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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TEXT
TRANSLATIONS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
Ungalo a Dilnoza Mi zohid qizi
Sama qand da la che illa ins i u i magis i.
Tel. +99890 455-93-01; Email: azizbek.ungal[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . This s udy o e s a compa a i e analysis o In o ma ion Technology (IT)
ex ansla ion be ween English and Uzbek, ocusing on di ec ion-speci ic challenges
and s a egies in English-Uzbek (E-U) and Uzbek-English (U-E) wo k lows. D awing
on li e a u e and illus a i e examples, he pape shows ha E-U ansla ion is
cha ac e ized by e minology non-equi alence, he need o coin o s anda dize
neologisms, and ex ensi e syn ac ic e-s uc u ing o i Uzbek’s agglu ina i e
mo phology. T ansla o s equen ly combine bo owing, calque, and pa aph ase, and
engage in explici a ion (e.g., unpacking compound noun ph ases and cla i ying
ac onyms) o main ain cla i y and accessibili y. In con as , U-E ansla ion bene i s
om a ich, s anda dized English echnical lexicon bu poses s ylis ic and idioma ic
challenges, especially o ansla o s wo king in o an L2. He e, success ul p ac ice
hinges on no maliza ion and implici a ion—condensing ci cumlocu o y Uzbek
desc ip ions in o concise English echnical e ms (e.g., ende ing bulu ga joylash i ish
as “cloud deploymen ”) – alongside igo ous e minological consis ency. Ac oss bo h
di ec ions, esul s unde sco e he cen ali y o domain knowledge, e minology
managemen , and audience-awa e choices. The discussion si ua es hese indings
wi hin di ec ionali y esea ch, a guing ha wi h aining and edi o ial wo k lows, high-
quali y ou pu is a ainable in bo h di ec ions. The pape concludes wi h p ac ical
implica ions o ansla o aining in e m c ea ion (E-U) and idioma ic polishing (U-
E), highligh ing how imp o ed p ac ices can enhance c oss-lingual access o IT
knowledge.
Keywo ds: English–Uzbek ansla ion; IT e minology; di ec ionali y; explici a ion
and implici a ion; e m o ma ion and s anda diza ion; idioma ici y; no maliza ion;
echnical communica ion; bilingual lexicog aphy; ansla ion wo k low.
INTRODUCTION. English and Uzbek ep esen wo e y di e en linguis ic sys ems
– English is an analy ic Indo-Eu opean language wi h ela i ely ixed wo d o de ,
whe eas Uzbek is an agglu ina i e Tu kic language wi h ich mo phology and mo e
lexible syn ax. These undamen al di e ences pose signi ican challenges o
ansla ion o specialized ex s, such as hose in he domain o in o ma ion echnology
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(IT). No ably, many mode n IT e ms o igina ed in English and o en lack es ablished
equi alen s in Uzbek. Fo example, ea ly on e ms like “so wa e,” “cloud compu ing,”
and “sma phone” had no s anda dized Uzbek coun e pa s, equi ing ansla o s o
ei he adop ansli e a ions (e.g. sma on o “sma phone”) o coin new ph ases (e.g.
aqlli ele on, li e ally “sma elephone”) o con ey he meaning [1, p. 177–178].
