Da a Science and In o me ics 4 (2024) 88–95
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Da a Science and In o me ics
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Resea ch A icle
C i ical ema ks on cu en p ac ices o da a a icle publishing:
Issues, challenges, and ecommenda ions
Quan-Hoang Vuong
a
, Vie -Phuong La
a , b
, Minh-Hoang Nguyen
a , ∗
a
Cen e o In e disciplina y Social Resea ch, Phenikaa Uni e si y, Yen Nghia Wa d, Ha Dong Dis ic , Hanoi, Vie nam
b
A.I. o Social Da a Lab (AISDL), Vuong & Associa es, Hanoi, Vie nam
a i c l e i n o
Keywo ds:
Da a pape
FAIR p inciples
Edi ing and e iewing p ocesses
Quali y con ol
Open science
Mindsponge heo y
a b s a c
The con ibu ion o he da a pape publishing pa adigm o he knowledge gene a ion and al-
ida ion p ocesses is becoming subs an ial and pi o al. In his pape , h ough he in o ma ion-
p ocessing pe spec i e o Mindsponge Theo y, we discuss how he da a a icle publishing sys em
se es as a fil e ing mechanism o quali y con ol o he inc easingly chao ic da asphe e. The
o e emphasis on machine-ac ionali y and echnical s anda ds p esen s some sho comings and
limi a ions o he da a a icle publishing sys em, such as he lack o conside a ion o humanis ic
alues, adical ace o big da a, and inadequa e use o expe ise in da a e alua ion. Wi hou ad-
d essing he sho comings and limi a ions, he eusabili y o da a will be hinde ed, and scien ific
in es men o acili a e da a sha ing will be was ed. Thus, we sugges ha he cu en da a pape
publishing pa adigm needs o be upda ed wi h a new philosophy o da a.
“Fi s come he ideas, hen comes an ac ion plan. Ne e mind he planning equi ed, he excels a his —i a plan is incomple e
o no assu ing enough, he would co ec i . Pe ec ion na u ally calls o dedica ion and diligence. ”
—In
“The Pe ec Plan ”; Wild Wise Wei d ( Vuong, 2024 )
1. Impo ance o da a sha ing and da a a icle
Da a and da ase s a e pi o al cons i uen s o scien ific esea ch, bu hey we e once mos ly conside ed in isible p ope ies unde -
lying esea ch a icles o pa en s ( MacMillan, 2014 ). Howe e , da a and da ase s ha e been inc easingly acknowledged and dissemi-
na ed as official scien ific ou pu s o he las wo decades. Some disciplines e en conside he gene a ed da ase mo e impo an o
he esea ch agenda han he associa ed published li e a u e ( Ake s & Do y, 2013 ; Cas elli e al., 2013 ; Reilly e al., 2011 ). Due o
he demand o a huge amoun o da a, esea che s ha e inno a ed he p oduc ion and s o age o la ge in e na ional da ase s, like
he Sloan Digi al Sky Su ey in As onomy, he La ge Had on Collide in Physics, he Human Genome P ojec in li e sciences, and
NOAA’s Clima e Da a Cen e in clima e science.
Since he beginning o he 21s
cen u y, he ise o open science has p omo ed a cul u e o openness, which emphasizes openly
sha ing no only scien ific knowledge bu also all he p ope ies associa ed wi h he p ocess o conduc ing science ( Ba ling &
F iesike, 2014 ; Na ional Academies o Sciences, E., Medicine, 2018 ; Space S udies Boa d & Na ional Academies o Sciences, 2018 ).
Subsequen ly, da a sha ing, enabled by echnological ad ances, has become a mo e common p ac ice o open collabo a ion, which
makes open science possible ( Ramachand an e al., 2021 ). In essence, he impo ance o da a sha ing seen h ough scien ific ac i i ies
Pee e iew unde esponsibili y o The Edi o ial Boa d o Da a Science and In o me ics.
∗ Co esponding au ho
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (M.-H. Nguyen) .
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.dsim.2025.01.009
Recei ed 30 Decembe 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 10 Ap il 2024; Accep ed 11 July 2024
A ailable online 14 Janua y 2025
2694-6106/© 2025 The Au ho s. Publishing Se ices by Else ie B.V. on behal o KeAi Communica ions Co. L d. This is an open access a icle
unde he CC BY license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Q.-H. Vuong, V.-P. La and M.-H. Nguyen Da a Science and In o me ics 4 (2024) 88–95
eflec s i s inhe en alue in humani y’s knowledge managemen as an e ol ing in o ma ion collec i e. I s benefi s help enhance he
en i e sys em’s effec i eness and efficiency in gene a ing new knowledge and fil e ing i ele an in o ma ion.
Da a sha ing p o ides esou ces o scien ific conduc , which expedi es inno a ion and disco e y. Va ious disciplines ha e empha-
sized da a sha ing as a c ucial d i e o inno a ion ( Bo gman, 2012 ; Da is e al., 2021 ; Lawle e al., 2015 ; Sanchez & Si a am, 2017 ).
One o he mos ema kable inno a ions enabled by da a-sha ing p ac ices is he apid de elopmen o Co id-19 accines. Wi hou he
ea ly sha ing o he fi s genome sequence o he SARS-CoV-2 on GISAID and Nex s ain, he speedy c ea ion o accines migh no ha e
been accomplished (sho ened om a decade o less han a yea ) and sa ed millions o li es ( Shu & McCauley, 2017 ; Zas ow, 2020 ).
