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HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE FROM TIMBER PROCESSING PLANTS ON RESIDENTS AND
THE ENVIRONMENT IN IKOT EKPENE CITY, AKWA IBOM STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Ve onica M. Akpan
Depa men o Science Technology, Akwa Ibom S a e Poly echnic
Iko Osu ua, Akwa Ibom S a e, Nige ia | +234 808 481 7644 |✉ e onicamkp[email p o ec ed]om
Udeme U. Inyang
Depa men o Science Technology, Akwa Ibom S a e Poly echnic
Iko Osu ua, Akwa Ibom S a e, Nige ia | +234 806 748 0807 | ✉ [email protected]
Emmanuel F. Akpan
Depa men o Science Technology, Akwa Ibom S a e Poly echnic
Iko Osu ua, Akwa Ibom S a e, Nige ia | +234 708 458 0329 | ✉ elde emmanuelak[email p o ec ed]m
ARTICLE
INFO
ABSTRACT
Pape ID: IJASTR-
68DBC9942A3B3
Recei ed: 2025-09-06
Published: 2025-10-07
DOI:
h ps://dx.doi.o g
/10.5281/zenodo.17
284967
Page No: 243-256
This s udy aimed o in es iga e he heal h e ec s o noise gene a ed by imbe
p ocessing acili ies on esiden s and he en i onmen in Iko Ekpene ci y, Akwa
Ibom S a e, Nige ia. The s udy si es we e Ibiakpan, U uk Uso, U ua A an, and U u,
whe e h ee examples each o a able saw, su ace plane , ca ing machine, and
cu ing machine we e examined. Noise le els we e quan i ied du ing unloading
and loading ope a ions wi h a sound le el me e a dis ances be ween 1m and
10m om each wood p ocessing acili y. Valida ed ques ionnai es we e
adminis e ed in conjunc ion wi h semi-s uc u ed in e iews conduc ed wi h
wo ke s and plan manage s o ge quali a i e da a ega ding he heal h
implica ions o noise exposu e. The da a acqui ed om he s udy we e e alua ed
and in e p e ed. I was de e mined ha ele a ed noise le els we e po en ially
p oduced by he plan s a load condi ions in con as o no-load scena ios, and
he noise-dis ance connec ions exhibi ed an exponen ial decay. The indings
indica ed ha , e en a a dis ance o 10 me e s om he su ace plane and ca ing
machine unde ope a ional load, he ecommended maximum noise exposu e
le el o 70 dB was su passed; howe e , a dis ance o a leas 8 me e s may be
conside ed sa e in o he ins ances o equipmen use and o bo h ope a ional
scena ios. The disco e ed noise-induced heal h issues and hei highes
p e alence a es we e hea ing loss (39.1%), sleep dis u bance (67.9%), ele a ed
s ess (76.2%), and concen a ion loss (66.7%). These indings indica e he
necessi y o enhanced noise managemen me hods in imbe p ocessing plan s.
Keywo ds – GPS Coo dina es, Hea ing loss, Noise le el, Sound le el me e
Co esponding Au ho : Akpan, V. M.
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ISSN 2249-9954
O iginal A icle
Ci e This Pape : Ve onica Mkpou o Akpan Udeme Udo ia Inyang And
Emmanuel F iday Akpan(2025). "HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE FROM
TIMBER PROCESSING PLANTS ON RESIDENTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT IN IKOT EKPENE CITY, AKWA IBOM STATE,
SOUTHERN NIGERIA". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH (IJASTR), ol. 15, no. 5,
2025, pp. 243-256 DOI: h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17284967
In e na ional Jou nal o Ad anced Scien i ic and Technical Resea ch ISSN 2249-9954
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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17284967
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INTRODUCTION
Noise is any sound ha annoys, dis up s, o dis ac s, po en ially leading o de imen al
physiological and psychological impac s on indi iduals i no managed (Salam e al, 2024).
