399
Fi s insigh s in o he scale o in asions in A ican ma ine p o ec ed
a eas: le e aging global da abases and ci izen science da a
Sa ah J. Ackland1, Da id M. Richa dson1, Tama a B. Robinson1
1 Cen e o In asion Biology, Depa men o Bo any and Zoology, S ellenbosch Uni e si y, Ma ieland, 7609, Sou h A ica
Co esponding au ho : Tama a B. Robinson ([email p o ec ed])
Copy igh : © Sa ah J. Ackland e al.
This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde
e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License (A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional – CC BY 4.0).
Resea ch A icle
Abs ac
Up- o-da e in o ma ion on he dis ibu ion o alien species is essen ial o e idence-based managemen .
Howe e , ou ine moni o ing is esou ce in ensi e. This has led o egional biases in he a ailabili y o
in o ma ion on in asions, wi h li le unde s anding o in asions in many de eloping egions, including
A ica. This knowledge gap, pa icula ly p oblema ic o ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs), challenges
he abili y o A ican s a es o mee hei obliga ions unde he Global Biodi e si y F amewo k (GBF)
Ta ge 6. This s udy d ew on eely a ailable global da abases (P o ec ed Plane ; Wo ld Regis e o
In oduced Ma ine Species; Wo ld Regis e o Ma ine Species) and ci izen science da a (iNa u alis ) o
p o ide no el insigh s in o ma ine alien species in A ican MPAs. A o al o 27 species we e eco ded
wi hin 17 MPAs ac oss se en coun ies. The po en ial h ea posed o hese MPAs was assessed using
he EICAT and SEICAT impac schemes. Wo yingly, species known o ha e impac s o massi e o
majo magni ude we e documen ed in nine MPAs (Table Moun ain Na ional Pa k, Robben Island, Six-
een Mile Beach, Langebaan Lagoon, Namaqua Na ional Pa k – all in Sou h A ica); Namibian Islands
(Namibia); Ilhas Fo mosa, Nago and Tchedia (U ok) (Guinea-Bissau); Banc d’A guin Na ional Pa k
(Mau i ania); Massa (Mo occo)). When used in conjunc ion wi h cu a ed da abases, iNa u alis o e ed
cos -e ec i e and e i iable eco ds o some alien species in unde -su eyed MPAs. By le e aging da a
om dispa a e da abases, his s udy imp o es ou knowledge o he scale o in asions in A ican MPAs
and p o ides a ounda ion upon which S a es can p io i ise moni o ing wi hin hei MPA ne wo ks.
Ul ima ely, hese da a could suppo he de elopmen o a ge ed ou ine moni o ing p og ammes
which could assis he managemen o ma ine in asions and he a ainmen o GBF Ta ge 6.
Key wo ds: A ica, biological in asions, communi y science, da a acquisi ion, impac s, iNa u alis ,
managemen , p o ec ed a eas
In oduc ion
Biological in asions a e a majo d i e o global en i onmen al change (Riccia di
e al. 2021) and p o ec ed a eas a e no immune o he impac s o in asi e alien
species (Shackle on e al. 2019, 2020). The Kunming-Mon eal Global Biodi e -
si y F amewo k (GBF), de eloped unde he Con en ion on Biological Di e si y
(CBD), p oposes 23 a ge s o suppo and guide he achie emen o he Sus ain-
able De elopmen Goals and he global ision o educe an h opogenic impac s on
biodi e si y by 2030 (Robinson e al. 2025). Ta ge 6 aims o educe he a e o in-
oduc ions and es ablishmen o known o po en ially in asi e alien species by a
leas 50% by 2030 (CBD/COP/DEC/15/4). The aim o his a ge is o elimina e,
Academic edi o : Paula Chainho
Recei ed:
10 Feb ua y 2025
Accep ed:
3 June 2025
Published:
7 Oc obe 2025
Ci a ion: Ackland SJ, Richa dson
DM, Robinson TB (2025) Fi s
insigh s in o he scale o in asions
in A ican ma ine p o ec ed a eas:
le e aging global da abases and
ci izen science da a. In: Anas ácio P,
Ribei o F, Chainho P (Eds) In asions
in Aqua ic Sys ems. NeoBio a 102:
399–418. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/
neobio a.102.149275
NeoBio a 102: 399–418 (2025)
DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.149275
Ad ancing esea ch on alien species and biological in asions
A pee - e iewed open-access jou nal
NeoBio a
400
NeoBio a 102: 399–418 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.149275
Sa ah J. Ackland e al.: In asions in A ican MPAs
minimise, educe and mi iga e he o e all impac s o alien species on biodi e si y
and ecosys em se ices (CBD/COP/DEC/15/5). The a ge also equi es he e adi-
ca ion o con ol o alien species in p io i y si es (e.g. p o ec ed a eas) as hese a eas
allow o conse a ion objec i es o be me while p o iding economic, poli ical
and social bene i s (Busch 2008).