In addi ion o os e ing inno a ion, da a sha ing can also help alle ia e he ep oducibili y c isis in mul iple disciplines ( Bake , 2016 ;
Came e e al., 2018 ; Hu son, 2018 ; Open Science Collabo a ion, 2015 ; Van Noo den, 2023 ) by allowing esea che s o ep oduce
and alida e esea ch esul s, iden i y me hodological e o s, and conduc open e iew and dialogue ( Bo gman, 2012 ). Al hough da a
p oduc ion and s o age cos s ha e significan ly declined hanks o he de elopmen o digi al echnologies, hey s ill accoun o a
huge p opo ion o expenses o scien ific conduc . Making da a widely accessible can g ea ly lowe he cos o doing science and
ep oduc ion, which is e en mo e c ucial when na ional budge s o scien ific ac i i ies a e on he e ge o decline ( Edi o ial, 2017 ;
Mallapa y, 2019 ; Tolle son, 2023 ).
Ac ualizing he “da a sha ing and euse ” cul u e in academia is challenging. Many obs acles s ill exis , including me hodological,
legal, and echnical ba ie s, as well as he lack o incen i es o esea che s o sha e hei da a ( Ashe e al., 2013 ; Bou ne, 2010 ;
Bou ne e al., 2012 ; Candela e al., 2015 ; Douglass e al., 2014 ). To emb ace da a publica ion, which is a p e equisi e o da a sha ing
and euse, se e al a emp s we e conduc ed ( Candela e al., 2015 ):
1) publishing da a as an in eg al pa o he a icle, and
2) publishing da a esiding in he supplemen a y files a ached o he a icle
Howe e , each publishing model had i s own d awbacks, leading o he demand o a new da a-publishing pa adigm ( Candela e al.,
2015 ). When he da a a e an in eg al pa o he a icle, hey will be difficul o sepa a e om he es o he ma e ials, hinde ing i s
dissemina ion. Meanwhile, when he da a a e s o ed as supplemen a y files, hey equi e he cu a ion and p ese a ion o such files,
and hey canno be sha ed independen ly, limi ing he findabili y and accessibili y o he da a.
As a esul , a da a-publishing pa adigm based on he concep o “da a pape s ”o “da a pape ”s a ed o eme ge as a a o able al e -
na i e ( Kunze e al., 2011 ), especially in he biodi e si y and Ea h sciences ( Cha an & Pene , 2011 ; P eiffenbe ge & Ca lson, 2011 ).
I is defined as “a schola ly publica ion o a sea chable me ada a documen desc ibing a pa icula online accessible da ase , o a
g oup o da ase s, published acco ding o he s anda d academic p ac ices ”( Cha an & Pene , 2011 ). Da a pape s a e analogous o
con en ional esea ch a icles, which a e p oduc s o he academic publishing sys em. Thus, hey a e published by jou nals as p ima y
objec s o conce n and can be p ocessed by any o he ools and se ices a ailable o esea ch a icles, such as indexing and ci a ion
analysis ( Candela e al., 2015 ). Howe e , he e s ill exis diffe ences be ween da a and esea ch a icles in e ms o hei pu pose,
ocus, con en , da a p esen a ion, and da a deposi (see Table 1 ).
Table 1
Diffe ences be ween esea ch and da a a icles
Resea ch a icle Da a a icle
Pu pose I p esen s new knowledge, alida ion o knowledge, empi ical
e idence, heo ies, o insigh s in o a pa icula field o s udy.
I acili a es he sha ing and eusing o da a by o he esea che s,
po en ially enabling new analyses and disco e ies and alida ing
exis ing knowledge.
Focus I p esen s he findings and analysis o o iginal esea ch. I desc ibes and p o ides access o he da ase .
Con en (s uc u e) I ypically includes sec ions such as In oduc ion, Li e a u e
Re iew, Me hodology, Resul s, Discussion, Conclusion, and
Limi a ions.
I ypically includes sec ions such as Backg ound and Summa y,
Da a Desc ip ion, Expe imen al Design and Me hods, Technical
Valida ion, Usage No es (Limi a ions), and Code A ailabili y.
Da a p esen a ion I may include da a p esen a ion, p ima ily o in e p e ing and
discussing he findings.
Visualiza ions, ables, and o he da a ep esen a ions a e equi ed
o help eade s unde s and he da ase .
Da a deposi ion Da a deposi ion is op ional, bu jou nals inc easingly equi e
epo ing o he Da a A ailabili y S a emen .
Da a deposi ion is manda o y. P io o pee e iew, da ase s mus
be deposi ed in es ablished, communi y- ecognized da a
eposi o ies (e.g., Zenodo, Figsha e, D yad Digi al Reposi o y, and
Ha a d Da a e se).
In e na ional Jou nal o Robo ics Resea ch seemed o be he fi s jou nal o solici and publish a new gen e o jou nal pape ( Newman
& Co ke, 2009 ). The jou nal’s publica ion o da a pape s has wo main objec i es ha a e diffe en om p e ious da a-sha ing p ac-
ices. The fi s objec i e is o “ acili a e and encou age he elease o high-quali y, pee - e iewed da ase s o he obo ics communi y, ”
while he second objec i e aims o c edi he au ho s o eleasing hei aluable da ase s, as egula pee - e iewed esea ch pape s
do. O he au ho s in mul iple disciplines, like biodi e si y science, ea h science, and neu oscience, also p omo ed quali y con ol
h ough he pee - e iew p ocess and c edi a ibu ion o au ho s as he main goals o publishing a da a pape ( Cha an & Pene , 2011 ;
Kennedy e al., 2011 ; P eiffenbe ge & Ca lson, 2011 ).