Noise is ca ego ized in o wo p ima y classes: en i onmen al noise, de ined as any ha m ul o
unwan ed sound p esen in he su oundings, and occupa ional noise, which pe ains o loud
asks and machine y in wo k se ings (Ibhadode e al, 2018). The de imen al e ec s o noise
on humans ende i a signi ican en i onmen al issue, as ele a ed noise le els can con amina e
su oundings, esul ing in sa e y and heal h conce ns, pa icula ly wi h p olonged exposu e
(Oyedepo e al, 2013). Sou ces o noise pollu ion include, bu a e no limi ed o, eligious
edi ices (such as chu ches and mosques), gene a o s, conce enues, poli ical demons a ions,
ehicula a ic, ai anspo a ion, a hle ic e en s, cons uc ion ac i i ies, and indus ial
ope a ions (Ibhadode e al, 2018). The indus ial sec o is among he sou ces wi h a signi ican
isk o noise pollu ion (Ogun unde e al, 2019; Bolaji e al, 2018).
LITERATURE REVIEW
Indus ial noise pollu ion has become a no able en i onmen al and occupa ional heal h issue,
no ably in de eloping egions unde going swi mode niza ion. Al hough indus ial g ow h
signi ican ly enhances economic de elopmen , he esul an noise emissions pose se ious
conce ns o human heal h and en i onmen al in eg i y (S e n eld e al, 2015). Timbe
p ocessing plan s a e signi ican con ibu o s o noise pollu ion among indus ial sou ces,
owing o hei equipmen -in ensi e ope a ions such as sawmilling, planing, and ma e ial
handling (Engelmann e al, 2015). Noise gene a ion in imbe p ocessing plan s is egula ed by
in ica e physical concep s ha encompass mechanical ib a ions, impac o ces, and sound
p opaga ion (Thompson, 2017). The amalgama ion o di e se noise-p oducing mechanisms,
such as machine y ope a ion, ma e ial handling, and p ocessing ope a ions, engende s a
o midable en i onmen o bo h employees and adjacen communi ies (Ba be e al, 2010).
Occupa ional noise exposu e is common, pa icula ly du ing p oduc p ocessing, and exposu e
o o he dange s on he job can lead o inju ies o illnesses, acco ding o Salam e al. (2024).
The heal h impac measu emen o wo k- ela ed hea ing loss is app oxima ely 4 million
disabili y adjus ed li e-yea s, and 16–24% o all hea ing impai men s a e wo k- ela ed,
acco ding o Nelson e al. (2005). Anxie ies and i i abili y, oe al de elopmen , men al heal h
c isis, ca dio ascula diso de s in p egnan women, sleep dis up ion and insomnia, myoca dial
in a c ion and pep ic ulce s, ca dioce eb o ascula diseases, ype 2 diabe es incidence, and
child en's communica ion and e en i e abili ies (Teso ie e e al. 2018) a e all ad e sely
a ec ed by noise pollu ion, acco ding o epo s. The e is a lack o da a ega ding he pa icula
heal h e ec s o noise om u ban wood p ocessing plan s, despi e he inc easing amoun o
li e a u e on indus ial noise pollu ion. P e zsch e al. (2021) emphasized ha noise is one o
he mos common occupa ional dange s nowadays, hence i is u gen ly necessa y o ill he
exis ing gap.
Consequen ly, his s udy's o e a ching objec i e is o in es iga e he e ec s o imbe
p ocessing plan noise on human and en i onmen al heal h in he Iko Ekpene me opolis o
Nige ia's Akwa Ibom S a e. This s udy egion is a pe ec ma ch o he esea ch since i is a
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ypical u ban con ex wi h dense human popula ion and ongoing la ge-scale imbe p oduc ion.
Annually, 2.78 million people lose hei li es as a esul o inju ies o illnesses sus ained on he
job (Salam e al, 2024). The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) has p edic ed ha o e 900
million indi iduals globally would expe ience dea ness by he yea 2050 (Fauzan, 2023). They
also p edic ha high- and middle-income na ions will ank hea ing loss as one o he op 10
causes o disease bu den by 2030. In pa icula , using he cu en noise educ ion echniques
in o accoun , we will e alua e, analyze, and d aw conclusions based on he WHO
ecommenda ions abou he noise le els p oduced by a subse o imbe p ocessing uni s. In
o de o sa egua d he heal h o wo ke s and encou age sus ainable indus ial p ac ices, his
s udy aims o p o ide e idence-based policies and ac ions.