Con e sely, when ansla ing om Uzbek in o English, he a ge language al eady
domina es he IT domain, bu ansla o s ace he ask o p oducing idioma ic English
ex , o en wo king om Uzbek o iginals ha may use desc ip i e ph asing ins ead o
echnical e minology. Complica ing ma e s, many ansla ion p ojec s in ol e in e se
ansla ion – ansla ing in o a non-na i e language. T adi ionally, ansla ion heo is s
main ained ha ansla o s should wo k only in o hei i s language (L1) o op imal
quali y, iewing ansla ion in o a second language (L2) as inhe en ly p one o e o [2,
p. 1–2]. This p esc ip i e iew is e lec ed in indus y p ac ice whe e agencies o en
ad e ise “na i e ansla o ” gua an ees. Howe e , in se ings like Uzbekis an, p ac ical
necessi y dic a es ha many p o essionals mus ansla e bo h om English o Uzbek
and om Uzbek o English, due o he ela i e sca ci y o na i e English ansla o s
wi h ad anced Uzbek skills. Recen esea ch sugges s ha p o essional ansla o s can
achie e high-quali y esul s in bo h di ec ions. Fo ins ance, Hunzike Heeb (2016)
ound no subs an ial di e ences in he sel -concep s o gene al app oaches o
ansla o s wo king in o L1 e sus L2, indica ing ha wi h su icien aining and
expe ience, L2 ansla ion can be pe o med a a p o essional s anda d [3, p. 84]. In
his con ex , a sys ema ic compa ison o English–Uzbek s. Uzbek–English IT
ansla ion is aluable o iden i ying di ec ion-speci ic challenges and e ec i e
s a egies.
Aim o he s udy: Building on he abo e insigh s, his s udy aims o compa e he
linguis ic and echnical issues ha a ise in ansla ing IT ex s be ween English and
Uzbek in bo h di ec ions. We in es iga e how ansla o s handle e minological gaps,
s uc u al di e ences, and s ylis ic equi emen s when going om English o Uzbek
(E→U) e sus om Uzbek o English (U→E). By highligh ing he dis inc hu dles and
echniques in each case, he s udy seeks o in o m bes p ac ices o ansla o s and
con ibu e o ansla ion s udies on lesse -s udied language pai s like English–Uzbek.
METHODS. This esea ch employed a compa a i e quali a i e analysis o English–
Uzbek IT ansla ions in bo h di ec ions. The analysis combined a e iew o ele an
li e a u e wi h examina ion o ac ual ansla ion examples d awn om echnical ex s
and ansla o p ac ice. Fi s , we ga he ed a sample o IT- ela ed sou ce ex s and hei
ansla ions: o English- o-Uzbek, sou ces included so wa e documen a ion, echnical
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manuals, and compu ing glossa ies; o Uzbek- o-English, sou ces included Uzbek-
au ho ed IT a icles and use guides. We also consul ed es ablished bilingual
e minology esou ces ( o example, an English–Uzbek compu ing glossa y by
Khakimo ) o iden i y o icial equi alen s o p e alen ansla ions o echnical e ms.
Each sample ansla ion was analyzed o de e mine how key challenges we e
add essed. In pa icula , we ocused on: (1) Te minology equi alence – how ansla o s
deal wi h English IT e ms lacking Uzbek equi alen s and ice e sa; (2) Syn ac ic
adjus men s – how English nominal compounds o o he s uc u es we e ans o med
o i Uzbek g amma , and how Uzbek g amma ical cons uc ions we e ende ed in o
luen English; and (3) P agma ic and s ylis ic choices – such as handling o cul u e-
speci ic e e ences, one, and o mali y in he wo languages.
We ca ego ized he ansla ion s a egies obse ed in he co pus using s anda d
e minology om ansla ion s udies. Key s a egies o lexical gaps included
bo owing (di ec use o he sou ce e m), calque o li e al ansla ion, and pa aph asing
he concep in he a ge language. Fo s uc u al issues, we no ed ins ances o sen ence
es uc u ing, addi ion o explana o y ph ases, o omission o edundan elemen s. To
supplemen he ex ual analysis, we d ew on indings om p io s udies o English–
Uzbek ansla ion. In pa icula , A ipo a’s ecen s udy on echnical neologisms [1]
p o ided insigh s in o common issues and solu ions in English- o-Uzbek ansla ion,
while esea ch on ansla ion di ec ionali y (e.g. Campbell 1998; Hunzike Heeb 2016)
in o med ou unde s anding o how wo king in o L2 migh a ec he ansla ion
p ocess. Th oughou he analysis, we ensu ed ha any use o Uzbek e ms in ou
examples was accompanied by an English gloss o explana ion o cla i y. The ou come
o his me hodology is a se o compa a i e obse a ions on E→U and U→E ansla ion
challenges, suppo ed by conc e e examples om he da a.