Wi h he endo semen o publishe s, incen i ized au ho s, and hi d-pa y o ganiza ions specializing in da a a chi ing, he da a-
a icle-publishing pa adigm is expanding quickly in e ms o da a jou nal and a icle numbe s, subs an ially inc easing he oles
o da a publica ion in he cu en knowledge gene a ion and alida ion sys ems. By 2015, mo e han 100 da a jou nals had been
launched ( Candela e al., 2015 ). The la ges da a jou nal is Da a in B ie , a mega jou nal ha has published o e 9,000 da a a icles
since i s launch in 2014.
89
Q.-H. Vuong, V.-P. La and M.-H. Nguyen Da a Science and In o me ics 4 (2024) 88–95
Ne e heless, we ound ha he cu en da a publishing sys em p esen s majo weaknesses and limi a ions based on ou edi ing,
e iewing, and au ho ing expe iences in mul iple da a jou nals, like Scien ific Da a (Na u e), Da a In elligence (MIT), Da a (MDPI), and
Da a in B ie (Else ie ). Wi hou acknowledging and add essing hese weaknesses and limi a ions ea ly, hey can significan ly affec he
quali y o da a a icles, hinde he eusabili y and ope a ionali y o da a, and unde mine he alues o science u ilizing da a a icles.
One ins ance is he ypical analysis o Thelwall (2020) on he use ulness o Da a in B ie . Acco ding o he s udy, e en hough he
jou nal s a es o adop he FAIR guidelines, which p o ide ou undamen al p inciples – Findabili y, Accessibili y, In e ope abili y,
and Reusabili y – o bo h humans and machines o o e come he obs acles o da a disco e y and euse ( Wilkinson e al., 2016 ), i s
published da a a e a ely eused.
Th ough his pape , we aim o indica e some unde lying weaknesses and limi a ions o he cu en da a-a icle-publishing sys em
and p o ide ecommenda ions o alle ia e he p oblems and imp o e he sys em. Fo elabo a ion, we will adop he in o ma ion-
p ocessing pe spec i e o Mindsponge Theo y in explaining he da a-a icle-publishing sys em h oughou he pape ( Vuong, 2023;
Vuong & Nguyen, 2024 ). This app oach is adop ed om he me aphysical no ion ha ou wo ld (o physical eali y) is composed
o in o ma ion. Specifically, ins ead o iewing in o ma ion om he o hodox iew: Ma hema ics →Physics →In o ma ion, he
concep ual hie a chy o in o ma ion is exp essed as In o ma ion →Laws o physics →Ma e (Da ies & G ege sen, 2014) .
Due o his cha ac e is ic o he in o ma ion-p ocessing explo a o y scheme, i offe s g ea flexibili y in explaining many com-
plex and dynamic phenomena, such as heo e ical physics, e olu iona y biology, and b ain sciences ( Da ies & G ege sen, 2014 ;
Dyson, 1999 ; Li e al., 2022 ). Da a is a ha d- o-be-defined concep ha can exis in mul iple o ms, and he publishing sys em
is a dynamic p ocess, so i will be clea e and mo e consis en when examining he da a-a icle-publishing sys em h ough he
in o ma ion-p ocessing pe spec i e. In ac , he in o ma ion-p ocessing pe spec i e o he mindsponge mechanism was u ilized o
examine ideological homogenei y in he knowledge gene a ion p ocess o he en ep eneu ial finance field.
The cu en pape is s uc u ed in o ou main sec ions. In he fi s Sec ion, we in oduce he backg ound o da a-sha ing p ac ices
and he da a pape publishing sys em and highligh he cu en pape ’s objec i e. Be o e p esen ing he weaknesses and limi a ions, we
edefine da a and da a a icle publishing sys ems h ough he in o ma ion-p ocessing lens in he second Sec ion. Then, he obse ed
weaknesses and limi a ions a e p esen ed in he hi d Sec ion. The final Sec ion p o ides ecommenda ions o add ess he sho comings
and limi a ions.
2. Da a a icle publishing as a quali y fil e ing mechanism
Since he ea ly days o human ci iliza ions, obse ing he na u al wo ld has been an impo an way o humankind o accumula e
knowledge and gene a e inno a ions and disco e ies. Despi e he diffe ences in i s appea ance and wha i is called, his pa e n o
humankind has emained he same o housands o yea s, om he w i en eco ds o Ancien Egyp and Mesopo amia in a ound 3000
o 1200 BCE o he na u al philosophy o classical an iqui y, which ga e bi h o mode n science ( Ha ison, 2020 ; Lindbe g, 2010 ). In
he mode n age, science has become he mos widely accep ed way o accumula ing knowledge and gene a ing inno a ion. F om he
in o ma ion-p ocessing pe spec i e o he Mindsponge Theo y, he scien ific communi y as a whole (e.g., scien ific ins i u ions and
scien is s) can be deemed an in o ma ion collec ion-cum-p ocesso ha abso bs and p ocesses in o ma ion om he na u al wo ld o
gene a e knowledge and inno a ions ha can benefi humankind.