The le els o noise pollu ion in main sec ions o O a ci y we e esea ched and assessed by
Ogun unde e al. (2019). O e he cou se o a day, esea che s in O a me opoli an ga he ed
da a on noise pollu ion le els a 41 di e en si es. Mini ab e sion 17.0 was used o pe o m
desc ip i e s a is ics and analysis o a iance. In ei he case, he noise pollu ion le els we e
p edic ed using he da a se ha was bes desc ibed by he p obabili y model ha was chosen
using he Easy i so wa e. As i u ned ou , he decibel le els we e much o e he sa e zone
se by he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion. The impac s o he noise pollu ion le els we e also no
signi ican ly di e en ac oss all ime pe iods. Acco ding o he Kolmogo o Smi no goodness
o i es , he da ase was bes i ed by he log-logis ic dis ibu ion. In he end, i was
de e mined ha he i ed p obabili y model migh imp o e public heal h by aiding in noise
pollu ion p edic ion and se ing as a benchma k o educing noise pollu ion.
An in e en ional s udy was conduc ed by Khajenasi i e al. (2016) o in es iga e how exposu e
o high noise le els impac s he pe o mance and a e o e o in manual asks. Hal o he
s uden s a Shi az Uni e si y o Medical Sciences we e emale and he o he hal we e male.
Each pa icipan se ed as a con ol, and he esea che s measu ed he impac o noise a 70,
90, and 110 dB on hei pe o mance. The esea ch used a Two-A m Coo dina ion Tes in
addi ion o wo physical cha ac e is ics and he gene a ion o a ying sound sou ce condi ions.
The da a was p ocessed wi h SPSS e sion 16, and in o de o compa e he du a ion o
pe o mance and he e o s measu ed in he es , epea ed measu emen s we e u ilized. The
du a ion o he pe o mance was shown o be di ec ly and signi ican ly co ela ed wi h he
olume le els. In addi ion, he esul s demons a ed ha he le els o sound had a subs an ial
impac on he pa icipan s' pe o mance; a 110 dB, i was lowe han a 70 and 90 dB (p < 0.05
and p < 0.001, espec i ely).
Loca ed a he in e sec ion o Abdullah Lubis S ee and Pa imu a Medan S ee , S a e
Elemen a y School (SDN 060882) was he si e o a noise su ey by Bucha i (2017) o asce ain
he ex en o which he noise a ec ed s uden s' abili y o lea n. Using he Th eshold Limi Value
(TLV), he noise le el was measu ed a 24 di e en si es. Acco ding o he Minis e o
En i onmen 's Dec ee No. KEP/48/MENLH/11/1996, he noise le els we e de e mined o be
highe han he s anda d TLV >55 dBA. The school's decibel le el was 70.79 dBA, as a esul
o he da a p ocessing and he Noise Mapping, he class ooms we e ca ego ized as ha ing a
decibel le el o 70.79 dBA. Classes IIIa, IVb, and VI we e loca ed in he Red Zone, whe e he
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noise le el anged om 69 o 75 dBA. Those in he Yellow Zone, anging om 65 o 69 dBA,
we e
also
classi ied
as
Class
II,
Class
IIIa,
Class
I a,
and
Class
V. Wha 's mo e, he noise had a physiological impac causing dizziness a 22% and an
emo ional and uncom o able eeling a 21%; a communica ion impac causing a dis u bance
o he eache 's explana ion a 22%; and a decline in s uden s' lea ning pe o mance a 22%. A
numbe o sugges ions we e made o lessen he noise le el in he school, including mo ing he
windows, ins alling acous ic ma e ial on he walls o he class ooms, and landscaping wi h
bamboo ees o g asses.
