Biodi e si y Da a Jou nal 13: e159810
doi: 10.3897/BDJ.13.e159810
Da a Pape
Da abase o ish auna collec ed om i e
channels on allu ial ans in he Ko u Basin,
cen al Japan
Rei I sukushima , Kazuaki Oh suki , Ko a Tawa , Ta su o Sa o , Kazuki Ka asawa
‡ Kyushu Uni e si y, Fukuoka, Japan
§ Kyushu Ins i u e o Technology, Ki akyushu, Japan
| Uni e si y o Yamanashi, Ko u, Japan
¶ Na ional Ins i u e o En i onmen al S udies, Tsukuba, Japan
Co esponding au ho : Rei I sukushima (i sukushima. [email protected])
Academic edi o : Yahui Zhao
Recei ed: 21 May 2025 | Accep ed: 16 Sep 2025 | Published: 07 Oc 2025
Ci a ion: I sukushima R, Oh suki K, Tawa K, Sa o T, Ka asawa K (2025) Da abase o ish auna collec ed om
i e channels on allu ial ans in he Ko u Basin, cen al Japan. Biodi e si y Da a Jou nal 13: e159810.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/BDJ.13.e159810
Abs ac
Backg ound
Allu ial ans, loca ed nea moun ainous egions, a e cha ac e ised by subs an ial
sedimen supply, la ge a ia ions in low and signi ican dis u bances. The i e channels
on allu ial ans suppo a dis inc biological communi y compa ed o hose on allu ial
plains. In Japan, g a el ex ac ion and i e bed d edging o main ain lood discha ge
capaci y we e equen ly ca ied ou du ing he apid economic g ow h pe iod o he
1960s, leading o signi ican human impac on hese i e s. As a esul o equen
dis u bances, he ish communi ies in hese i e s end o be less di e se. Fu he mo e,
esea ch on i e channels in allu ial ans is limi ed compa ed o ha on allu ial plains,
esul ing in a lack o de ailed in o ma ion on hese ecosys ems. Consequen ly, e o s o
ecosys em conse a ion and es o a ion in hese en i onmen s a e insu icien .
‡,§ | ¶ ‡ |
© I sukushima R e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License
(CC BY 4.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and
sou ce a e c edi ed.
New in o ma ion
A ish su ey was conduc ed a a o al o 26 si es ac oss ou i e channels on allu ial
ans, each wi h dis inc geological cha ac e is ics. The esul s e ealed he p esence o
2,265 indi iduals belonging o 15 species and one genus (only he genus could be
iden i ied) wi hin se en amilies. Amongs he con i med species we e Misgu nus
anguillicauda us (Can o , 1842), Onco hynchus masou ishikawae (Jo dan and
McG ego , 1925) and Co us pollux Gün he , 1873, all o which a e lis ed in he local Red
Da a Book, highligh ing he p esence o a e species e en in i e channels on allu ial
ans impac ed by human ac i i y. Fu he mo e, non-na i e species we e ound only a a
single si e in he ups eam sec ion, whe e ou indi iduals o Onco hynchus mykiss
(Walbaum, 1792) we e collec ed. The su ey indica ed ha species di e si y and ish
species composi ion a ied ac oss he di e en i e s, sugges ing ha a ious ac o s,
such as wa e shed geology, geomo phological p ocesses and an h opogenic in luences,
con ibu e o di e ences in ish communi y s uc u e.
Keywo ds
an h opogenic impac , ich hyo auna, wa e shed geology, na u al disas e s
In oduc ion
Allu ial ans a e he mos widesp ead deposi ional land o ms, occu ing along he
ma gins o long-s anding highland a eas o a ound ac i ely subsiding con inen al basins,
spanning a wide ange o s uc u al and clima ic en i onmen s (Ven a and Cla ke 2018).
Ri e s lowing h ough allu ial ans exhibi unique channel cha ac e is ics, such as
di e se channel mig a ions and b aided i e sys ems in luenced by sedimen deposi ion,
making hem dis inc om o he i e sys ems (Blai and Mcphe son 1994, Liu e al.