Wi hin such a p ocess, scien is s (as pa s o he knowledge gene a ion sys em) abso b in o ma ion om he su ounding en i on-
men h ough hei senso y sys ems o o m unde s andings, explain, and p opose heo ies. Howe e , he senso y sys ems o humans
ha e limi s, hinde ing hem om obse ing a majo i y o he na u al phenomena. Many ools ha e been in en ed and de eloped o
o e come such limi s, such as cap u ing in o ma ion abou na u al phenomena ha canno be pe cei ed h ough humans’ senso y
sys ems and s o ing hem as da a. Fo example, Rela i is ic Hea y Ion Collide is equi ed o acqui e da a on qua ks, elemen a y
pa icles, and a undamen al cons i uen o ma e ; Magne ic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is equi ed o acqui e da a on neu onal ac s
and blood flow in he ne ous sys em; came a aps a e equi ed o cap u e da a o wild animals; su eys a e equi ed o ob ain he
da a o people’s pe cep ions, hinking, belie s, and beha io s. In some scena ios, da a a e also used o alida ing unde s andings,
explana ions, and heo ies, as hey a e no always p ecise and subjec o change and subjec i e biases.
Al hough he e m “da a ”is e y common, i is ha d o define as i can be in many o ms. One o i s mos widely ci ed defini ions
is he one p o ided by he Na ional Academies o Sciences, Enginee ing, and Medicine ( Na ional Resea ch Council, 2000 ): “Da a a e
ac s, numbe s, le e s, and symbols ha desc ibe an objec , idea, condi ion, si ua ion, o o he ac o s. ”In a mo e ecen in e nal
documen , he Academies also e e ed o “da a ”as “da a and da abases ha gene ally equi e he assis ance o compu a ional
machine y and so wa e o be use ul, such as a ious ypes o labo a o y da a including spec og aphic, genomic sequencing, and
elec on mic oscopy da a; obse a ional da a, such as emo e sensing, geospa ial, and socioeconomic da a; and o he o ms o da a
ei he gene a ed o compiled, by humans o machines, ”in addi ion o digi al mani es a ions o li e a u e ( Uhli & Cohen, 2011 ). While
he o me defini ion does no speci y he digi al na u e o da a, he la e emphasizes da a a e digi al mani es a ions o obse ed
phenomena ha equi e machines o be p ocessed and analyzed.
To make la e explana ions clea e and mo e consis en , we edefine da a ollowing he in o ma ion-p ocessing pe spec i e based
on he defini ion o he Academies. Th ough he iewpoin o in o ma ion p ocessing, da a, in essence, a e he ames (i.e., ac s,
numbe s, le e s, and symbols) ha a e used o mani es in o ma ion abou obse ed phenomena (e.g., an objec , idea, condi ion,
si ua ion, o o he ac o s) and can be p ocessed and analyzed by humans and machines o gene a e insigh s ha inc ease human’s
unde s anding o eali y. The e o e, da a a e c ucial o es ing and upda ing he accu acy o in e p e a ions, explana ions, o e en
heo ies – fi ing he subjec i e collec i e mind o he objec i e wo ld ( Vuong, 2023 ). The esul s o his p ocess a e la e ansla ed
in o knowledge ha in o ms he decision- and policy-making o indi iduals and o ganiza ions.
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Q.-H. Vuong, V.-P. La and M.-H. Nguyen Da a Science and In o me ics 4 (2024) 88–95
Being he in o ma ion ha eflec s he su ounding en i onmen , including hose ha human senso y sys ems canno obse e, da a
a e c ucial o knowledge accumula ion and inno a ion gene a ion, and da a a ailabili y is indispensable o d i e science o wa d
and en ich humani y’s collec i e pool o knowledge. Da a sha ing is an effec i e way o inc ease in o ma ion a ailabili y, enabling
in o ma ion diffusion and exchange. Thanks o he de elopmen o digi al echnologies (e.g., cloud and In e ne ) and he p omo ion
o FAIR p inciples, esea che s can now access be e , mo e cos -effec i e compu a ional powe and mo e subs an ial and affo dable
s o age ( Ramachand an e al., 2021 ).
Howe e , while acili a ing in o ma ion diffusion, he Open Science (including Open Da a) mo emen also p esen s a big challenge:
“ga bage in o ma ion. ”In ac , any esea che s can easily deposi hei da ase s o open eposi o ies (e.g., Figsha e, Mendeley Da a,
D yad, Ha a d Da a e se, Open Science F amewo k, and Zenodo), significan ly aising he en opy o he scien ific in osphe e. This
da a chaos, in u n, uels conflic , inc eases wo kload and dec eases he quali y and eusabili y o he a ailable da a esou ces.
