In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews, Vol 6, Issue 9, pp 4301-4306 Sep embe , 2025
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews
Jou nal homepage: www.ij p .com ISSN 2582-7421
Consume Insigh s on S ee Food Sa e y: Knowledge, A i udes, and
P ac ices
Ananya Tyagi a, Neelam Cha u edi b
a,b Depa men o Home Science (Food Science and Nu i ion), Banas hali Vidyapi h, Rajas han (304022), India
A B S T R A C T
S ee ood is cul u ally oo ed in peoples’ e e yday li e making i a key domain o explo ing he in eg a ion o nu i ion, consume beha iou and public heal h.
This s udy aimed o assess he knowledge, a i udes and p ac ices o consume s owa ds consump ion and sa e y o s ee oods while examining he associa ion
be ween consume knowledge on ood sa e y and s ee ood consump ion p ac ices. A sample o 100 subjec s in he age g oup o 15 o 35 yea s we e selec ed om
Mee u ci y (U.P.). Pu posi e snowball sampling echnique was used. Collec ion o da a was done h ough sel -adminis e ed ques ionnai e in o m o a google
o m. Mean, SD, equency, N% and Pea son’s chi- squa e es was used o s a is ical analysis. Resul s demons a ed ha he pe cen age o knowledgeable
consume s owa ds ood sa e y we e 67% whe e 42.6% had a posi i e while 57.4% had a nega i e a i ude owa ds s ee oods. I was ound ha 52% o he
consume s had e y good p ac ices owa ds s ee ood sa e y and consump ion. The calcula ed alue o chi squa e was 88.0626 which was g ea e han he abula ed
alue i.e., 16.919. Hence, a signi ican associa ion was ound be ween consume knowledge and p ac ices ejec ing null hypo hesis and al e na e hypo hesis was
accep ed.
Keywo ds: S ee oods, Food sa e y, Knowledge, A i udes, P ac ices
1. In oduc ion
S ee oods a e “ eady- o-ea oods and be e ages p epa ed and sold by endo s o hawke s especially in he s ee s and o he simila places” as de ined
by he Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion, (2024). S ee ood plays a i al ole in India’s culina y landscape. Whe he in u ban o u al co ne s, hese
oods e lec local adi ions and la o s and he pala abili y, a o dabili y and easy accessibili y makes i highly a o ed by people o all ages in he
socie y (Pannu e .al., 2016). S ee ood endo s and he di e se culina y o e ings hey p o ide ha e become cul u al icons and p ominen ou is
a ac ions con ibu ing o he g owing demand o s ee oods. The shi in li es yle pa e ns ha e caused he habi o ea ing ou side o e ol e (Gup a e
al., 2020). India is one o he key ma ke s o u u e g ow h and Indians spend a high p opo ion o hei income on ood and g oce ies ela i e o
consume s in o he na ions. Food consump ion and demand a e expec ed o g ow conside ably o e he nex ew yea s bu he e exis s no e idence ha
consump ion o s ee oods is sa e as many cases linked o unsa e s ee ood p ac ices con inue o be epo ed annually (Debba ma e al., 2025).
S ee oods may pose conside able public heal h p oblems due o mul iple ac o s such as inadequa e in as uc u e and se ices, di icul y in con olling
he la ge numbe s o s ee ood ending ope a ions, limi ed esou ces, poo knowledge o basic ood sa e y measu es, and inadequa e public awa eness
ega ding heal h isks associa ed wi h ce ain s ee oods (GAIN & FSSAI, 2025). The na ionwide implemen a ion o Food Sa e y and S anda ds Ac o
2006 has ma ked a ans o ma i e phase o ood sa e y landscape in India by laying down science-based s anda ds o ood a icles and egula ing hei
manu ac u e, s o age, dis ibu ion, sale and impo . This ac is expec ed o ensu e a ailabili y o sa e and wholesome ood o human consump ion. Food
sa e y means assu ance ha ood will no cause any ha m o he consume s. An unde s anding o ood sa e y is imp o ed by de ining wo o he concep s
- oxici y and haza d. The sa e y and hygiene o hese s ee oods is a s ake due o a ious ac o s such as ill handling and p epa a ion p ac ices, physical
su oundings, low le el o consume awa eness ega ding sa e y o s ee oods o may be due o hei igno ance (Tayco e al., 2025). Schola ly a en ion
has p edominan ly cen e ed on s ee ood sa e y, hygiene conce ns, and ending p ac ices om endo s pe spec i e o e looking how consume s’
knowledge and a i udes shape hei s ee ood p ac ices.