2024). The i e channels on allu ial ans, loca ed nea moun ainous egions, a e
cha ac e ised by subs an ial sedimen supply, la ge luc ua ions in low and signi ican
dis u bances, which con ibu e o he o ma ion o a dis inc biological communi y
compa ed o i e s in he allu ial plains. In New Zealand, he gene ic s uc u e o
Galaxias ulga is S okell, 1949, di e s be ween allu ial an i e s and o he i e
sys ems. In pa icula , in he b aided i e channels o allu ial ans, he gene ic
di e gence is shallowe due o he ins abili y o he channels (Wallis e al. 2008).
Addi ionally, e en wi hin he allu ial an, he ish communi ies in he main i e and he
loodplain a e dis inc , wi h he sp ing- ed a eas a he an's edge ac ing as ho spo s. I
has been no ed ha he di e si y o he main i e is ela i ely low (Hi ai 1974).
In allu ial ans, he la ge amoun o sedimen supplied om moun ainous a eas leads o
he equen deposi ion o sedimen wi hin he i e bed (Ishikawa 1986) and i e bed
d edging is egula ly ca ied ou o main ain he i e ’s lood discha ge capaci y (Ikeda e
al. 2017). Addi ionally, du ing Japan's apid economic g ow h in he 1960s, he e was a
2I sukushima R e al
signi ican demand o g a el and la ge-scale sedimen ex ac ion was conduc ed in i e
channels on allu ial ans (Kayaba 2000, Wa anabe e al. 2006). Such d edging ac i i ies,
which in ol e al e a ions o he channel mo phology, ypically lead o habi a
modi ica ions, esul ing in a decline in biodi e si y. This has been epo ed in bo h allu ial
an i e s and o he i e sys ems (Kondol 1994, Elle y and McCa hy 2002). Al hough
i e channels on allu ial ans a e s ongly in luenced by bo h na u al dis u bances and
an h opogenic impac s, he ish communi ies in hese i e s a e po en ially less di e se.
Consequen ly, compa ed o allu ial plains, he e a e ewe s udies on allu ial ans and
in o ma ion emains sca ce. As a esul , p og ess in ecosys em conse a ion and
es o a ion in hese en i onmen s is limi ed.
This s udy was conduc ed o cla i y he ish communi y s uc u e in i e s lowing h ough
small allu ial ans, whe e species di e si y is belie ed o be educed due o he na u al
dis u bances associa ed wi h abundan sedimen supply and an h opogenic i e bed
d edging o lood con ol measu es.
Sampling me hods
Desc ip ion:The s udy a ea is loca ed wi hin he Fuji Ri e Basin, Japan (Fig. 1). Fish
su eys we e conduc ed using an elec o ishe (Smi h-Roo Model 12-A, Smi h-Roo Inc.,
Vancou e , WA, U.S.A.) a each s udy si e. Fish empo a ily immobilised by elec ic
cu en we e collec ed using dip ne s, iden i ied o species and subsequen ly eleased a
hei espec i e cap u e si es. The su ey was conduc ed be ween 22 Oc obe and 29
Oc obe 2024.
Sampling desc ip ion:Fish su eys we e conduc ed using an elec o ishe (Smi h-Roo
Model 12-A, Smi h-Roo Inc., Vancou e , WA, U.S.A.) a each s udy si e. The su ey
leng h was gene ally se o one each (app oxima ely en imes he wid h o he i e ). The
collec ed ish species we e iden i ied on-si e and eleased immedia ely. Addi ionally, he
Figu e 1.
Loca ion o he s udy si es. The s udy ocused on 26 si es wi hin he Ko u Basin.
Da abase o fish auna collec ed om i e channels on allu ial ans in ... 3
we weigh o each species was measu ed a each si e. In his esea ch, we eco ded
2,265 indi iduals which we e iden i ied on-si e and in he labo a o y acco ding o
Kawanabe and Mizuno (1989) and Seno (2007).
Geog aphic co e age
Desc ip ion:The s udy a ea is loca ed wi hin he Fuji Ri e Basin, which lows h ough
he Fossa Magna zone, he bounda y be ween he ich hyo aunas o sou h-wes e n and
no h-eas e n Japan (I sukushima 2019). The s udy si es consis o 26 loca ions ac oss
ou ibu a ies – Midai Ri e , A a Ri e , Kane Ri e and Omo Ri e – wi hin he Ko u
Basin, each exhibi ing dis inc wa e shed cha ac e is ics. All o hese i e s o m allu ial
ans and he s udy ocused on loca ions wi h simila i e bed g adien s. These ou i e s
a e o med by di e en geological subs a es: he Midai Ri e by basal , he A a Ri e by
g ani e and hyoli e, he Kane Ri e by dio i e and he Omo Ri e by g anodio i e. O he
26 s udy si es, 17 ha e unde gone ecen i e bed d edging, while nine ha e no .
