he numbe o wo ds alling ou o use is o en much smalle han
he numbe o new ones. Ye , he opposi e can some imes occu . The disappea ance o
lexical uni s is linked o linguis ic and ex alinguis ic ac o s, based on he laws o
language na u e and de elopmen . Two main phenomena a e obse ed in his p ocess:
In he cou se o globaliza ion, obsole e objec s and phenomena, along wi h he wo ds
ha designa e hem, lea e he ocabula y sys em and become his o ical wo ds; In he
de elopmen o language, lexical uni s disappea i hey ail o p ope ly exp ess he
essence o an objec o phenomenon, and a e eplaced by new wo ds ha accu a ely
e lec i ; The con inuous en ichmen o ocabula y is one o he main laws o language
de elopmen . Lexical de elopmen akes di e en o ms in di e en his o ical pe iods
o socie y. Russian linguis E.A.Zemskaya w o e: “I a new wo d we e c ea ed en i ely
disconnec ed om he old one, mas e ing he language would be e y di icul , i no
impossible.” The expansion o ocabula y se es o acili a e usage and, mos
impo an ly, o exp ess eal-wo ld in e connec ed phenomena h ough in e ela ed
wo ds. Thus, he in e connec ion o wo ds in language e lec s he ela ionship be ween
eal objec s and phenomena.
The ocabula y o a language cons an ly expands wi h new wo ds, ensu ing he
de elopmen o he language i sel . A la ge p opo ion o new wo ds a e e ms.
Scien i ic and echnological p og ess gene a es new e ms, while, a he same ime,
e ms c ea e a ounda ion o scien i ic and echnological p og ess. Indeed, a scien i ic
o indus ial ield ha has no been e minologically de eloped canno p og ess as
expec ed. A ce ain s ages o social de elopmen , he e minology o a ield ex ends
beyond i s na ow scope and comes in o wide use in gene al speech. This means ha
plan science e ms a e used no only in specialized con ex s bu also in e e yday
language.
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The e a e se e al p oblems in ansla ing ag icul u al and plan science e ms om
English in o Uzbek, mos o which ace back o hei his o ical de elopmen . The
polyma h, physician, and philosophe known in he Wes as A icenna (Abu Ali ibn
Sina) de o ed much a en ion o plan science, since mos medicinal subs ances in
medicine a e de i ed om plan s. In he “Ki ab ash-Shi a” (The Book o Healing),
pa icula ly in i s “Anna-bo ” (“Plan s”) sec ion, he w o e abou plan ypes, o igins,
nu i ion, o gans and hei unc ions, ep oduc ion, and g ow h condi ions, also
con ibu ing o he c ea ion o scien i ic e minology. Fo housands o yea s, medicinal
plan s ha e been he ounda ion o heal hca e, and many a e s ill used oday in
adi ional medicine o as he basis o mode n pha maceu icals. In A icenna’s “The
Canon o Medicine”, nume ous plan s wi h healing p ope ies a e desc ibed, many o
which ha e been con i med by mode n science. These plan s o e a ange o
he apeu ic e ec s, including an i-in lamma o y p ope ies. As esea ch expanded,
plan science e minology na u ally g ew as well.
Ibn Sina, a Cen al Asian who spoke Pe sian (Fa si-Da i), o en composed qua ains in
his language “ o b ing peace o he hea .” Howe e , he comple ed “The Canon o
Medicine” in A abic. “The Canon o Medicine” was ansla ed in o many languages,
including Uzbek and Russian, wi h he pa icipa ion o O ien alis schola s and
specialis s. In Uzbek, he ansla ion was signi ican ly con ibu ed o by A.Rasule ,
S.Mi zaye , U.Ka imo , A.Mu odo , A.Qayumo , A.U inboye , and Q.Muni o . The
Russian ansla ion in ol ed M.A.Salye, U.Ka imo , Yu.N.Za ado sky,
P.G.Bulgako , S.Mi zaye , and A.Rasulo .
The Uzbek ansla ion o “The Canon o Medicine” was e ised in 1980, on he
occasion o Ibn Sina’s 1000 h anni e sa y. This ansla ion, p epa ed by U. Ka imo ,
was published be ween 1979 and 1983. Since hen, he wo k has been epublished
se e al imes in bo h Uzbek and Russian, in bo h sho ened and comple e e sions.
Thus, many schola s pa icipa ed in ansla ing “The Canon o Medicine” in o di e en
languages, wi h A.Rasule , S.Mi zaye , and U.Ka imo playing pa icula ly impo an
oles in he Uzbek e sion.
W i en by Ibn Sina, “The Canon o Medicine” is one o he mos impo an wo ks o
medie al medicine. A e i s ansla ion in o La in, i sp ead widely in Eu ope and
became he ounda ion o medie al medicine. Bo h Ibn Sina’s “Ki ab ash-Shi a” (The
Book o Healing) and “The Canon o Medicine” ha e been ansla ed in o many
languages. Fo example, in o English om U du by schola s such as Faqui
Muhammad Hunzai, Rashida Nu mohamed-Hunzai, and B igham Young Uni e si y
esea che s Ma mu a and E.Michael.
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While wo king on my disse a ion opic, I also s udied Zahi iddin Muhammad Babu ’s
“Babu nama”. This wo k con ains scien i ically g ounded obse a ions and
conclusions ela ed o social and na u al sciences, his o y, philosophy, ju isp udence,
heology, linguis ics, geog aphy, na u al sciences, mine alogy, ag icul u e,
ho icul u e, and mo e, which s ill e ain hei his o ical and scien i ic signi icance.