RESULTS. English- o-Uzbek T ansla ion: The ansla ion o IT ex s om English
in o Uzbek e ealed se e al p ominen challenges. A p ima y issue is e minology non-
equi alence. As no ed, many echnical e ms in English do no ha e p e-exis ing one-
wo d coun e pa s in Uzbek [1, p. 177–178]. T ansla o s he e o e eso o a ange o
solu ions. One common app oach is bo owing he English e m, ei he by inse ing i
in he La in sc ip o adap ing i o Uzbek phonology. Fo ins ance, “da abase” is o en
ende ed as baza oy ma’lumo la o simply da abase in Uzbek ex s, and kompyu e ,
p in e , skanne (compu e , p in e , scanne ) a e ou inely used as di ec loans in Uzbek
IT discou se. In o he cases, ansla o s c ea e neologisms o calques. Fo example,
“cloud compu ing” has been ansla ed li e ally as bulu li hisoblash exnologiyala i
(li e ally, “cloud compu ing echnologies”), aligning wi h Uzbek mo phological
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pa e ns, hough in p ac ice some ansla ions s ill p e e o e ain he English e m
cloud compu ing o amilia i y. Simila ly, “sma phone” en e ed Uzbek as sma on
(a s aigh o wa d ansli e a ion), while linguis ic pu is s ha e p oposed he calque
aqlli ele on (“sma elephone”) as a mo e anspa en al e na i e [1, p. 178]. Each
op ion has implica ions: using he English loanwo d can imp o e p ecision and
in e na ional comp ehensibili y, whe eas a calque o desc ip i e e m can make he
concep mo e accessible o Uzbek speake s un amilia wi h he English e m. We
obse ed ha pa aph ase is ano he equen ly used s a egy o handle missing
equi alen s. Ins ead o a one- o-one ansla ion, ansla o s o en explain he meaning
o a e m in Uzbek wo ds. Indeed, analysis o ou co pus indica es ha pa aph asing
using un ela ed wo ds o de ini ions was one o he mos equen me hods o
con eying he sense o no el English e ms. Fo example, he English wo d “ho spo ”
(in ne wo king con ex ) migh be ansla ed as simsiz in e ne nuq asi, li e ally
“wi eless in e ne poin ,” ully desc ibing he unc ion o a ho spo a he han
a emp ing a di ec lexical subs i u e. This s a egy ensu es comp ehension a he
expense o b e i y. I s p e alence unde sco es he ansla o s’ adap i e ole in
expanding Uzbek scien i ic ocabula y by explana ion.
Beyond e minology, syn ac ic and g amma ical adjus men s a e c ucial in E→U
ansla ion. English echnical ex s o en ea u e complex noun ph ases and compound
e ms (e.g. “access poin con igu a ion se ings”) ha do no map nea ly on o Uzbek
s uc u e. Uzbek gene ally equi es such compounds o be unpacked and eo ganized
acco ding o i s modi ie –head o de ing and agglu ina i e su ixa ion. Ou analysis
con i ms ha ansla o s equen ly eo de componen s and add linking wo ds o
achie e a na u al Uzbek sen ence. As A ipo a (2025) highligh s, an English mul i-
wo d e m may need signi ican es uc u ing o con ey he meaning in Uzbek [1, p.