Coo dina es:35.57553 and 35.73237 La i ude; 138.3801 and 138.7913 Longi ude.
Taxonomic co e age
Desc ip ion:The su ey esul s e ealed ha a o al o 15 species and one genus (only
he genus could be iden i ied) wi hin se en amilies we e obse ed, wi h 2,265
indi iduals eco ded ac oss he 26 si es. The loca ion wi h he highes numbe o species
was downs eam o he Kane Ri e , whe e 10 species we e ound. The loca ion wi h he
highes numbe o indi iduals was in he middle eaches o he Kane Ri e , wi h 260
indi iduals eco ded. In con as , no ish species we e cap u ed in he uppe eaches o
he Midai Ri e . The species wi h he highes numbe o indi iduals cap u ed was
Rhinogobius sp., wi h 818 indi iduals eco ded ac oss 20 si es. This was ollowed by
Rhynchocyp is lagowskii s eindachne i Sau age, 1883, wi h 450 indi iduals cap u ed
ac oss 21 si es.
The axonomic o de s obse ed we e Cyp ini o mes (9 species), Pe ci o mes (2 species),
Salmoni o mes (2 species), Silu i o mes (2 species) and Osme i o mes (1 species) (Fig.
2). A he amily le el, he ollowing amilies we e ep esen ed: Cyp inidae (9 species),
Cobi idae (2 species), Silu idae (1 species), Gobiidae (1 species), Amblycipi idae (1
species), Co idae (1 species) and Osme idae (1 species) (Fig. 3).
Amongs he collec ed ish species, hose lis ed in he Yamanashi P e ec u e Red Da a
Book (2018) as species a isk o ex inc ion include Misgu nus anguillicauda us, which is
ca ego ised as Da a De icien (DD), Onco hynchus masou ishikawae, which is lis ed as a
Th ea ened Local Popula ion (LP) and Co us pollux, which is ca ego ised as No ewo hy
Species (N). Howe e , Onco hynchus masou ishikawae has been subjec o ex ensi e
ansplan a ion (Ki anishi e al. 2017) and s ocking, which acili a es hyb idisa ion wi h
Onco hynchus masou masou (Yamazaki e al. 2005), aising he possibili y ha i may no
4I sukushima R e al
be a na i e popula ion. In he Minis y o he En i onmen 's Na ional Red Da a
Book
(2020), in addi ion o he a o emen ioned species, Liobag us eini HilGündo , 1878 is
lis ed as Vulne able (VU). Fu he mo e, as an in asi e species, Onco hynchus mykiss
was cap u ed in he uppe mos eaches o he Kane Ri e , wi h ou indi iduals eco ded.
Figu e 2.
Taxonomic Co e age (by o de ).
Figu e 3.
Taxonomic Co e age (by amily).
Da abase o fish auna collec ed om i e channels on allu ial ans in ... 5
Taxa included:
Rank Scien i ic Name
amily Salmonidae
subspecies Onco hynchus masou ishikawae (Jo dan and McG ego , 1925)
species Onco hynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
amily Cyp inidae
subspecies Rhynchocyp is lagowskii s eindachne i Sau age, 1883
species Opsa iich hys pla ypus (Temminck e Schlegel, 1846)
species Nipponocyp is emminckii (Temminck e Schlegel, 1846)
species Pseudogobio polys ic us Tominaga and Kawase, 2019
species Pseudo asbo a pa a (Temminck e Schlegel, 1846)
species T ibolodon hakonensis (Gün he , 1877)
species Gna hopogon elonga us (Temminck e Schlegel, 1846)
amily Cobi idae
species Cobi is aenia Linnaeus, 1758
species Misgu nus anguillicauda us (Can o , 1842)
amily Silu idae
species Silu us aso us Linnaeus, 1758
amily Gobiidae
genus Rhinogobius Gill, 1859
amily Co idae
species Co us pollux Gün he , 1873
amily Amblycipi idae
species Liobag us eini HilGündo , 1878
amily Osme idae
species Plecoglossus al i elis (Temminck e Schlegel, 1846)
Tempo al co e age
Da a ange:2024-10-22 - 2024-10-29.