P oblems induced by he chao ic da asphe e con ibu e o he ising demand o a da a-a icle-publishing sys em. The main diffe -
ence be ween no mally deposi ed da ase s and da a a icles is he da a publishing sys em’s in ol emen , simila o he con en ional
academic publishing o esea ch a icles. Academic publishing is essen ially he gene a ion, ansmission, and diffusion o knowledge
wi hin he in osphe e o humans ( Face , 2020 ; Teixei a da Sil a & Vuong, 2023 ; Vuong, 2023 ). Wi hin such a p ocess, he pee e iew
sys em ac s as a fil e ing mechanism, wi h edi o s and e iewe s being he quali y e alua o s who a e esponsible o assu ing he
pape s being p ocessed mee he publishing quali y and s anda ds ( Vuong, 2023 ). In pa icula , he edi o s a e asked wi h ini ially
e alua ing manusc ip s o de e mine hei sui abili y o he jou nal. They hen e iew he manusc ip s wi hin he jou nal’s scope,
ei he independen ly o by selec ing e iewe s, be o e making he final decision on publica ion ( Hames, 2001 ). No mally, edi o s end
o selec e iewe s wi hin hei social ne wo ks, known wi hin he field and o he jou nal, and e e als. When in i ed, e iewe s p o-
ide hei e alua ion o he manusc ip ’s po en ial, quali y, and igo o suppo he edi o s’ decision-making p ocess. I he assessed
manusc ip is a da a a icle, he edi o s and e iewe s will e alua e he echnical s anda ds o he da ase s and da a deposi ion. Thus,
da a a icles a e gene ally he ou comes o such a quali y con ol p ocess, which in ol es jou nal- ela ed s akeholde s (e.g., edi o s
and e iewe s), au ho s, and hi d-pa y o ganiza ions specializing in da a a chi ing.
In gene al, he da a a icle publishing sys em can be iewed as one o he fil e ing mechanisms o he scien ific sys em (besides
he esea ch a icle publishing sys em) ha helps squeeze ou he poo -quali y and i ele an da a. Da a ha passes he quali y
con ol o he publishing sys em (i.e., pee e iew) can be deemed eliable and aluable in o ma ion o he subsequen knowledge
gene a ion wi hin he scien ific sys em. Howe e , he exis ing weaknesses and limi a ions in he fil e ing mechanism ha e hampe ed
he eusabili y and ope a ionali y o he published da ase s and deg aded he eliabili y o u u e knowledge gene a ion based on he
published da ase s.
3. Weaknesses and isks o he cu en da a a icle publishing sys em
The da a published h ough he da a-a icle-publishing sys em a e belie ed o become esou ces o subsequen knowledge gen-
e a ion p ocesses and alida ion o esea ch findings. To ac ualize hese goals, he published da a mus be ope a ional and eusable.
Ope a ionali y e e s o he capabili y o he da ase o be ope a ionalized by humans and machines, while eusabili y e e s o he
capabili y o he da ase o be eused o gene a e new knowledge and alida e he accu acy o in e p e a ions, explana ions, o e en
heo ies.
Nume ous da a managemen guidelines ha e been p oposed o enhance he quali y o da a ope a ionali y and eusabili y. FAIR
p inciples a e widely endo sed by da a managemen and s ewa dship guidelines ( Wilkinson e al., 2016 ). Besides he accep ance and
implemen a ion by many go e nmen s and in e na ional o ganiza ions, mos da a jou nals also adop he FAIR guidelines o di ec
hei ope a ions. Fo example, Scien ific Da a , a leading da a jou nal launched by Na u e Publishing G oup, s a es explici ly ha hei
six ounda ional p inciples a e designed o align wi h and suppo he FAIR guidelines.
1
While he spi i o FAIR needs o be ad oca ed and ac i ely suppo ed, in eali y, he applica ion o FAIR p inciples as guidelines
o di ec ing he quali y con ol o da a a icles s ill p esen s weaknesses and limi a ions. Due o such weaknesses and limi a ions,
al hough he ope a ionali y o published da a has been upheld h ough he emphasis on he no ion o machine ac ionabili y, some
p oblems s ill exis , and he eusabili y o he da a a icle emains low, was ing a significan p opo ion o esou ces o da a s o age
and dissemina ion.
3.1. Insufficien e alua ion sys em
The cu en da a a icle publishing sys em is buil e e ing o he esea ch a icle publishing sys em, so edi o s and e iewe s
se e as he benchma ks o decide which da a a icle should be accep ed o publica ion and which should be ejec ed. Howe e ,
some p oblems exis , hinde ing he effec i e e alua ion o he edi o s and e iewe s.
Fi s ly, edi o s and e iewe s lack he so wa e/ ools specialized o ope a ionali y assessmen . To examine he ope a ionali y o
he da ase , hey ha e o download he da ase o compu e s and use hei mos amilia ools o so wa e o examine he quali y
o he da a. Al hough his app oach is con enien , i incu s a se e e p oblem: edi o s a e pu ing hei us in e iewe s. I he
e iewe s canno use he so wa e/ ools o use inapp op ia e so wa e/ ools o e alua e he da ase , hei e alua ion will be inco ec ,
con ibu ing o misdi ec ing he edi o s’ decisions. The e o e, he us o edi o s owa ds e iewe s can be deemed as un us wo hy
us .
1 h ps://www.na u e.com/sda a/p inciples .