Al hough he a ailabili y o global da a on alien species and hei dis ibu ion
has imp o ed g ea ly o e he las ew decades (Pyšek e al. 2020), subs an ial
geog aphical biases s ill emain, o en e lec ing he de elopmen al and socioeco-
nomical s a us o egions (Pyšek e al. 2008, 2020; Nuñez and Paucha d 2010).
This can be seen, o example, in he ocus o esea ch e o in he Ame icas and
Eu ope (Hulme e al. 2014). Inconsis encies in he a ailabili y o in o ma ion
ac oss con inen s has also been highligh ed. Fo example, as o 2006, wo k in
Sou h A ica accoun ed o app oxima ely wo- hi ds o esea ch e o on bio-
logical in asions on he A ican con inen (Pyšek e al. 2008). Dedica ed e o s
o p o ide up- o-da e alien species lis s (e.g. Zengeya and Wilson (2023) o
Sou h A ica)) has imp o ed he unde s anding o alien species in some coun-
ies, bu many s ill lag behind. Fo example, he e is a need o comp ehensi e
in asi e plan species lis s o sub-Saha an A ica (Wi e al. 2018) and no da a
a e a ailable o many egions (Richa dson e al. 2022). The same si ua ion exis s
o o he axa. While he esponsibili y o he p o ision o such in o ma ion
usually alls on o esea che s, he ou pu s o such s udies a e o p ac ical use
o manage s (Oja ee e al. 2015). The lack o ounda ional knowledge wi h-
in unde s udied egions has he po en ial o pe pe ua e knowledge deb . This
challenge is especially p e alen in de eloping egions whe e he managemen o
alien axa is al eady limi ed (Kuma Rai and Singh 2020).
Global declines in ma ine biodi e si y and h ea s posed by an h opogenic ac-
ions ha e led o he inc easing implemen a ion o ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs)
(Ban e al. 2015; Chukwuka e al. 2025). De ined as geog aphical spaces dedica -
ed o legally manage long- e m conse a ion o ecosys em unc ions, se ices and
cul u al alues (Day e al. 2012), MPAs a e impo an ma ine conse a ion ools.
Gi en he mul i ude o h ea s (including biological in asions) acing ma ine sys-
ems (E a is e e al. 2018; Ho wi z e al. 2020; Pyšek e al. 2020; Renchen e al.
2021) and he ac ha conse a ion agencies ha e limi ed esou ces (Delaney e
al. 2008; Be ic and MacIsaac 2015), manage s mus p io i ise how and whe e o
spend sca ce esou ces. Howe e , despi e much e o , cu en managemen and
conse a ion e o s a e inadequa e in mos p o ec ed a eas (C ain e al. 2009; Bo -
ja e al. 2016; Chukwuka e al. 2025). Ma ine p o ec ed a eas se e a numbe o
economic, ecological and socie al aims, all o which a e unde mined by biological
in asions. The need o add ess alien species and quan i y he scale o in asions in
MPAs is hus c ucial o ensu e ha MPAs mee hei in ended pu pose.
Moni o ing p o ides c i ical in o ma ion on he changing scale o in asions and
is c ucial o e idence-based managemen (Leh iniemi e al. 2020; Lou ei o e
al. 2021). When collec ed sys ema ically o e space and ime, such in o ma ion
suppo s comp ehensi e da abases ha p o ide empo al and spa ial insigh s in o
in asions (Delaney e al. 2008). Howe e , moni o ing is challenging in ma ine
en i onmen s because o o hei complex na u e (D’Amen and Azzu o 2020).