6I sukushima R e al
Usage licence
Usage licence:O he
IP igh s no es:This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY 4.0)
Licence.
Da a esou ces
Da a package i le:Da abase o ish auna collec ed om i e channels on allu ial ans
in he Ko u Basin, Japan
Resou ce link: h ps://www.gbi .o g/da ase /07b5664c-4dda-49e1-9 3a-c8273a7c12 b
Al e na i e iden i ie s: h ps://doi.o g/10.15468/madkz2
Numbe o da a se s:1
Da a se name:Da abase o ish auna collec ed om i e channels on allu ial ans
in he Ko u Basin, Japan
Download URL: h ps://ip .penso .ne /a chi e.do? =da abase_ ish_ auna_allu ial
_ an_ko u_basin& =1.2
Desc ip ion: Su eys we e conduc ed a 26 si es in he ou i e s on allu ial ans
lowing h ough he Ko u Basin in he cen al pa o he Japanese a chipelago. As a
esul o his in es iga ion, 15 species and one genus (only he genus could be
iden i ied) wi hin se en amilies we e obse ed, wi h 2,265 indi iduals eco ded
ac oss he 26 si es.
Column label Column desc ip ion
occu enceID An iden i ie o he Occu ence.
basisO Reco d The speci ic na u e o he da a eco d.
samplingP o ocol The names o , e e ences o, o desc ip ions o he me hods o p o ocols used
du ing an E en .
e en Da e The da e- ime o in e al du ing which an E en occu ed.
scien i icName The ull scien i ic name.
scien i icNameAu ho ship The au ho ship in o ma ion o he scien i icName o ma ed acco ding o he
con en ions o he applicable nomencla u alCode.
kingdom The ull scien i ic name o he kingdom in which he axon is classi ied.
phylum The ull scien i ic name o he phylum o di ision in which he axon is classi ied.
class The ull scien i ic name o he class in which he axon is classi ied.
Da abase o fish auna collec ed om i e channels on allu ial ans in ... 7
o de The ull scien i ic name o he o de in which he axon is classi ied.
amily The ull scien i ic name o he amily in which he axon is classi ied.
axonRank The axonomic ank o he mos speci ic name in he scien i icName as i
appea s in he o iginal eco d.
iden i iedBy A lis (conca ena ed and sepa a ed) o names o people, g oups o o ganisa ions
who assigned he Taxon o he subjec .
eco dedBy A lis (conca ena ed and sepa a ed) o he globally unique iden i ie o he pe son,
people, g oups o o ganisa ions esponsible o eco ding he o iginal Occu ence.
decimalLa i ude The geog aphic la i ude (in decimal deg ees, using he spa ial e e ence sys em
gi en in geode icDa um) o he geog aphic cen e o a Loca ion.
decimalLongi ude The geog aphic longi ude (in decimal deg ees, using he spa ial e e ence sys em
gi en in geode icDa um) o he geog aphic cen e o a Loca ion.
coo dina eUnce ain yInMe es The ho izon al dis ance (in me es) om he gi en decimalLa i ude and
decimalLongi ude desc ibing he smalles ci cle con aining he whole o he
Loca ion.
geode icDa um The ellipsoid, geode ic da um o spa ial e e ence sys em (SRS) upon which he
geog aphic coo dina es gi en in decimalLa i ude and decimalLongi ude a e based.
coun yCode The s anda d code o he coun y in which he Loca ion occu s. Recommended
bes p ac ice is o use ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 coun y codes.
indi idualCoun The numbe o indi iduals ep esen ed p esen a he ime o he Occu ence.
occu enceS a us A s a emen abou he p esence o absence o a Taxon a a Loca ion.
ca alogNumbe A lis (conca ena ed and sepa a ed) o p e ious o al e na i e ully quali ied
ca alogue numbe s o o he human-used iden i ie s o he same Occu ence,
whe he in he cu en o any o he da ase o collec ion.