178]. Fo ins ance, a ph ase like “pee - o-pee ne wo k” canno be ansla ed wo d- o -
wo d in he o iginal English sequence; ins ead, an Uzbek ansla o migh ende i as
engla o‘ asidagi a moq, which li e ally means “ne wo k among equals.” He e, he
English compound “pee - o-pee ” is exp essed by in oducing he ela ional ph ase
o‘ asidagi (“among”) and changing he wo d o de , illus a ing explici a ion – spelling
ou he ela ionship ha English lea es implici . Wi hou such adjus men s, a di ec
ansla ion would sound unna u al o be con using in Uzbek. We also obse ed
ansla o s adding cla i ying wo ds o echnical ac onyms o sho hand. Fo example,
“RAM usage” migh be ansla ed wi h an explana o y ph ase as ezko xo i a
oydalanilishi (li e ally “ope a ional memo y usage”), since simply ansli e a ing
“RAM” may no communica e meaning o all eade s. These indings align wi h known
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di e ences in English and Uzbek g amma : wha English packs in o compac noun
clus e s, Uzbek o en needs o unpack in o longe cons uc ions o clauses.
E ec i e handling o e minology and syn ax in E→U ansla ion o en in ol es a mix
o s a egies. Conside he ollowing example illus a ing di e en app oaches:
− Sou ce (English): “The so wa e upda e ailed due o a ne wo k au hen ica ion
e o .”
− T ansla ion 1 (Uzbek): Das u iy yangilanish a moq au en i ika siyasi xa osi
u ayli mu a aqiya siz ugadi.
(Back- ansla ion: “The so wa e upda e ended unsuccess ully due o a ne wo k
au hen ica ion e o .”)
− T ansla ion 2 (Uzbek): Ta moqni ekshi ish (au en i ika siya) xa osi u ayli das u
yangilanishi o‘ medi.
(Back- ansla ion: “Due o a ne wo k e i ica ion (au hen ica ion) e o , he
p og am upda e did no go h ough.”)
Bo h Uzbek e sions con ey he o e all meaning, bu hei s a egies di e .
T ansla ion 1 closely mi o s he English echnical e ms: das u iy yangilanish is a
calque o “so wa e upda e” (using das u iy “pe aining o so wa e” + yangilanish
“upda e”), and au en i ika siya is a di ec loan o “au hen ica ion.” The sen ence
s uc u e is adjus ed o Uzbek, bu he e minology emains concise and bo owed
(au en i ika siya being an assimila ed echnical e m). In con as , T ansla ion 2 op s o
explain he e m “au hen ica ion” by he ph ase a moqni ekshi ish (“ne wo k
e i ica ion”) and places he English e m in pa en heses as a gloss. This e sion also
sligh ly eo de s he sen ence o cla i y (pu ing he cause a he beginning) and uses a
mo e idioma ic exp ession o‘ medi (“did no go h ough”) o desc ibe he ailu e,
ins ead o a di ec ansla ion o “ ailed.” The i s ansla ion is mo e compac and
would appeal o eade s wi h IT backg ound who a e com o able wi h loanwo ds,
whe eas he second ansla ion is mo e e bose bu po en ially clea e o lay eade s.
Such examples illus a e he ansla o ’s decision-making: when aced wi h a e m like
“au hen ica ion” ha migh be un amilia in Uzbek, hey mus choose be ween b e i y
(using he loanwo d) and cla i y (p o iding an explana ion). Ou co pus showed
ansla o s some imes using a hyb id app oach – e.g., in oducing a new e m wi h an
explana ion on i s occu ence (“ma’lumo la bazasi (da abase)”) o bo h educa e he
eade and main ain p ecision.
Ano he sub le challenge in E→U ansla ion in ol es cul u al and conno a i e
nuances. While IT con en is la gely echnical, some English e ms ca y conno a ions
ha migh no di ec ly ans e o Uzbek. A case in poin is he wo d “hacke .” In
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English, “hacke ” o en has a nega i e conno a ion (implying an illici o skilled
malicious in ude ), whe eas a di ec ansli e a ion xake in Uzbek migh be
in e p e ed mo e neu ally as simply an expe o someone p o icien wi h compu e s.