Consume beha io , howe e , emains unde explo ed, despi e i s impac on ood sa e y and public heal h ou comes. This imbalance be ween endo -
ocused s udies and limi ed insigh s in o consume s highligh s a esea ch gap. Wi h he aim o ex ending bene i s o consume s, i is essen ial o assess
hei a i udes owa ds ood sa e y (Sezgin, 2016). A i udes se e as an impo an psychological cons uc as hey ha e been ound o in luence and
p edic beha io s. Knowledge is a complex p ocess o emembe ing, ela ing, o judging an idea o abs ac phenomenon (cogni i e abili ies). On he
o he hand, knowledge o consume s owa ds s ee ood has a c ucial impac on hei p ac ices which deno e he habi ual beha io s, choices, and ac ions
ha indi iduals pe o m as a pa o daily li e (Vigilla-Mon ecillo e al., 2023). P esen s udies sugges ha consume a i udes owa ds ood sa e y a y
ac oss demog aphic and socio-economic dimensions. Apa om go e nmen ini ia i es, he e is an u mos need o he consume s o be awa e and
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews, Vol 6, Issue 9, pp 4301-4306 Sep embe , 2025 4302
igilan abou wha hey ea and imp o e hei p ac ices (Pa imala e al. & Mundhe e al., 2024). Ne e heless, he e is limi ed esea ch and li e a u e
a ailable on s ee ood pa ame e s om consume poin o iew.
The s udy seeks o b idge his gap by explo ing consume beha io al pa e ns and hei associa ion wi h espec o knowledge, a i udes and p ac ices
owa ds consump ion and sa e y o s ee oods. By shedding ligh on hese o e looked dimensions, he esea ch con ibu es o a mo e balanced app oach
which is i al o public heal h s a egies, awa eness, shaping policy in e en ions, and enhancing he o e all sa e y and sus ainabili y o s ee ood
consump ion.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1 Resea ch design and locale
The p esen s udy used a c oss-sec ional esea ch design wi h a quan i a i e analy ical app oach o e alua e consume beha io s associa ed wi h s ee
ood consump ion. Da a collec ion was conduc ed ia an online s uc u ed su ey adminis e ed o human pa icipan s esiding in Mee u , U a P adesh,
India.
2.2 Pa icipan cha ac e is ics
A o al o 100 pa icipan s in he age g oup o 15 o 35 yea s we e ec ui ed including 59 males and 41 emales om di e se demog aphic backg ounds.
Inclusion c i e ia encompassed indi iduals who:
• ac i ely consumed s ee oods
• we e pe manen esiden s o Mee u
• ell wi hin he age b acke o 15–35 yea s
• possessed su icien digi al li e acy o comple e he online ques ionnai e
Exclusion c i e ia included:
• non-consume s o s ee ood
• indi iduals below 15 yea s o abo e 35 yea s o age
• hose diagnosed wi h ch onic heal h condi ions ha may con ound die a y beha io
2.3 Sampling and a iables
Pa icipan s we e selec ed h ough a snowball sampling echnique, allowing o o ganic ec ui men wi hin pee ne wo ks. The s udy iden i ied consume
p ac ices owa d s ee ood as he dependen a iable, while he independen a iables included:
• sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics,
• le el o ood sa e y knowledge
• a i udinal disposi ion owa d s ee - ended oods
2.4 Resea ch ool
An online ques ionnai e was used o da a collec ion in o m o a google o m. The ques ionnai e was sel -adminis e ed, semi s uc u ed, combina ion
o open and close ended ques ions and in English language. I ollowed KAP (Knowledge, A i udes, and P ac ices) o ma and pilo es ed wi h a sample
o 10 consume s. Based on eedback, he ool was e iewed, e ised and u ilized o ga he in o ma ion on socio and demog aphic p o ile; knowledge and
a i udes abou ood sa e y o s ee ood; s ee ood consump ion ela ed p ac ices and obse a ions ega ding hygiene ela ed beha io . In o al, he
ques ionnai e consis ed o 35 ques ions and was di ided in o 4 sec ions as ollows: Backg ound in o ma ion, Consume knowledge, Consume a i udes,
and Consume p ac ices.