language A language o he esou ce. Recommended bes p ac ice is o use a con olled
ocabula y, such as RFC 4646 [RFC4646].
coun y The name o he coun y o majo adminis a i e uni in which he Loca ion
occu s. Recommended bes p ac ice is o use a con olled ocabula y, such as
he Ge y Thesau us o Geog aphic Names.
s a eP o ince The name o he nex smalles adminis a i e egion han coun y (s a e,
p o ince, can on, depa men , egion e c.) in which he Loca ion occu s.
municipali y The ull, unabb e ia ed name o he nex smalles adminis a i e egion han
coun y (ci y, municipali y e c.) in which he Loca ion occu s. Do no use his e m
o a nea by named place ha does no con ain he ac ual loca ion.
wa e Body The name o he wa e body in which he dc e ms:Loca ion occu .
modi ied The ou -digi yea in which he E en occu ed, acco ding o he Common E a
Calenda .
8I sukushima R e al
yea The ou -digi yea in which he E en occu ed, acco ding o he Common E a
Calenda .
mon h The o dinal mon h in which he E en occu ed.
day The in ege day o he mon h on which he E en occu ed.
es ablishmen Means S a emen abou whe he a dwc:O ganism has been in oduced o a gi en place
and ime h ough he di ec o indi ec ac i i y o mode n humans.
dynamicP ope ies A lis o addi ional measu emen s, ac s, cha ac e is ics o asse ions abou he
eco d. Mean o p o ide a mechanism o s uc u ed con en .
Addi ional in o ma ion
The species ha appea ed mos equen ly we e Plecoglossus al i elis (Temminck e
Schlegel, 1846), he genus Rhinogobius Gill, 1859 and he Cobi is aenia Linnaeus,
1758, which we e widely obse ed. These species a e he mos commonly ound in he
g adien o he allu ial an i e channels s udied (I sukushima 2019) and hey we e also
ela i ely abundan in loca ions a ec ed by an h opogenic impac s, such as exca a ion
ac i i ies.
On he o he hand, Co us pollux was collec ed in he Kane and A a Ri e s; howe e , i s
p esence was no obse ed in he Omo Ri e . In con as , Liobag us eini was ound in
he Omo Ri e , unlike Co us pollux. Liobag us eini and Co us pollux a e dis an ly
ela ed species, bo h noc u nal ben hic ca ni o es. I is known ha hey o en co-exis
sympa ically in he mid-s eam a eas o empe a e i e s in Japan (Miyadi e al. 1976,
Na sumeda e al. 2016). Howe e , in his s udy, he i e s inhabi ed by Co us pollux and
Liobag us eini we e clea ly sepa a ed. The di e ence in ood esou ces be ween he wo
species may explain his sepa a ion. Bo h species p ima ily ely on aqua ic insec s as
hei main ood sou ce; howe e , Co us pollux is a ben hos eede , c uising widely and
p eying exclusi ely on chi onomid and ichop e an la ae. On he o he hand, Liobag us
eini is bo h a d i and ben hos eede , ambushing p ey and selec ing epheme op e an
nymphs in addi ion o chi onomid and ichop e an la ae (Na sumeda e al. 2016).
The e o e, i is likely ha he ben hic aunal composi ion, which se es as he ood
esou ce, di e s be ween he i e s whe e Co us pollux and Liobag us eini a e ound.
One possible ac o is he di e ence in he geology o he wa e sheds in he i e s whe e
Co us pollux and Liobag us eini we e obse ed. I is known ha di e ences in su ace
geology can in luence he ben hic aunal composi ion (Shea e and Young 2011, Tashi o
and Tsujimo o 2015) and hese geological di e ences may go e n he ben hic aunal
esou ces, which, in u n, could a ec he p esence o hese p eda o y ish species.
Amongs he ou i e s su eyed, he Midai Ri e had signi ican ly lowe ish species
ichness and abundance compa ed o he o he i e s, excep a he mos downs eam
si e. The Midai Ri e allu ial an is a piedmon - ype an, p ima ily o med by he
accumula ion and anspo o deb is lows. In con as , he o he i e s a e se loo - ype
ans, which a e basin- loo allu ial ans cha ac e ised by mic o opog aphical ea u es
Da abase o fish auna collec ed om i e channels on allu ial ans in ... 9