Thei unde wa e landscapes and in e connec edness make in asions in he ma ine
ealm di icul o documen and manage (A nd e al. 2018). Addi ionally, la ge-
scale, long- e m moni o ing a ely occu s due o esou ce limi a ions (Delaney e
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NeoBio a 102: 399–418 (2025), DOI: 10.3897/neobio a.102.149275
Sa ah J. Ackland e al.: In asions in A ican MPAs
al. 2008; Be ic and MacIsaac 2015). Cos -e ec i e me hods o moni o ing a e
needed o b idge he gap be ween da a equi emen s and scien i ic unde s and-
ing (Leh iniemi e al. 2020; Howa d e al. 2022). One way o achie ing his is
o u ilise c owd-sou ced da a p o ided by ci izen science ini ia i es (Ho wi z e
al. 2020; Howa d e al. 2022). The ad ancemen o echnology and he ecen
p oli e a ion o online pla o ms has enhanced he po en ial o moni o ing by
using de ices and sma phone applica ions (Daniels e al. 2022; Howa d e al.
2022). Applica ions, such as iNa u alis , enable obse e s o upload pho og aphic
e idence o indi idual sigh ings and sugges axonomic iden i ica ions (Pimm e
al. 2015; Howa d e al. 2022). Reco ds collec ed by obse e s ha e he po en ial
o p o ide a la ge olume o da a o e a wide a ea. I u ilised wi h due a en ion
o inhe en limi a ions, ci izen science o e s a complemen a y sou ce o da a o
suppo e ec i e moni o ing o alien species (Howa d e al. 2022; Po gie e e al.
2024). iNa u alis has acili a ed many use ul insigh s wi hin he ma ine ealm, in-
cluding imp o ed unde s anding o ee ish species ichness (Robe s e al. 2022),
biodi e si y pa e ns (Rocha e al. 2024) and in asions (Compagnone e al. 2024).
Fo A ican coun ies o mee hei obliga ions unde GBF Ta ge 6, be e
ounda ional knowledge on he p esence o alien species wi hin MPAs is essen ial.
Unde de eloped egions a e al eady expe iencing a high economic bu den which
is exace ba ed by he inancial demands associa ed wi h managing in asi e spe-
cies (B adshaw e al. 2024). The moni o ing equi ed o p o ide in o ma ion o
ou ine managemen o alien species has he po en ial o u he in ensi y inan-
cial s ain, challenging he acquisi ion o ounda ional knowledge and he imple-
men a ion o e ec i e managemen . Acco dingly, his s udy aimed o: (1) p o ide
insigh s in o he scale o alien species in A ican MPAs h ough he use o global
da abases and ci izen science da a om iNa u alis ; and (2) assess he po en ial
en i onmen al and socio-economic impac s posed by hese axa.
Me hods
Ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs) along he A ican coas we e iden i ied using he
open-access P o ec ed Plane da abase (h ps://www.p o ec edplane .ne /en/ he-
ma ic-a eas/ma ine-p o ec ed-a eas; accessed: 9 Janua y 2024). This da abase, he
mos comp ehensi e and up- o-da e sou ce o da a on p o ec ed a eas, colla es
submissions om go e nmen agencies, non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions and local
communi ies. Ma ine P o ec ed A eas we e de ined using he il e s lis ed in Suppl.
ma e ial 1. Da a, ex ac ed o e a single day (9 Janua y 2024), co e ed all A ican
MPAs decla ed p io o Janua y 2024.