I an English ex e e s o “hacke s” in a secu i y con ex , an unin o med Uzbek eade
migh no g asp he nega i e in en . To b idge his gap, ansla o s may add quali ie s
in Uzbek. Fo example, xa li xake (“malicious/dange ous hacke ”) can be used o
explici ly con ey he nega i e aspec [1, p. 178]. This adjus men ensu es he p agma ic
meaning – he in ended imp ession o he e m – is p ese ed, no jus he basic
e e en ial meaning. O e all, ansla ing om English o Uzbek equi es no only
con e ing echnical con en bu also localizing i : adap ing new e ms in o he Uzbek
lexicon, cla i ying implici meanings, and making he ex accessible o he a ge
audience’s linguis ic and cul u al con ex .
Uzbek- o-English T ansla ion: T ansla ing IT ex s om Uzbek in o English p esen ed
a somewha di e en p o ile o challenges. On one hand, English as a a ge language
o e s a ich, s anda dized echnical ocabula y, meaning he e is usually an es ablished
equi alen o any gi en concep . Indeed, many echnical e ms used in Uzbek IT
ma e ials u n ou o be bo owings o calques om English in he i s place (o en
in oduced ia Russian). In ou da ase , we ound nume ous ins ances whe e he Uzbek
sou ce e m was essen ially de i ed om English, which simpli ied he ansla o ’s job.
Fo example, Uzbek sen ences discussing das u iy a’mino eadily map o “so wa e,”
sun’iy in ellek o “a i icial in elligence,” and kompyu e a mog‘i o “compu e
ne wo k” wi h a one- o-one co espondence. In cases whe e Uzbek IT w i e s ha e
diligen ly used s anda dized e minology, he ansla ion p ocess can be almos
s aigh o wa d subs i u ion. Glossa ies and echnical dic iona ies a e aluable he e: a
ansla o c oss- e e encing ma’lumo la bazasi will quickly con i m i should be
ansla ed as “da abase,” and so on. The p ima y ask becomes ensu ing consis ency
and choosing he p e e ed English e m among possible synonyms. Resou ces such as
bilingual IT dic iona ies (e.g., Khakimo ’s English–Uzbek glossa y) help e i y ha
e ms like ilo a a e ende ed as “applica ion” (o “app”) and bildi ishnoma as
“no i ica ion,” ma ching indus y usage.
Howe e , Uzbek- o-English ansla ion is no always i ial. One signi ican challenge
a ises when he Uzbek sou ce uses an explana o y o ci cumlocu o y exp ession in
place o a concise echnical e m. This o en happens i he English e m was no widely
known in Uzbek a he ime o w i ing, o i he au ho in en ionally a oided o eign
bo owings. As a esul , he ansla o mus in e p e he desc ip ion and in e he
s anda d English e m ha encapsula es ha meaning. Fo example, an Uzbek ex
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migh say das u iy osi ala ning bulu ga joylash i ilishi – li e ally, “ he placemen o
so wa e ools on o he cloud.” A di ec , li e al ansla ion o his ph ase in o English
would be clunky and non-s anda d. The challenge o he ansla o is o ecognize ha
his ph ase desc ibes he concep o “cloud deploymen .” The app op ia e English
endi ion would hus be: “ he so wa e ools we e deployed o he cloud,” o simply
using he noun o m “cloud deploymen ,” a he han a wo dy li e al ansla ion. In
doing so, he ansla o pe o ms an implici a ion, eplacing an explici desc ip i e
ph ase wi h he concise echnical e m expec ed in English. Ou analysis no ed his
pa e n equen ly: whe e an English- o-Uzbek ansla o migh ha e o add wo ds o
explain a e m, he Uzbek- o-English ansla o o en has o condense o subs i u e a
de ini i e e m o a d awn-ou desc ip ion. This lip in app oach is essen ially an
in e sion o he E→U scena io. I equi es he ansla o o ha e a solid g asp o he
unde lying concep so ha no hing is los in ansla ion excep unnecessa y e bosi y.