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Second, al hough machine ac ionabili y is essen ial o he ope a ionali y o he da ase , o e emphasizing i will lead edi o s,
e iewe s, and au ho s o neglec he o he ac o s unde lying he da ase , such as a ionale, design, logical ounda ion, philosophy,
e hics, e c. Typically, FAIR guidelines mainly ocus on p esen ing (me a)da a and machine ac ionabili y bu do no include hese
ac o s. Mos well-known da a jou nals, such as Scien ific Da a and Da a in B ie , also concen a e on he igo o c ea ing, managing,
and s o ing he da a (as indica ed in he jou nals’ objec i es). The negligence o expe ise- ela ed con en migh be influenced by he
ea ly pe cep ions ega ding he da a pape e alua ion p ocess when i was fi s p oposed. Fo example, in he essay calling o he
in eg a ion o da a pape s in o he publishing sys em, Cha an and Pene (2011) p esen ed he echnical quali ies as he main c i e ia
o he e alua ion p ocess:
“Pee e iew o he po en ial da a pape manusc ip is expec ed o e alua e comple eness and quali y o he me ada a. This
may include he alidi y o me hods used and s anda ds con o mance du ing he collec ion, managemen and cu a ion o da a.
To mee he e iewe s’ expec a ions o accu acy and use ulness, he me ada a needs o be as comple e and desc ip i e as
possible. ”
The concep o da a pape was ini ially p oposed by esea che s in na u al sciences, so he concen a ion on he echnical aspec s o
e alua ing he da a pape s’ quali y can be acknowledged. Ne e heless, e en hough he da ase can be ope a ionalized well, wi hou
sufficien expe ise- ela ed con en , i is s ill e y challenging o o he au ho s o ecognize he da ase ’s alues and how o use i o
add ess he knowledge gap in he discipline. This significan ly hinde s he da a’s eusabili y o knowledge gene a ion and alida ion.
3.2. The adical ace o big da a and lack o humani ies
Da a jou nals’ skew owa d he impo ance o echnical s anda ds o ope a ionali y can do mo e ha m han good o he eusabili y
o da a and he alues o da a hemsel es. Specifically, i pu s edi o s, e iewe s, and au ho s in a posi ion ha a o s he ace o a
bigge sample size and unde mines he da a’s humanis ic alues.
The digi al age has upg aded he way we conduc science by offe ing esea che s access o big da a and i s dis up i e po en ial
o science and socie y. One o i s significan benefi s is he explosi e g ow h o da a p oduc ion/acquisi ion/na iga ion capabili ies.
The expec a ion owa d big da a is so big ha i leads o some adical s ances, like he p o oca i e s a emen o Ch is Ande son:
“Wi h enough da a, he numbe s speak o hemsel es. […] Co ela ion supe sedes causa ion, and science can ad ance e en wi hou
cohe en models, unified heo ies, o eally any mechanis ic explana ion a all. ”2
La e , some esea che s e en called o accep ing
da a as science ( Hanson e al., 2011 ): “We mus all accep ha science is da a and ha da a a e science […]. ” Theo e ically, big
da a a e no as sexy as many esea che s expec ed, as explained by Succi and Co eney (2019) . Howe e , we will no p esen how
he excessi ely huge numbe o da a is no p omising o complex sys ems like Succi and Co eney (2019) did. Ins ead, we would
like o highligh he misconcep ion caused by big da a: “small samples ”a e some hing “bad ”and wo hless, and big da a can eplace
heo ies. This pe cep ion i ializes he alue o hinking p ocesses ha lead o he c ea ion o da a (e.g., a ionale, design, logical
ounda ion, philosophy, and e hics), leading o he ace o bigge numbe o da a.
A da a ace is no a heal hy endency, o o e dependence on la ge samples can diminish se endipi y capabili y –a na u al skill
unde lying human inno a ions. Think abou he legend o New on wa ching an apple all down and concep ualizing his heo y o
g a i a ion. How many alling apples we e enough da a o New on o o mula e such a c ucial law in physics? The answe can
be one, o i can also be ze o. Wi h he ep esen a ion o he alling objec in his mind, cu iosi y and hinking we e e e y hing he
needed. Indeed, i science was all abou da a, he well-known mass-ene gy equi alence o mula a ising om he heo y o ela i i y
o heo e ical physicis Albe Eins ein had no been bo n. Simila ly, how many mold-in es ed Pe i dishes o S aphylococcus bac e ia
we e needed un il D . Alexande Fleming disco e ed he c ucial an ibio ic penicillin? I ha single moldy Pe i dish had been igno ed
due o being an insignifican ly small numbe , mode n medical his o y would ha e been e y diffe en .
The o e emphasis on machine ac ionabili y equi es esea che s o collec sufficien da a poin s ha mee he echnical s anda ds
so ha he machine can wo k p ope ly and gene a e eliable in e ences. Howe e , each da a poin is no simply a piece o in o ma ion
ha esea che s analyze on he compu e ; in some cases, i is a mani es a ion o a human’s li e. Weighing oo much on he echnical
quali ies o a da ase (e.g., sample size, comple eness, andomness, and collec ion me hods) while neglec ing he eali y ep esen ed
by hose da a – eal people and hei li e si ua ions –can ake away he humani y o scien ific endea o s e en o he e ge o being
immo al.
Fo example, when collec ing da a abou how des i u ion due o medical ea men led o agedies o pa ien s and hei amily
membe s, he au ho ini ially planned o ga he 1,000 da a poin s. Howe e , eali y soon s uck. By he ime he fi s 40 esponses we e
ga he ed, he au ho no iced cases when he esponden s could no finish he su ey a e 3-4 weeks. E en hough he pa ien s we e
e y coope a i e, hey we e cons an ly busy wi h pape wo k, bo owing money, aking ca e o he pa ien s, e c. Some esponden s
e en bu s in o ea s while doing he su ey and could no con inue. Fo many esponden s, mee ing 5-6 imes was equi ed o
comple e he su ey, and i ook abou one week be ween each ime.