Reco ds o all species epo ed as alien [i.e. species whose p esence in a egion is
a ibu able o human ac ions enabling c ossing o biogeog aphical ba ie s sensu
Richa dson e al. (2011)] along he A ican coas we e ex ac ed om he Wo ld
Regis e o In oduced Ma ine Species (WRiMS; Cos ello e al. (2024); h ps://
www.ma inespecies.o g/in oduced/aphia.php?p=checklis ; accessed: 10 Sep em-
be 2024). Da a included bo h occu ence eco ds o alien species as well as e-
co ds o es ablished popula ions. This da abase was selec ed as i colla es da a om
pee - e iewed a icles o p o ide he mos comp ehensi e and s anda dised glob-
al-scale da abase o ma ine in oduced o ganisms (Cos ello e al. 2021). All species
eco ds ha we e ex ac ed we e inspec ed and a h ee-s ep cleaning p ocedu e
was applied. As da a ex ac ed om WRiMS include bo h accep ed names and
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Sa ah J. Ackland e al.: In asions in A ican MPAs
synonyms wi h no op ion o il e ou hese edundancies, all axonomic duplica es
we e checked and emo ed o a oid o e es ima ions o he numbe o alien species.
Scien i ic names we e hen upda ed acco ding o he mos ecen nomencla u e
colla ed in he Wo ld Regis e o Ma ine Species (WoRMS; Ahyong e al. (2024);
h ps://www.ma inespecies.o g; accessed: 10 Sep embe 2024). Since WRiMS
con ains bo h ma ine and es ua ine da a, all oligohaline species we e inspec ed.
Using cu en li e a u e o in es iga e salini y ole ances, only species wi h a ole -
ance o ma ine en i onmen s we e e ained.
To ensu e ha no published eco ds o alien species we e inad e en ly ex-
cluded, a sea ch was conduc ed on he ISI Web o Science on 10 Sep embe
2024. A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew was conduc ed using he ollowing sea ch
s ing “ma ine” AND “alien” OR “in asi e” OR “in oduced” OR “nonna i e”
AND “coun y name”. As he e minology used o desc ibe alien species is in-
consis en and highly a iable in he li e a u e (Lockwood e al. 2013), b oad
sea ch e ms (i.e. “alien”, “in asi e”, “nonna i e” and “in oduced”) we e used
o cap u e as much o he ele an li e a u e as possible. As no addi ional e-
co ds o ma ine alien species we e de ec ed in he li e a u e sea ch, he da ase
ex ac ed om WRiMS was accep ed as comple e.
U ilising he explo e page on iNa u alis (h ps://www.ina u alis .o g; ac-
cessed: 18–19 Sep embe 2024), sea ches we e made o each species lis ed as
alien in any A ican coun y on WRiMS. Reco ds o each species ac oss all
quali y g ades we e ex ac ed om iNa u alis o he pe iod 1 Ap il 2008 ( he
da e o es ablishmen o he iNa u alis pla o m) o 18 Sep embe 2024. In o -
ma ion on he species iden i ica ion (scien i ic name and associa ed media), he
da e o obse a ion, he da e in which he obse a ion was uploaded o he pla -
o m, he coo dina es o he obse a ions and posi ional accu acy we e ex ac ed
o each obse a ion. As some species may ha e a na i e ange in one A ican
coun y, bu be alien in ano he , he na i e ange o each species was con i med
using he Wo ld Regis e o Ma ine Species (WoRMS; Ahyong e al. (2024);
h ps://www.ma inespecies.o g; accessed 20–21 Sep embe 2024) and published
a icles. To in e oga e he geog aphic dis ibu ion o iNa u alis obse a ions
and ensu e ha he obse a ions we e, in ac , obse ed wi hin an MPA, he
coo dina es o each obse a ion we e plo ed using he Quan um Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys em (QGIS; e sion 3.22 LTR). Each obse a ion was plo ed
on o a map o A ica wi h he MPAs dema ca ed [MPA shape iles om P o-
ec ed Plane (h ps://www.p o ec edplane .ne /en/ hema ic-a eas/ma ine-p o-
ec ed-a eas; accessed: 9 Janua y 2024]). All poin s we e isually inspec ed and
any eco ds om ou side MPAs we e excluded om u he analysis. iNa u alis
obse a ions occu ing wi hin he na i e ange o a species we e also excluded.