In he abo e example, in oducing he e m “deploymen ” in he English ansla ion
ac ually ele a es he echnical egis e and aligns wi h English echnical s yle, p o ided
he con ex suppo s ha in e p e a ion. Such shi s om explici o implici
co espondences a e accep able and e en expec ed as long as he meaning is accu a ely
con eyed and he esul ing English ex eads na u ally o he a ge audience.
Ano he challenge in U→E ansla ion ela es o s yle and idioma ici y. Because o he
ansla o demog aphics, many Uzbek- o-English echnical ansla ions a e p oduced
by ansla o s o whom English is a second language (L2). The sou ce comp ehension
may be s ong (since hey a e o en na i e Uzbek speake s ully unde s anding he
o iginal), bu p oducing polished echnical English can be demanding. A common
symp om we obse ed is ansla ions ha a e li e al and g amma ically co ec , ye
sub ly non-idioma ic o a na i e eade . Fo ins ance, conside he Uzbek sen ence
“das u yangilanishi mu a aqiya siz yakunlandi.” A wo d- o -wo d ansla ion would
be “The p og am upda e inished unsuccess ully.” While no inco ec , his ph asing
is no he way a na i e English IT p o essional would ypically desc ibe he si ua ion.
A mo e na u al English endi ion is “The so wa e upda e ailed.” The li e al
ansla ion ( inished unsuccess ully) e lec s Uzbek ph asing and echoes he sou ce
s uc u e, bu i lacks he concise idioma ic punch o he English exp ession o ail.
Such di e ences in colloca ion and s yle a e o en only e iden o a na i e o nea -
na i e ea . Ou indings a e in line wi h he gene al conce n ha L2 ansla ions may
exhibi sligh awkwa dness o o e ly o mal one. In p o essional p ac ice, he e o e,
Uzbek- o-English IT ansla ions o en unde go ca e ul edi ing by na i e English
edi o s o ad anced bilingual specialis s o polish he ex . This ex a e ision s ep helps
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ca ch unna u al ph asing, adjus wo d choice (e.g., p e e ing “ ailed” o e “ inished
unsuccess ully”), and ensu e he one mee s he expec a ions o English echnical
documen a ion (which ends o p io i ize cla i y and b e i y). I is wo h no ing,
howe e , ha many Uzbek ansla o s wi h s ong command o English can and do
p oduce high-quali y ansla ions. As hey gain expe ience, especially by wo king wi h
pa allel ex s and indus y s anda ds, hey in e nalize he ypical English idioms and
p e e ed e minology. Fo example, an expe ienced ansla o will know o ansla e
yomon das u as “malwa e” a he han a li e al “bad p og am,” and d ai e (a
loanwo d o d i e so wa e) simply as “d i e .” Mas e y o such e minology, o en
aided by consul ing la ge English co po a o ansla ion memo y sys ems, allows L2
ansla o s o app oach nea -na i e luency in specialized con ex s.
Cul u al and con ex ual adap a ion is gene ally less p oblema ic in U→E ansla ion
because he con en o IT ex s is ai ly uni e sal. Ye , he e a e ins ances whe e local
la o mus be handled. I an Uzbek ex uses a cul u ally speci ic me apho o
anecdo e, he ansla o mus decide whe he o e ain i o eplace i . Fo example, an
Uzbek cybe secu i y guide migh desc ibe a p is ine da a en i onmen wi h a local
p o e b like “ilon izi qolmagan joy,” li e ally “a place un ouched e en by a snake’s
ail.” While i id in Uzbek, his ph ase would likely con use an in e na ional English
audience i ansla ed li e ally. The ansla o in his case would op o a neu al
desc ip ion such as “a comple ely un ouched sec ion o da a,” sac i icing he colo ul
me apho o a clea echnical desc ip ion. Such choices align wi h English echnical
w i ing con en ions ha a o di ec ness o e igu a i e language. O e all, he U→E
di ec ion bene i s om he weal h o es ablished e minology and a con en ionally
di ec s yle in English, bu i challenges he ansla o o p oduce a ex ha does no
ead like a ansla ion. Achie ing his o en in ol es no maliza ion – ende ing he
con en in he o m an English eade expec s, e en i i means eo de ing in o ma ion
o using an English echnical e m in place o an explica i e sou ce ph ase. Consis ency
is also pa amoun : i an Uzbek ex uses a e m consis en ly, he ansla o should
likewise use a single English equi alen consis en ly. Fo example, i zaxi a nusxa
appea s epea edly in he sou ce, i should be ansla ed uni o mly as “backup” (o
“backup copy”) each ime, a he han luc ua ing be ween synonyms. Likewise, an
Uzbek e m like ilo a should no be ansla ed as “app” in one sen ence and
“applica ion” in ano he wi hou good eason – a single choice should be made o a oid
con usion. Ou obse a ions unde sco e ha U→E ansla o s mus pe o m nuanced
asks: in e p e he some imes implici o e bose sou ce ma e ial, ind he co ec
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INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE
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84 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE
uni e salcon e ence.us
echnical e ms in English, and c a a luen na a i e ha eads as i o iginally w i en
in English.