2.5 S a is ical analysis and basis o sco ing
Upon comple ion o da a collec ion, he ques ionnai e was checked o ensu e comple eness and consis ency. Then sco ing was done acco ding o he
equi emen s. Mean, S anda d de ia ion (SD), equency, pe cen age (%), Pea son’s chi-squa e es was used o analyze he da a. E e y co ec answe
was assigned a sco e o 1 and a 0 sco e o all inco ec answe s was gi en. The o e all sco e o consume p ac ices and consume knowledge was
calcula ed o each pa icipan . The maximum knowledge sco e was 9 and any indi idual who had a sco e o 8 and mo e was ca ego ized as e y
knowledgeable and any indi idual who had a sco e be ween 7 o 5 was ca ego ized as knowledgeable, 4 o 3 was ca ego ized as ha ing mode a e
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews, Vol 6, Issue 9, pp 4301-4306 Sep embe , 2025 4303
knowledge and indi iduals ha ing sco es o 2 o less we e ca ego ized in o poo knowledge ca ego y. In he same way consume p ac ice sco e was
calcula ed. Co ec p ac ice was gi en a sco e o 1 and inco ec /w ong p ac ice was gi en a sco e o 0. The maximum p ac ice sco e was 7 and any
indi idual who had a sco e o 6 and abo e was ca ego ized as e y good p ac ice and any indi idual who had a sco e be ween 5 o 4 was ca ego ized as
good p ac ice, 3 o 2 was ca ego ized as ha ing mode a e knowledge and indi iduals ha ing sco es o less han 2 we e ca ego ized in o poo p ac ice
ca ego y. Subsequen ly, he da a was summa ized and p esen ed in he o m o ables and igu es o enhance cla i y and acili a e unde s anding. Fu he ,
chi squa e es was applied on he consume knowledge and p ac ices and associa ion was seen.
3. Resul s and Discussion
A sample o 100 s ee ood consume s was selec ed o assess hei le el o knowledge, a i udes, and p ac ices ela ed o s ee ood sa e y. The a iables
we e sys ema ically ca ego ized in o de o gi e a comp ehensi e o e iew.