To add ess unce ain y in iNa u alis da a and imp o e i s accu acy and eli-
abili y, con idence o each obse a ion was sco ed ollowing he p o ocol p o-
posed by Ackland e al. (2024). This p ocess included h ee s eps: assessing
he species, he image and geoloca ion o each eco d. Only eco ds ecei ing
medium o high con idence sco es we e e ained o u he analysis. A Kend-
all’s ank co ela ion was used o assess he ela ionship be ween he numbe o
eco ds o alien species as de ec ed in A ican MPAs h ough ime. E o was
quan i ied as he numbe o ma ine alien species eco ds pe 100 eco ds wi hin
A ican MPAs. All s a is ical analyses we e conduc ed in he R s a is ical en i-
onmen ( e sion 4.3.2 – “Eye Holes”, R Co e Team (2023)).
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Sa ah J. Ackland e al.: In asions in A ican MPAs
To de e mine he h ea ha hese species may pose o MPAs, a li e a u e e iew
was ca ied ou using ISI Web o Science o iden i y all p e iously published e-
po s o impac o each species a any global loca ion. The sea ch s ing “scien i ic
name” AND “impac *” OR “e ec *”, was applied along wi h each species name
and all p e ious synonyms. Sea ches we e comple ed be ween 25 and 27 Sep em-
be 2024. En i onmen al impac was ca ego ised acco ding o he mechanisms
h ough which hey mani es [i.e. (1) compe i ion; (2) p eda ion; (3) hyb idisa-
ion; (4) disease ansmission; (5) pa asi ism; (6) poisoning/ oxici y; (7) bio- oul-
ing; (8) g azing/he bi o y/b owsing; (9) chemical; (10) physical o (11) s uc u al
impac on an ecosys em; and (12) in e ac ion wi h o he alien species] using he
En i onmen al Impac Classi ica ion o Alien Taxa scheme (EICAT; Blackbu n e
al. (2014)). Socio-economic impac s we e classi ied acco ding o he cons i uen s
o human well-being hey a ec [i.e. (1) sa e y; (2) ma e ial and imma e ial asse s;
(3) heal h; and (4) social, spi i ual and cul u al ela ions] using he Socio-econom-
ic Impac Classi ica ion o Alien Taxa scheme (SEICAT; Bache e al. (2017)).
Las ly, he magni ude o impac (i.e. massi e, majo , mode a e, mino , minimal o
da a de icien ) epo ed p e iously in li e a u e was assigned o each species. Clas-
si ica ion o magni ude was based on he maximum impac no ed o he species,
ega dless o loca ion, ollowing Kumschick e al. (2017).
Resul s
Se en y-nine A ican ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs) we e iden i ied ac oss 14
coun ies (Fig. 1, Suppl. ma e ial 2: able S2). A o al o 497 ma ine species we e
epo ed as alien in coas al A ican coun ies (Suppl. ma e ial 2: able S3) on he
Wo ld Regis e o In oduced Species (WRiMS), wi h a o al o 440 iNa u alis e-
co ds o 34 o hose species epo ed om wi hin A ican MPAs. A e excluding
eco ds ha we e no sco able and hose wi h low con idence sco es, 307 eco ds
(70%) o 27 species we e e ained o u he analysis (Table 1, Suppl. ma e ial 2:
able S4). O e wo- hi ds o hese obse a ions [211 eco ds (72%)] ecei ed a
maximum sco e o image cla i y. Examples o such eco ds a e p o ided in Fig. 2.
O he 27 species eco ded on iNa u alis , ou we e obse ed wi hin coun ies
wi h no p e ious eco ds acco ding o WRiMS. These species included he ba na-
cle Balanus igonus (Mau i ania), he b yozoan Ama hia e icilla a (Mau i ania
and Sou h A ica), he colonial unica e Symplegma b akenhielmi (Senegal) and he
c ab Callinec es sapidus (Guinea-Bissau and Mau i ania).
A gene al end o inc eased engagemen on iNa u alis was obse ed, wi h e-
co ds o ma ine alien species in A ican MPAs inc easing signi ican ly o e ime
(Kendall’s ank co ela ion: τ = 0.51, p < 0.05; Fig. 3). Reco ds we e sp ead ac oss
17 MPAs om se en coun ies (Fig. 4). Two MPAs accoun ed o 85.7% o all e-
co ds (i.e. Table Moun ain Na ional Pa k MPA (Sou h A ica) and Banc d’A guin
Na ional Pa k (Mau i ania)], wi h many o he MPAs ha ing ewe han i e e-
co ds. Table Moun ain Na ional Pa k MPA had he mos eco ds o alien axa [i.e.