In he end, expe iences om his da a collec ion ha e equi ed us o hink se iously abou he humanis ic alues o da a. Behind
one da a poin could be a pe son suffe ing on he e ge o dea h. Do we wai un il collec ing all 1000 esponses o ha e a da ase ha
is conside ed “p e y, eliable, and aluable ”? The s udy based on he cu -off da ase , which had 330 da a poin s, was mo e aluable
2 See Ch is Ande son’s “The end o heo y: The da a deluge makes he scien ific me hod obsole e ”on WIRED: h ps://www.wi ed.com/
2008/06/pb- heo y/ .
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han hose based on he upda ed one wi h 1042 da a poin s ( Ho e al., 2019 ). This is because insigh s gene a ed om he ini ial
da ase mus be published as soon as possible o he go e nmen , he heal hca e sys em, and he public o ake ac ion. E e y passing
momen means mo e people ha e o ace financial des i u ion and he isk o “nea -suicide. ”
3.3. The absence o expe ise- ela ed assessmen c i e ia
Reusabili y is one o he undamen al quali ies o da a a icles. To be eused, he da ase needs o ha e he po en ial o being
analyzed and used o con ibu e o he exis ing pool o knowledge. Howe e , while he e a e many guidelines o e alua ing he
echnical s anda ds o da a a icles, expe ise- ela ed assessmen c i e ia emain unclea . In mos cases, edi o s and e iewe s conside
p esen ing esul s gene a ed om he da a o e alua e hei eusabili y. Howe e , many au ho s abuse his me hod. Specifically, hey
use a subs an i e pa o he da a a icles o esul p esen a ion and neglec he da a’s de ails and ac o s ha lead o he c ea ion
o he da a (e.g., a ionale, design, logical ounda ion, philosophy, and e hics). Meanwhile, hose de ails and ac o s a e impo an
condi ions o da a eusabili y. I he esul p esen a ion con inues o be misused, i can e en ually diminish he alue o da a a icles,
hinde hei eusabili y, and u n da a jou nals in o low-quali y esea ch jou nals ha publish s udies wi h supe ficial a ionales,
concep ualiza ion, logic, and explana ion.
The lack o clea ly defined expe ise- ela ed assessmen s anda ds pe aining o da a eusabili y migh also esul in da a jou nals
being pla o ms whe e low-quali y da a a e made open in exchange o ecogni ion. Da a a icles cu en ly gi e he au ho s c edi and
ecogni ion o he publica ion o he da ase s, which is belie ed o incen i ize au ho s o make hei da ase s open. As he numbe
o new da a jou nals is on he ise and indexed in scien ific da abases, like Scopus and Web o Science, publishing da a a icles has
inc easingly been ecognized as a way o mee he ins i u ions’ KPIs and ob ain ca ee p omo ion. Fo his eason, da a jou nals become
an ideal place o “dumping ” da ase s ha mee echnical s anda ds bu ha e limi ed alue o knowledge gene a ion. Some imes,
da a pape s a e published because o he huge sample size. S ill, hey canno be used o gene a e any meaning ul esul s due o he
poo design, concep ualiza ion, and logical ounda ion. In o he cases, some esea che s only conside publishing hei da ase s a e
exploi ing all he possible findings ha can be gene a ed om hem.
Fu he mo e, wi hou well-defined expe ise- ela ed c i e ia, he da a a icle publishing sys em migh ace he isks o being
capi alized o me ic manipula ion. Fo example, he da ase acqui es 500 da a poin s a e he fi s da a collec ion, sufficien o
publica ion. Then, he au ho s ake ano he yea o collec ano he 1000 da a poin s. Al hough he second da ase is mo e aluable
han he fi s one because i is in es ed wi h mo e esou ces and offe s highe alidi y, i does no ha e any change in he logical
ounda ion. In his case, should we con inue o publish ha 1000-obse a ion da ase ?
4. Solu ions and ecommenda ions o edi o s, e iewe s, and au ho s
In eg a ing da a pape s in o he publishing sys em and he appea ance o guidelines o imp o ing he ope a ionali y and eusabil-
i y o da a (i.e., FAIR p inciples) a e significan ad ancemen s o science. Howe e , some weaknesses and limi a ions a e eme ging
as he numbe o da a jou nals and da a pape s is on he ise, no only hinde ing he eusabili y o da a pape s and was ing scien ific
esou ces bu also co oding he ounda ion o science in he long e m.
To add ess he cu en weaknesses and limi a ions o he da a publishing sys em, da a collec ing, e iewing, edi ing, and publishing
ac i i ies should no ocus oo much on he ope a ionali y (as eflec ed h ough he machine ac ionabili y o da a) and o e s a es he
alues o da a (e.g., big da a) o e he human’s hinking p ocesses and humanis ic alues. We sugges ha hese ac i i ies mus be
based on wo p inciples empowe ed by he new philosophy o da a.