Fig. 1 - Consume s’ le el o knowledge
Fig. 2- Consume s’ a i udes based on esponses
Fig. 3- Consume s’ p ac ices
Figu es 1, 2, and 3 ep esen consume knowledge, a i udes and p ac ices, ela ed o s ee ood consump ion espec i ely. The da a indica es ha a
subs an ial p opo ion o consume s exhibi ed high le els o knowledge i.e. 67%, 20% show basic awa eness, while smalle po ions epo mode a e
67%
20%
5% 8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Ve y
knowledgeableKnowledgeable Mode a e
knowledge Poo
knowledge
28% 17%
33%
73% 62%
72% 83%
67%
27% 38%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
S ee oods a e
heal hy
S ee oods ul il
ou daily
nu i ional needs
Ea ing s ee
oods/ea ing ou
is a s a us symbol
Ea ing s ee
oods is
absolu ely
no mal and
endy
Ea ing s ee
ood is a g ea
op ion in oday's
busy and
changing li es yle
Posi i e Nega i e
52%
26%
18%
4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Ve y good Good Fai Poo
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews, Vol 6, Issue 9, pp 4301-4306 Sep embe , 2025 4304
(5%) and poo knowledge (8%) conce ning ood sa e y, wi h a smalle segmen demons a ing a e age unde s anding. This indica es a gene ally well-
in o med consume base wi h some gaps in dep h o unde s anding. A i udinal esponses showed a iabili y ac oss i e s a emen s. Mos pa icipan s
iew hei consump ion posi i ely o being a no mal and endy p ac ice (73%) and i ing in o a busy li es yle (62%), while ewe associa e i wi h
heal h bene i s (28%) o s a us symbolism (33%) highligh ing a end owa ds no maliza ion and p ac icali y in s ee ood choices. P ac ice- ela ed da a
e lec ed 52% consume s deeming i “Ve y good” and 26% a ing i “Good.” Lowe sco es we e seen o “Fai ” (18%) and “Poo ” (4%), sugges ing
o e all posi i e p ac ices. Collec i ely, hese igu es illus a e he in e play be ween consume beha iou s ega ding s ee ood sa e y.
Table 1 illus a es he associa ion be ween he educa ion le el and ood sa e y p ac ices o he consume s. This associa ion was signi ican a 5% le el (p
= 0.019). The esul s demons a ed ha among 52 consume s exhibi ing e y good ood p ac ices, 61% had a ained college le el o educa ion. Those
wi h poo p ac ices ell majo ly in he senio seconda y le el o educa ion. a s udy This end aligns wi h p e ious esea ch done by Hossen e al. (2021)
whe e associa ion was ound be ween educa ion le el and ood sa e y p ac ices. Kundu e al. (2021) concluded ha highe educa ion le el was posi i ely
associa ed wi h imp o ed ood sa e y p ac ices.
Table 1: Associa ion be ween educa ion le el and p ac ices o s ee ood consume s (N=100)
P ac ices o s ee ood consume s
Educa ion
Ve y good
Good
Fai
Poo
To al
---------------------------- N (%) -------------------------------
Seconda y
3 (5.77)
0 (0)
1 (5.56)
0 (0)
4 (4)
Senio seconda y
14 (26.92)
7 (26.92)
8 (44.44)
3 (75)
32 (32)
College
32 (61.54)
17 (65.38)
9 (50)
1 (25)
59 (59)
Diploma
3 (5.77)
2 (7.69)
0 (0)
0 (0)
5 (5)
To al
52 (100)
26 (100)
18 (100)
4 (100)
100 (100)
No es: χ² (9, N= 100) = 19.8684, p= 0.001
Simila ly, an analysis examining associa ion be ween educa ion and le el o knowledge on s ee ood sa e y, as depic ed in Table 2 indica ed ha 65%
0 he 67 consume s ha we e e y knowledgeable had a ained a college le el o educa ion. Con e sely, consume s wi h senio seconda y le el o
educa ion we e he leas knowledgeable g oup in his domain. A signi ican associa ion was obse ed a 5% wi h a p- alue = 0.001. As pe a simila s udy
conduc ed by Samapundo e al. (2015) showed ha 63.1 % o he consume s possessed an adequa e le el o knowledge on s ee ood sa e y while ood
sa e y knowledge was ound o be associa ed wi h ha ing seconda y educa ion acco ding o a s udy conduc ed by Al Banna e al. (2021).