Since he 16 h cen u y, “Babu nama” has been ansla ed mul iple imes in o many
languages – English, Du ch, F ench, Pe sian, Ge man, I alian, Russian, Hindi, U du,
and o he s – and has been published wi h commen a y and no es. Schola s om
England, he Uni ed S a es, F ance, Russia, India, Pakis an, A ghanis an, Tu key,
Japan, and many o he coun ies ha e emphasized “Babu nama” ‘s place among he
immo al monumen s o humani y. The ame o “Babu nama” is la gely due o English
O ien alis s. The i s comple e edi ion (in English) was published in 1826 by J.Leyden
and W.E skine. Based on his, F.Talbo published ab idged edi ions in 1878 and 1909.
In 1921, English O ien alis A. Be e idge independen ly ansla ed “Babu nama”
om he o iginal. In England alone, “Babu nama” has been published in ansla ion
nine imes.
In ecen yea s, he c i ical edi ion o “Babu nama” was published in he U.S.
(Camb idge, Ha a d Uni e si y, 1993) by P o esso W.Thacks on, and in Japan
(Kyo o, 1995-96) in wo olumes wi h comp ehensi e glossa ies, indexes, and
commen a ies. “Babu nama” was ansla ed in o Pe sian (1586), wi h exce p s
ende ed in o Du ch by Vi sen (1705), in o Ge man in ab idged o m by A.Keyse
(1828), and in o F ench in ull by Pa e de Cou eille (1871). T ansla ion and s udy o
“Babu nama” also in ol ed schola s om A ghanis an (Abdulkhay Habibi), Pakis an
(Rashid Akh a Nad i, Shah Alam Ma lio ), India (Mi za Nas uddin Haida , Muhibbul
Hasan Riz i), Tu key (R.R.A a , N.I.Bayu ), among o he s. Russian O ien alis s
(N.I.Pan uso , S.I.Polyako , V.Vya kin) also ansla ed exce p s, and N.I.Ilminsky
published i in Kazan (1857).
A key common ea u e o Ibn Sina’s and Babu ’s wo ks is ha bo h de o ed a en ion
o bo anical e minology, p oducing hei w i ings mainly in A abic and Pe sian. Ibn
Sina ocused on plan s in ela ion o hei medicinal p ope ies and hei use in he
ea men o diseases, whe eas Muhammad Babu desc ibed plan s in g ea de ail-
highligh ing he egional a ia ions in hei names, as well as hei lowe s, lea es, and,
when ele an , he as e o hei ui s – hus p esen ing a synch onic analysis. La e ,
o eign schola s who ansla ed hese in aluable wo ks examined hem h ough bo h
synch onic ( he s udy o language a a speci ic poin in ime) and diach onic ( he s udy
o language ac oss his o ical pe iods) pe spec i es in linguis ics. Fo . ex:
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A chaic, A abic o Pe sian
languages
Uzb
ek
lang
uage
La i
n o
Old
Engli
sh
Mode n English
Ha mal
Isi iq
Pega
num
Wild ue
Sa a jal/Hay a
Behi
Cydo
nia
oblon
ga
Quince
Kuzbu a [Ibn Sina. The Canon
o Medicine]
Kash
nich
Co i
and
um
Co iande (kashnich u ug’i)
(When he plan lowe s and
u ns o seed, he a oma ic,
ligh ly lo al seeds), Cilan o
(ba a kashnich), ( he name o
he se a ed lea es and s ems o
he co iande plan )
[h ps://www.sou he nli ing.com
/ ood/seasonings/co iande - s-
cilan o]
Yab uh [Ibn Sina. The Canon
o Medicine, Vol. 1, p. 210] /
Yab uhus-sanam [Zahi iddin
Muhammad Babu ,
“Babu noma”]
Meh
igiy
oh
Man
d ag
o a
o ici
na u
m
Mand ake
Tin [Ibn Sina. The Canon o
Medicine, Vol. 1, p. 274.] /Bey
[h ps://www. acebook.com/g o
ups/246149995752425/pos s/38
0455762321847/
“Babu noma”]
Anji
Ficus
ca ic
a
Fig
The able shows ha in bo h English and Uzbek, plan names ha e los hei o iginal
ancien o ms and ha e become a chaic e ms. The ollowing sec ion p o ides
de ini ions o he bo anical e ms lis ed in he able, analyzed wi hin a lexical-seman ic
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amewo k. Fo each e m, i s seman ic domain, lexical e olu ion, and con ex ual usage
a e ou lined.
Re e ences
1. Ibn Sina. The Canon o Medicine, Vol. 1, p. 210.
2. Zahi iddin Muhammad Babu . Babu nama.
3. G ine , S.V. In oduc ion o Te minology. Moscow: Mosko skiy Li sey.
4. Zemskaya, E.A. How Wo ds A e Made. Moscow, 1963.
5. John Ge a d (1545-1612). He ball and Lexical Anno a ions.
6. Culpepe (1616-1654). Medical Te minology and Folk Medicine.
7. William Tu ne (1508-1568). The Fi s Scien i ic App oach o Bo any.
8. Linnaeus’s In luence: Binomial Nomencla u e and Scien i ic S anda diza ion.
9. “Co iande s. Cilan o.” Sou he n Li ing.
h ps://www.sou he nli ing.com/ ood/seasonings/co iande - s-cilan o