DISCUSSION. The compa a i e esul s demons a e a clea asymme y be ween he
wo ansla ion di ec ions, wi h each posing almos in e se p oblems. This con i ms a
long- ecognized no ion in ansla ion s udies: ansla ing in o a less echnologically
de eloped o esou ce- ich language (English→Uzbek) o en demands expansion and
explici a ion, whe eas ansla ing in o a globally dominan language (Uzbek→English)
in ol es condensa ion and con en ionaliza ion. In essence, he di icul ies a e he
mi o image o each o he . Campbell’s in e se ansla ion model a icula ed his
duali y: when wo king om an L2 in o one’s na i e L1, he g ea e challenge lies in
ully unde s anding and decoding he sou ce ex , while exp ession in he mo he
ongue is ela i ely easie ; con e sely, when wo king in o an L2, comp ehending he
sou ce is s aigh o wa d, bu p oducing a na u al a ge ex is he ha d pa [2, p. 57].
Ou indings align wi h his model. In E→U ansla ion, ansla o s s uggle p ima ily
wi h comp ehension-equi alence issues – igu ing ou o in en ing e ms o
un amilia concep s and making he ex make sense in Uzbek. In U→E ansla ion,
unde s anding he sou ce is usually di ec (especially since many e ms a e bo owed),
bu he e o shi s o c a ing an idioma ic and p ecise English endi ion.
Despi e hese con as ing challenges, ou analysis also highligh s se e al common
p inciples ha hold ue in bo h di ec ions. One is he c i ical impo ance o
e minological consis ency and accu acy. Rega dless o di ec ion, a high-quali y
ansla ion ensu es ha each echnical e m is ansla ed he same way h oughou he
ex and in acco dance wi h any exis ing s anda ds o glossa ies. Inconsis encies (e.g.,
ansla ing he same Uzbek e m ilo a as “applica ion” in one place and “a achmen ”
in ano he , o an English e m like “se e ” al e na ely as se e and qabul qilu chi)
can con use he eade and unde mine he p o essional one. Bo h di ec ions bene i
g ea ly om he use o e minology managemen ools and e e ence ma e ials o keep
e minology uni o m. Ano he sha ed aspec is he need o domain knowledge and
esea ch. The ansla o mus o en go beyond linguis ic knowledge o unde s and he
unde lying echnical concep s in o de o ansla e hem app op ia ely. This is whe e
he ansla o e ec i ely akes on he ole o a e minologis . As Bowke (2002)
obse ed, e ec i e echnical ansla o s beha e like e minologis s – hey de o e e o
o esea ching and memo izing he specialized lexicon o hei ield so ha hey can
e ie e and apply he co ec e ms in he a ge language [4, p. 78]. Ou s udy
illus a es his poin : whe he i ’s coining a new wo d in Uzbek o choosing he exac
igh e m in English, he ansla o ’s amilia i y wi h IT e minology (and how new