241 eco ds (78.5%)] and he highes numbe o species de ec ed on iNa u alis
(15 species). The MPA wi h he second highes numbe o eco ds was Banc d’A -
guin Na ional Pa k in Mau i ania (22 eco ds; 7.2%), he second highes numbe
o species (8 species) was also de ec ed in his MPA.
O he 27 alien species de ec ed in A ican MPAs, en i onmen al impac had
been epo ed o 23 species and socio-economic impac o 14 species (Suppl.
404
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Sa ah J. Ackland e al.: In asions in A ican MPAs
ma e ial 2: able S5) and ou species we e lis ed as da a de icien . Namibian
Islands (Namibia) and Langebaan Lagoon (Sou h A ica) we e he only MPAs
ha suppo ed species wi h massi e (i.e. he oys e Magallana gigas and he Med-
i e anean mussel My ilus gallop o incialis) and majo impac (i.e. he mussel
Semimy ilus pa agonicus, he ascidian Ciona obus a and he b yozoan Ama hia
e icilla a). Table Moun ain Na ional Pa k MPA in Sou h A ica had he highes
numbe o species wi h p e iously documen ed impac s. This MPA had a single
species known o massi e impac (i.e. he Medi e anean mussel My ilus gallo-
p o incialis) and h ee species o which majo impac had been epo ed (i.e. he
Eu opean g een c ab Ca cinus maenas, he mussel Semimy ilus pa agonicus and
he ascidian Ciona obus a). Banc d’A guin Na ional Pa k in Mau i ania had he
second highes numbe o species wi h p e iously documen ed impac s. While
some species displayed only en i onmen al mechanisms o impac , a gene al pa -
e n was ha species ha exe ed en i onmen al impac h ough mul iple mech-
anisms also had many mechanisms o socio-economic impac and ul ima ely ex-
e ed high impac s (Pea son’s p oduc -momen co ela ion: = 0.79, p < 0.001;
Fig. 5, Suppl. ma e ial 2: able S5). Th ee species had a high numbe o en i-
onmen al and socio-economic mechanisms o impac (i.e. he oys e Magallana
gigas and he mussels My ilus gallop o incialis and Semimy ilus pa agonicus). The
Paci ic oys e , Magallana gigas, had he highes numbe o mechanisms h ough
which i has caused en i onmen al and socio-economic impac s. This species was
only obse ed wi hin Namibian Islands MPA in Namibia.
Figu e 1. Loca ion o he 14 A ican coun ies and he numbe o ma ine p o ec ed a eas decla ed wi hin hose coun ies on he P o ec ed
Plane da abase.
Mo occo
Mau i ania
Senegal
Guinea-Bissau
Sie a-Leone
Angola
Namibia
Sou h A ica
Tanzania
Kenya
Seychelles
Egyp
Sudan
E i ea
1
1
1
7
1
11
41
3
1
5
2
3
1
1
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Sa ah J. Ackland e al.: In asions in A ican MPAs
Discussion
In asi e species a e majo d i e s o global change (Pyšek e al. 2020) and in a-
sions di ec ly unde mine he conse a ion objec i es o p o ec ed a eas (Ren e al.
2021). I is, he e o e, c i ical o iden i y he p o ec ed a eas ha a e mos a isk
o in asions and he species ha may pose he g ea es h ea o hem (Pyšek e al.
2020). Howe e , he cu en lack o baseline da a on alien species in MPAs hinde s
his ask, since in o ma ion on he scale o in asions in MPAs is lacking in mos
Table 1. The species de ec ed on iNa u alis wi hin A ican ma ine p o ec ed a eas and he magni ude o hei en i onmen al impac (as
pe Blackbu n e al. 2014) and socio-economic impac (as pe Bache e al. 2017). Ma ine p o ec ed a ea codes a e as ollows: iSimangaliso
(iSi); Aliwal (Ali); P o ea Banks (P o); Ama hole (Ama); Addo Elephan (Add); Be y’s Bay (Be ); Table Moun ain Na ional Pa k Ma ine
P o ec ed A ea (Tmn); Robben Island (Rob); Six een Mile Beach (Smb); Langebaan Lagoon (Lan); Namaqua Na ional Pa k (Nam); Na-
mibian Islands (Nim); Namibe Ma ine (Nmc); Ihas Fo mosa, Nago & Tchedia (Iha); Go ée (Go ); Banc d’A guin Na ional Pa k (Ban)
and Massa (Mas). Numbe s (#) assigned o species co espond o he numbe s in Figs 4, 5.