Fi s ly, da a should be conside ed as he ames used o mani es in o ma ion abou obse ed phenomena (including people,
animals, e en s, phenomena, e c.) and can be p ocessed and analyzed by humans and machines o gene a e insigh s ha inc ease
human unde s anding o eali y, bu no li eless numbe s. Fo such ames o be u ilized effec i ely and app op ia ely, hey mus
ob ain a clea a ionale, design, and logical ounda ion and be based on jus ified philosophy o e hics. Secondly, da a publishing is
o he sake o knowledge gene a ion and alida ion, no da a p esen a ion. The eusabili y o da a o gene a ing and alida ing
knowledge needs o be conside ed equally impo an as da a ope a ionali y.
By ealizing hese key p inciples, he p ocesses o collec ing, e iewing, edi ing, and publishing da a will sha e a unified ision in
alignmen wi h he essence o science: a gene a ion and fil e ing p ocess o qualified scien ific esou ces (see Figu e 1 ).
Edi o s, e iewe s, and au ho s need o ecognize he alue o da a based on he p ope ies o he eflec ed phenomena, especially
he dimensions o e hics and humani y ( Nguyen, 2024 ). The co e ques ion o be asked is whe he he da a can u he ou unde -
s anding o such phenomena. While echnical s anda ds a e essen ial, hey should no be o e emphasized no be he sole e e ence
o da a e alua ion. On his no e, he assis ance o a ificial in elligence (AI) can be beneficial, bu o e -dependence on using AI o
e alua ing echnical aspec s will quickly e ode he human alue o da a. The da a alida ion p ocess also equi es including expe s
in espec i e scien ific fields who unde s and he da a’s ac ual alue.
E alua ing da a’s alue and logical ounda ion should be based on dynamic me hods wi h he in o ma ion p ocessing app oach.
One such app oach is he Bayesian Mindsponge F amewo k (BMF) analy ics ( Vuong e al., 2022 ). The me hod offe s use s an analy ical
amewo k based on he in o ma ion-p ocessing iew o he Mindsponge Theo y o es ablish and imagine he in o ma ion p ocess o
a sys em (e.g., a human mind, an ecosys em, a publishing sys em, e c.) e ospec i ely using he da a a hand. We ha e success ully
employed he me hod o capi alize on da a cons uc ed and published by o he esea che s in da a jou nals o s udying a ious
opics. Thus, BMF analy ics and simila me hods a e expec ed o aid da a pape s’ p oduc ion and e alua ion p ocesses.
P agma ically, his new philosophy o da a should be applied by he au ho s, edi o s, and e iewe s h oughou he p oduc ion,
e alua ion, and publishing p ocesses o da a pape s.
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Q.-H. Vuong, V.-P. La and M.-H. Nguyen Da a Science and In o me ics 4 (2024) 88–95
Figu e 1. Da a pape publishing pa adigm wi h he new philosophy o da a
• Au ho s: The au ho s should design and collec he da a based on a clea concep ual amewo k, heo e ical easoning, logical
ounda ion, and jus ified philosophical o e hical s andpoin s. The da a pape s mus also demons a e hese de ails o demons a e
he da a’s alues, acili a e he pee - e iew p ocess, and imp o e he da a eusabili y.
• Edi o s: Edi o s should conside he unde lying concep ual amewo k, heo e ical easoning, logic, and jus ified philosophical
o e hical s andpoin s o he da a pape in hei decision-making p ocess. The inclusion o such de ails in he da a pape should
be se as a equi emen o he au ho s. Edi o s should conside he disciplina y expe ise du ing he e iewe selec ion p ocess.
Mo eo e , expe ise- ela ed assessmen c i e ia o he da a pape should be shown in he ins uc ions o au ho s and p o ided o
he e iewe s as guidelines.
• Re iewe s: Re iewe s should e alua e he unde lying concep ual amewo k, heo e ical easoning, logic, and jus ified philosoph-
ical o e hical s andpoin s o he da a pape , besides he comple eness and me ada a quali y o he da a. Res uc u ing da a and
unning analysis in a ious ways a e cu en ly no being p ac iced adequa ely. Taking a subse in a da ase o es ing o an-
domly examining some pa ame e s can enhance pe cep ions o da a alue. This no only in o ms he au ho s o he da a alues
bu also helps e iewe s and edi o s lea n mo e abou he da a. Cu en ly, only one side judges he o he , which is no he mos
cons uc i e app oach o gene a ing a good-quali y da a pape , o say he leas .
Cu en ly, ci a ions a e o en used as a key indica o o assess he alues and impac s o da a a icles, jus like esea ch a icles.
Howe e , his ci a ion-based assessmen needs o be conside ed diffe en ly and mo e selec i ely, as ci a ions can be unequally impo -
an . The significance o da a a icles lies in he eusabili y o da a and i s logical unde pinning o gene a e and alida e knowledge.
The e o e, he ci a ion om a esea ch pape de eloped om he published da a a icle is much mo e meaning ul han ci a ions o
o he easons. This diffe ence also implies ha using Web o Science and Scopus ci a ion sys ems o e alua e impac s and alues is
un easonable. G igo i Pe elman did no need o publish his wo k in jou nals indexed in Web o Science and Scopus o be awa ded a
Fields Medal (al hough he e used o accep he p ize). In Vie nam, Ngo Bao Chau, he 2010 Field Medalis , has ne e appea ed in
he lis o mos influen ial Vie namese scien is s gene a ed om he Web o Science and Scopus da a. In ac , we migh pa y i ou
wo k is ci ed by a Nobel medalis once.
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Q.-H. Vuong, V.-P. La and M.-H. Nguyen Da a Science and In o me ics 4 (2024) 88–95
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