A s udy conduc ed by Huang e al. (2024) examined he po en ial heal h consequences o
occupa ional noise exposu e o e a 9-yea pe iod u ilizing da a om heal h examina ions
conduc ed by a p ominen Taiwanese manu ac u ing business. One hund ed six y-six wo ke s,
spli e enly be ween noisy and quie e depa men s, had hei heal h measu ed using wen y
di e en indices. Age, sex, and yea s o expe ience we e all ac o s in making his hi ing
decision. By including a unique ange a io in o linea eg ession models, we we e able o
quan i y he index luc ua ions owing o noise and e alua e he empo al impac o noise
exposu e on each heal h index. A 16.594 K/mL inc ease in pla ele coun , wi h a 1.228 K/mL
yea ly inc emen , was obse ed in wo ke s who we e exposed o occupa ional noise. The blood
u ea ni ogen le el o wo ke s in noisy wo kplaces inc eased signi ican ly by 0.438 mg/dL, and
his ise pe sis ed yea a e yea by 0.171 millig ams pe decili e . The ca cinoemb yonic
an igen le el in he employees' blood was conside ably ele a ed by 0.187 ng/mL, wi h an
a e age yea ly ise o 0.034 ng/mL. Exposu e o noise was de e mined o be he only cause o
an inc ease in sys olic blood p essu e (2.015 mmHg), a d op in ed blood cell coun
(0.107M/mL), and an inc ease in hea a e (4.620 bea s/min) and whi e blood cell coun
(0.536K/mL). This longi udinal s udy highligh s he nega i e heal h e ec s o long- e m
exposu e o high le els o occupa ional noise, inding ha i g ea ly aises he isk o
ca dio ascula , enal, and colo ec al diso de s.
In o de o de e mine he impac o noise pollu ion on Nepalese ci izens' heal h, Ka ki e al.
(2024) conduc ed a comp ehensi e li e a u e s udy. Hea ing loss, dis u bed sleep,
ca dio ascula illness, social handicaps, dec eased p oduc i i y, nega i e social conduc ,
i i a ion eac ions, absen eeism, and acciden s we e among he se e al kinds o consequences
ha we e aken in o accoun . The ele an p io ma e ial was compiled and examined om a
a ie y o in e ne si es. Addi ionally, in o de o ge expe ise abou his opic, he esea che s
ga he ed seconda y sou ces o in o ma ion. In o de o e iew he exis ing li e a u e on he
opic o noise pollu ion and i s impac on human heal h, hey u ilized a quali a i e na a i e
design and combed h ough se e al in e ne esou ces. Reducing noise pollu ion may be
possible h ough he implemen a ion o noise ules and he No Ho n Regula ion, acco ding o
he s udy. I is c i ical o ake ac ion o dec ease noise pollu ion in o de o sa egua d public
heal h, bu addi ional e o s will be equi ed o moni o and en o ce hese es ic ions because
noise pollu ion can cause a ange o heal h conce ns.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
This esea ch u ilized a calib a ed sound le el me e (Model IF045985), a 100-me e su eyo 's
ape, a GPS de ice (Map 78s, manu ac u ed in Taiwan), a ela i e humidi y me e , and digi al
he mome e s wi h a p ecision o 0.1 °C o he collec ion o quan i a i e da a. The Wo ke
Noise Exposu e and Heal h Ques ionnai e was u ilized. The wood p ocessing acili ies
examined in he s udy included he able saw, su ace plane , ca ing machine, and cu ing
saw, which a e ex ensi ely u ilized in he imbe ma ke s o Ibiakpan, U uk Uso, U ua A an,
and U u wi hin he Iko Ekpene ci y, Nige ia as shown in igu e 1.
Fig.1: (a) Map o Nige ia indica ing he loca ion o Akwa Ibom S a e (b) Map o Akwa Ibom
S a e highligh ing he loca ion o Iko Ekpene. (c) Map o Iko Ekpene showing he imbe
ma ke s su eyed in his s udy.
DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
Noise le els we e quan i ied wi h a sound le el me e a dis ances be ween 1 m and 10 m om
each o he chosen machines/wood p ocessing acili ies. Th ee iden ical samples om each
p ocessing acili y we e su eyed a each si e, a e which he mean and accompanying s anda d
e o alues o he collec ed da a o each dis ance we e calcula ed. Noise le el measu emen s
we e conduc ed unde wo ope a ional ci cums ances o he su eyed machines: unloading and
loading, du ing which he machines we e ex e nally powe ed. Th oughou each noise
measu emen session, he sound me e was posi ioned a he heigh o he machine s age
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abo e he g ound, ensu ing ha he sound p opaga ion line om he machine was aligned wi h
he me e 's ele a ion abo e he g ound. The a e age maximum dis ance o he machine ope a o
was asce ained o all loading scena ios. In each s udy loca ion, en i onmen al da a, including
geog aphical coo dina es and me eo ological pa ame e s ( empe a u e and ela i e humidi y),
we e eco ded using a GPS de ice, he mome e , and ela i e humidi y me e , espec i ely.
Figu e 2 displays he images cap u ed du ing he noise le el assessmen a one o he esea ch
loca ions.
Fig. 2: Pho os aken a a si e du ing noise le el measu emen s
To collec quali a i e da a ha elucida es he heal h e ec s o exposu e o he eco ded noise
le els, ques ionnai es we e sen o wo ke s and plan manage s, accompanied by semi-
s uc u ed in e iews. The pa ame e s e alua ed o ob aining pe inen quali a i e da a om
he esponden s (wo ke s and plan manage s) included he du a ion o exposu e o
occupa ional noise wi hin he p ocessing plan s, heal h issues encoun e ed du ing and a e
wo k, social demog aphics, and clinical examina ions. The eques ed in o ma ion was ob ained
wi h he gua an ee o comple e con iden iali y and anonymi y. The noise-dis ance da a we e
g aphically examined u ilizing O igin so wa e (Ve sion 2019b). The illed ques ionnai es we e
ga he ed and o ganized. Subjec s ecei ing d ugs we e excluded, and he emaining
pa icipan s we e app op ia ely employed o his esea ch. The subjec s' answe s we e
quan i ied and cha ac e ized acco ding o he equencies o each de ec ed heal h challenge.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 p esen s he eco ded geog aphical and me eo ological da a a he s udy si es. The
la i udes and longi udes a e a ound 5°N and 7°E a he loca ions, sugges ing ha si e changes
may ha e negligible impac on he measu ed noise le els. The maximum empe a u e was
documen ed a U u imbe ma ke , while he minimum was no ed a Ibikpan imbe ma ke .
The ou come is con ingen upon he loca ion whe e he in-si u measu emen s we e ini ia ed.
Al hough empe a u e a ec s he eloci y o sound p opaga ion, he a iance in his ins ance is
app oxima ely 16.7%, which seems i ial, ende ing i s impac negligible. A compa able
si ua ion is no ed o ela i e humidi y, since he 13.1% luc ua ion om 84.0% a U u o 95.0%
a Ibiakpan imbe ma ke is minimal and, he e o e, unlikely o signi ican ly in luence noise
p opaga ion om any o he in es iga ed plan s.
Table 1. Geog aphical coo dina es and Wea he pa ame e s pe s udy loca ion
Geog aphical
Coo dina es
Wea he Pa ame e s du ing
Noise Measu emen s
Timbe Ma ke
Loca ion
La i ude (N)
Longi ude (E)
Tempe a u e
(
0
C)
Rela i e
Humidi y (%)
Ibiakpan 5
0
09.858’ 7
0
43.958’ 24.0 95.0
U uk Uso 5
0
10.662’ 7
0
43.215’ 25.0 94.0
U ua A an 5
0
11.831’ 7
0
42.857’ 26.0 92.0
U u 5
0
02.415’ 7
0
58.522’ 28.0 84.0
Table 2 indica es ha he wood p ocessing acili ies chosen o he in es iga ion we e
cons uc ed o main ain hei s age a a heigh o app oxima ely 1 me e om he g ound. In
compa ison o he ins ances a U ua A an and U u, he maximum dis ances o he ope a o om
he machines a Ibiakpan and U uk Uso a e smalle . Ne e heless, he obse ed dis ances,
which ange om 0.36 m o 0.90 m, demons a e ha an unp o ec ed ope a o is unable o a oid
he cacophony ha is p oduced. I is e iden ha long- e m exposu e a sho dis ances could
be as le hal as sho - e m exposu e a long dis ances, p o ided ha o he in luencing ac o s
emain unal e ed.