Table 2: Associa ion be ween educa ion le el and le el o knowledge on s ee ood sa e y (N=100)
Le el o knowledge on s ee ood sa e y
Educa ion
Ve y knowledgeable
Knowledgeable
Mode a e
Poo
To al
------------------------------- N% ----------------------------------
Seconda y
3 (4.48)
1 (5)
0 (0)
1 (12.5)
5 (5)
Senio seconda y
15 (22.39)
10 (50)
3 (60)
4 (50)
32 (32)
College
44 (65.67)
9 (45)
2 (40)
3 (37.5)
58 (58)
Diploma
5 (7.46)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
5 (5)
To al
67 (100)
20 (100)
5 (100)
8 (100)
100
(100)
No es: χ² (9, N= 100) = 26.9010, p= 0.001
Table 3 illus a es he associa ion be ween he le el o knowledge on ood sa e y and consume p ac ices. The indings e ealed ha a majo i y o he
consume s (67%) we e e y knowledgeable, wi h 48 ou o 53 (71.64%) ep esen ing e y good p ac ices. To assess he s eng h o his associa ion, a chi
squa e es was pe o med yielding a calcula ed alue o 88.0626 exceeding he abula ed alue o chi i.e., 16.919 he eby indica ing a s a is ically
signi ican ela ionship ejec ing he null hypo hesis. Howe e , Fishe ’s es was employed o alida e he esul s due o expec ed equencies alling
below 5 in some cells. This es indica ed a signi ican associa ion be ween he le els o knowledge and he ood hygiene p ac ices a 5% le el o
signi icance (p = 0.001). Hashanuzzaman e al. (2020) epo ed a s a is ically signi ican associa ion be ween ood sa e y knowledge and p ac ices ( >
0.8, p < 0.001). An imp o ed le el o ood sa e y knowledge and p ac ices was associa ed (p < 0.05) wi h aining in a simila s udy conduc ed by Jubaye
e al. (2020).
In e na ional Jou nal o Resea ch Publica ion and Re iews, Vol 6, Issue 9, pp 4301-4306 Sep embe , 2025 4305
Table 3: Associa ion be ween he le el o knowledge on s ee ood sa e y and p ac ices o s ee ood consume s (N=100)
P ac ices o s ee ood consume s
Le el o knowledge
Ve y good
Good
Fai
Poo
To al
---------------------------------- N (%) ----------------------------------
Ve y knowledgeable
48 (71.64)
13 (19.4)
5 (7.46)
1 (1.49)
67
Knowledgeable
3 (15)
9 (45)
7 (35)
1 (5)
20
Mode a e
1 (20)
1 (20)
2 (40)
1 (20)
5
Poo
1 (12.5)
3 (37.5)
3 (37.5)
1 (12.5)
8
To al, N (%)
53 (53)
26 (26)
17 (17)
4 (4)
100
No es: χ² (9, N= 100) = 88.0626, p= 0.001
Fig. 4: Associa ion o consume s’ knowledge and p ac ices
Figu e 4 depic s he associa ion esul s ob ained be ween consume knowledge and p ac ices. I was seen ha ou o o al 100 subjec s, he e we e 53
subjec s wi h e y good p ac ices ou o which 48 we e e y knowledgeable, 3 knowledgeable, 1 wi h mode a e knowledge and 1 had poo knowledge.
The e we e 26 subjec s who had good p ac ices and ou o hese, 13 we e e y knowledgeable, 9 knowledgeable, 1 wi h mode a e knowledge and 1 wi h
poo knowledge. The e we e 17 subjec s wi h ai p ac ices and ou o hese, 5 we e e y knowledgeable, 7 knowledgeable, 2 wi h mode a e knowledge
and 3 wi h poo knowledge. Simila ly, he e we e 4 subjec s who had poo p ac ices. Ou o hese, 1 was e y knowledgeable, 1 knowledgeable, 1 wi h
mode a e knowledge and 1 had poo knowledge on s ee ood sa e y.
4. Conclusion
This s udy e alua ed consume knowledge, a i udes, and p ac ices owa ds s ee ood consump ion and sa e y. While s ee ood is a o ed o i s as e,
a o dabili y, and con enience bu i lacks nu i ional adequacy. Despi e o mode a e ood sa e y awa eness, hygiene p ac ices especially handwashing
emains inconsis en and nea ly hal o he esponden s epo ed ad e se symp oms pos -consump ion bu con inued he beha io . A signi ican associa ion
be ween consume knowledge and p ac ices was con i med using Pea son’s chi-squa e es ein o cing he impac o knowledge on beha io al choices.
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