# Scien i ic name Coun y Ma ine p o ec ed a ea En i onmen al impac Socio-economic impac Impac li e a u e
1Ec opleu a c ocea Sou h A ica Tmn Mode a e Mino Fi idge and Keough 2013; Yan e
al. 2021
2Obelia dicho oma Sou h A ica Tmn Mode a e Da a de icien Wya e al. 2005
3T iden a a ma gina a Mau i ania Ban Da a de icien Da a de icien
4Anisolabis ma i ima Sou h A ica Tmn Da a de icien Da a de icien
5Amphibalanus enus us Sou h A ica Ali; Ama Da a de icien Da a de icien
6Balanus glandula Sou h A ica Ali; Tmn Mode a e Da a de icien Kado 2003; Valla ino and Elias 2008
7Balanus igonus Angola Nmc Minimal Minimal Lozano-Co ès and Zapa a 2014;
Abelouah e al. 2024
Mau i ania Ban
8Megabalanus in innabulum Sou h A ica iSi, Tmn Mode a e Da a de icien P a e al. 2022
9Callinec es sapidus Guinea-Bissau Iha Majo Mino Cla e o e al. 2022; Mancinelli e
al. 2017
Mau i ania Ban
Mo occo Mas
10 Ca cinus maenas Sou h A ica Tmn Majo Mino G osholz e al. 2011; B een and Me axas
2008 Whi low 2010; de Ri e a e al.
2011; Mabin e al. 2022
11 Ama hia e icilla a Mau i ania Ban Majo Mino McCann e al. 2015
Sou h A ica Lan
12 Bugula ne i ina Sou h A ica Be Mino Mino Yu e al. 2007; Bae e al. 2022
13 Vi ididen ula den a a Sou h A ica iSi; Tmn Minimal Da a de icien Micael e al. 2016
14 Wa e sipo a sub o qua a Sou h A ica Add; Tmn Mino Mino Sellheim e al. 2010; McKenzie e
al. 2011
15 Magallana gigas Namibia Nam Massi e Majo T oos 2010; Kelly e al. 2008
16 My ilus gallop o incialis Mau i ania Ban Massi e Majo B anch and S e ani 2004; S e ani and
B anch 2005; Alexande e al. 2015
Namibia Nim
Sou h A ica Lan; Nam; Rob; Smb; Tmn
17 Semimy ilus pa agonicus Namibia Nam Majo Majo Skein e al. 2018
Sou h A ica Lan; Tmn
18 Siphona ia pec ina a Mau i ania Ban Mino Da a de icien Boukhicha e al. 2015
19 Thecace a pennige a Sou h A ica Tmn Da a de icien Da a de icien
20 Ophiac is sa ignyi Guinea-Bissau Iha Mino Da a de icien Çina e al. 2019
Sou h A ica P o
21 Bo yllus schlosse i Sou h A ica Tmn Mode a e Da a de icien Wong and Ve caeme 2012
22 Ciona obus a Sou h A ica Lan; Tmn Majo Mino Robinson e al. 2017
23 Cla elina lepadi o mis Sou h A ica Tmn Minimal Da a de icien Casso e al. 2018
24 Diplosoma lis e ianum Sou h A ica Tmn Mino Minimal Ald ed and Cla e 2014
25 Symplegma b akenhielmi Senegal Go Mino Minimal Spyksma e al. 2024
26 Acan hopho a spici e a Mau i ania Ban Mode a e Da a de icien Da idson e al. 2015
27 Hypnea musci o mis Guinea-Bissau Iha Mode a e Minimal Okuha a e al. 2023
Mau i ania Ban
Senegal Go
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
© Lau en an Noo ©Te y Gosline
© Ca el an de Col © ca olina_dlhs
Figu e 2. iNa u alis eco ds ha con ibu ed owa ds he indings o his s udy. a. Cla elina lepadi o mis (iNa u alis ID 152956163); b. Ciona
obus a (iNa u alis ID 69033891); c. Thecace a pennige a (iNa u alis ID 23247918); d. Callinec es sapidus (iNa u alis ID 174999050).