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Table 2. Pa icula s o he wood p ocessing plan s a each loca ion
Timbe
ma ke
loca ion
Desc ip ion o he su eyed plan s/machines
Name Code
used
H (m) D
(m)
Ibiakpan Table Saw IBS1 0.90 0.48
Su ace plane IBS2 0.90 0.45
Ca ing Machine IBS3 0.90 0.50
Cu ing Saw IBS4 0.90 0.48
U uk Uso Table Saw UKS1 1.00 0.36
Su ace plane UKS2 1.00 0.44
Ca ing Machine UKS3 1.00 0.38
Cu ing Saw UKS4 1.00 0.41
U ua A an Table Saw URS1 0.94 0.90
Su ace plane URS2 0.94 0.87
Ca ing Machine URS3 0.94 0.85
Cu ing Saw URS4 0.84 0.90
U u Table Saw UTS1 0.92 0.70
Su ace plane UTS2 0.90 0.67
Ca ing Machine UTS3 0.94 0.78
Cu ing Saw UTS4 1.00 0.72
H = Heigh o he machine s age om he g ound;
D = A e age max. dis ance o ope a o om he machine
Table 3 p esen s he acqui ed noise-dis ance s a is ics o each su eyed equipmen unde no-
load ope a ional condi ions. The IBS2, IBS3, UKS2, and UKS3 p oduce ele a ed noise le els.
These esul s signi y ha wo king on he ca ing machines is he mos isky ac i i y, ollowed
by ope a ion o he su ace plane , cu ing machine, and hen able saw. This end mani es s
in all locales. In compa ison o he noise le els o he iden ical machines unde load, as de ailed
in Table 4, he descending sequence o noise le els a ies, wi h he excep ion o he su ace
plane and ca ing machine. A Ibiakpan and U uk Uso, he able saw p oduces g ea e noise
han he cu ing saw unde load, and he opposi e occu s a U ua A an and U u. The
inconsis encies may be asc ibed o di e ences in he ages o he machines, as i is plausible
ha hey we e no all ins alled on he same day, no u ilized o he same du a ion.
In e na ional Jou nal o Ad anced Scien i ic and Technical Resea ch ISSN 2249-9954
A ailable online on h p://www. spublica ion.com/ijs /index.h ml olume 15, No. 5, 2025
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17284967
1
O iginal A icle
©2025 RS Publica ion, [email p o ec ed]
251
Dis ance
A Ibiakpan
A U uk Uso
(m)
IBS1
IBS2
IBS3
IBS4
UKS1
UKS2
UKS3
UKS4
1.0
86.5 ± 0.5
101.3
±
106.5
±
92.6 ± 0.4
86.8
±
103.1
±
107.8
±
94.2 ± 0.9
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
2.0
78.5 ± 0.5
92.8
±
0.6
96.3
±
0.3
85.7 ± 0.4
79.1 ±
94.0
±
0.4
98.6
±
0.4
87.8 ± 0.8
0.7
3.0
73.2 ± 0.8
87.0 ± 0.3
90.3 ± 0.4
79.6 ± 0.5
72.4 ±
87.6 ± 0.3
91.7 ± 0.7
81.8 ± 0.9
0.4
4.0
69.3 ± 0.8
80.4 ± 0.8
85.0 ± 0.3
74.3 ± 0.4
68.6 ±
82.0 ± 0.5
85.5 ± 0.6
75.9 ± 0.8
0.6
5.0
65.9 ± 0.7
76.0 ± 0.5
80.9 ± 0.3
69.4 ± 0.3
64.9 ±
76.7 ± 0.3
79.8 ± 0.8
70.4 ± 0.9
0.7
6.0
62.5 ± 0.5
71.2 ± 0.7
76.3 ± 0.4
65.7 ± 0.3
62.0 ±
72.3 ± 0.4
76.1 ± 0.3
65.7 ± 0.9
0.7
7.0
59.6 ± 0.4
67.8 ± 0.6
72.3 ± 0.4
61.4 ± 0.4
59.3 ±
69.2 ± 0.5
71.9 ± 0.4
61.7 ± 0.5
0.6
8.0
56.3 ± 0.5
65.3 ± 0.9
68.7 ± 0.3
58.2 ± 0.2
56.1 ±
66.7 ± 0.5
68.3 ± 0.6
58.5 ± 0.7
0.5
9.0
53.3 ± 0.6
62.1 ± 0.8
65.4 ± 0.5
55.6 ± 0.4
53.5 ±
63.6 ± 0.4
65.2 ± 0.5
56.3 ± 0.6
0.6
10.0
51.4 ± 0.4
59.9 ± 0.7
63.5 ± 0.4
53.0 ± 0.2
51.8 ±
61.3 ± 0.4
63.4 ± 0.5
54.1 ± 0.5
0.5
Table 3 Con d
Dis ance
A U ua A an
A U u
(m)
URS1
URS2
URS3
URS4
UTS1
UTS2
UTS3
UTS4
1.0
86.8 ± 0.2
106.3
±
108.8 ±
96.7 ± 0.5
87.8
±
101.3
±
106.9 ±
98.6 ± 0.2
0.5
0.7
0.4
0.3
1.0
2.0
78.6 ± 0.4
98.8 ± 0.6
101.1 ±
88.5 ± 0.6
79.9 ±
93.0 ± 0.3
96.8 ± 0.8
90.9 ± 0.7
0.6
0.5
3.0
71.1 ± 0.4
91.5 ± 0.6
93.2
±
0.8
81.9 ± 0.8
72.5 ±
86.9 ± 0.3
91.1 ± 0.9
83.9 ± 0.7
0.4
4.0
67.7 ± 0.3
84.0 ± 0.6
86.0 ± 0.2
75.3 ± 0.7
68.4 ±
80.6 ± 0.4
86.0 ± 0.7
77.6 ± 0.4
0.4
5.0
64.0 ± 0.3
77.9 ± 0.4
81.6 ± 0.6
70.4 ± 0.6
64.5 ±
76.3 ± 0.3
81.5 ± 0.4
73.2 ± 0.3
0.4
6.0
61.0 ± 0.3
72.1 ± 0.4
76.8 ± 0.8
66.2 ± 0.7
61.6 ±
72.1 ± 0.3
77.2 ± 0.5
68.6 ± 0.4
0.4
7.0
58.1 ± 0.4
68.1 ± 0.5
71.9 ± 0.4
62.0 ± 0.7
59.1 ±
68.0 ± 0.4
73.3 ± 0.5
63.7 ± 0.5
0.3
8.0
55.8 ± 0.3
65.3 ± 0.6
67.4 ± 0.4
58.5 ± 0.5
56.4 ±
65.2 ± 0.4
69.6 ± 0.4
58.9 ± 0.6
0.3
9.0
53.8 ± 0.4
63.0 ± 0.7
65.3 ± 0.6
55.3 ± 0.5
54.5 ±
62.3 ± 0.5
66.4 ± 0.4
56.2 ± 0.5
0.4
10.0
51.8 ± 0.4
61.1 ± 0.6
63.8 ± 0.5
53.6 ± 0.4
52.5 ±
60.4 ± 0.5
64.2 ± 0.5
54.5 ± 0.4
0.4
Table 3. Measu ed noise le els unde unloading condi ion