Figu e 3. The numbe o alien species wi h eco ds on iNa u alis in A ican ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs) o e ime. Numbe s abo e
ba s indica e he numbe o alien species eco ds pe 100 eco ds wi hin A ican MPAs.
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Figu e 4. The numbe o ma ine alien species wi h eco ds in iNa u alis ac oss ma ine p o ec ed a eas (MPAs) and he coun ies in which
hey occu ed. Species a e ca ego ised acco ding o he highes magni ude o impac no ed o he species. Species codes (numbe s in he
boxes) a e explained in Table 1. MPA names (below x axis): iSimangaliso (iSi); Aliwal (Ali); P o ea Banks (P o); Ama hole (Ama); Addo
Elephan (Add); Be y’s Bay (Be ); Table Moun ain Na ional Pa k Ma ine P o ec ed A ea (Tmn); Robben Island (Rob); Six een Mile Beach
(Smb); Langebaan Lagoon (Lan); Namaqua Na ional Pa k (Nam); Namibian Islands (Nim); Namibe Ma ine (Nmc); Ihas Fo mosa, Nago
& Tchedia (Iha); Go ée (Go ); Banc d’A guin Na ional Pa k (Ban) and Massa (Mas).
Sou h A ica
Namibia
Angola
Senegal
Mau i ania
Mo occo
13
8
5
6
20 5 14 12
22
4
6
21
10
23
24
1
8
16
17
2
14
19
13
2516 16
16
11
22
17
16
16
17
15
720
9
27 27
9
11
27
7
18
26
3
16
9
Figu e 5. The ela ionship be ween he en i onmen al and socio-economic mechanisms epo ed o each species eco ded wi hin an
A ican ma ine p o ec ed a ea. The magni ude o impac o each species is indica ed by he colou s; he size o he poin s ep esen s he
numbe o species. The numbe s alongside poin s indica e species as lis ed in Table 1.
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Supplemen a y ma e ial 1
Fil e s used o iden i y ma ine p o ec ed a eas along he coas o A ica on he
P o ec ed Plane da abase
Au ho s: Sa ah J. Ackland, Da id M. Richa dson, Tama a B. Robinson
Da a ype: docx
Copy igh no ice: This da ase is made a ailable unde he Open Da abase License (h p://openda a-
commons.o g/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Da abase License (ODbL) is a license ag eemen
in ended o allow use s o eely sha e, modi y, and use his Da ase while main aining his same
eedom o o he s, p o ided ha he o iginal sou ce and au ho (s) a e c edi ed.
Link: h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/neobio a.102.149275.suppl1
Supplemen a y ma e ial 2
Supplemen a y in o ma ion
Au ho s: Sa ah J. Ackland, Da id M. Richa dson, Tama a B. Robinson
Da a ype: xlsx
Explana ion no e: able S2. Ma ine p o ec ed a eas iden i ied om he P o ec ed Plane da abase
and he coun ies in which hey ha e been decla ed. able S3. Ma ine alien species as iden i ied
on WRiMs and he coun ies in which hey ha e been epo ed. able S4. Species epo ed wi h-
in A ican ma ine p o ec ed a eas on iNa u alis . able S5. The assessmen o he magni ude o
impac o species acco ding o he EICAT (Blackbu n e al. 2014) and SEICAT (Bache e al.
2017) schemes.
Copy igh no ice: This da ase is made a ailable unde he Open Da abase License (h p://openda a-
commons.o g/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Da abase License (ODbL) is a license ag eemen
in ended o allow use s o eely sha e, modi y, and use his Da ase while main aining his same
eedom o o he s, p o ided ha he o iginal sou ce and au ho (s) a e c edi ed.
Link: h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/neobio a.102.149275.suppl2
