Supplemen a y Ma e ial
Aligning EU policies o add ess biological in asions:
assessing in asion impac s ac oss sec o s
De ini ions
Table S1. Con idence le els based on he s eng h o e idence. Adap ed om Ka sane akis
e al. (2014).
EVIDENCE
CONFIDENCE
DEFINITION
Robus
High
di ec ele an e idence o suppo he s a emen , he
a ailable e idence is no con o e sial. E.g.: impac is
documen ed based on ield o labo a o y expe imen s.
Medium
Medium
di ec ele an e idence o suppo he s a emen , bu i
is con o e sial, and/o he e is indi ec ele an
e idence o suppo he s a emen ( om o he species
o he same genus o highe axonomic g oup), and/o he e
is no e idence, bu s a emen is suppo ed by expe
judgmen o good con idence le el. E.g.: impac is
documen ed based on modelling, di ec obse a ions, non-
expe imen al co ela ions.
Limi ed
Low
no di ec o indi ec ele an e idence o suppo he
s a emen , and/o s a emen is suppo ed by expe
judgmen o poo con idence le el.
Da a de icien
-
no in o ma ion o classi y he axon wi h espec o i s
impac , o insu icien ime has elapsed since in oduc ion
o impac s o ha e become appa en .
Table S2. Lis o IAS assessed by wo kshop pa icipan s. Species in he lis o Union conce n a e ma ked wi h an as e isk. Taxonomy o Plan ae
acco ding o he Wo ld Flo a Online, and o Animalia CoL, ITIS, and Wo MS.
Scien i ic binomial
Accep ed
name
Au ho i y
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
O de
Family
Ace negundo
L.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Sapindales
Sapindaceae
Ailan hus al issima *
(Mill.) Swingle
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Sapindales
Sima oubaceae
Al e nan he a
philoxe oides *
(Ma .) G iseb.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Ca yophyllales
Ama an haceae
Amb osia i ida
L.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
As e ales
Composi ae
Anse indicus
(La ham, 1790)
Animalia
Cho da a
A es
Anse i o mes
Ana idae
A aujia se ici e a
B o .
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Gen ianales
Apocynaceae
A undo donax
L.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Poales
Poaceae
Aspa agopsis a ma a
Ha ey, 1855
Plan ae
Rhodophy a
Flo ideophyceae
Bonnemaisoniales
Bonnemaisoniaceae
Be be is hunbe gii
DC.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Ranunculales
Be be idaceae
Bonnemaisonia
hami e a
Ha io , 1891
Plan ae
Rhodophy a
Flo ideophyceae
Bonnemaisoniales
Bonnemaisoniaceae
Buddleja da idii
F anch.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Lamiales
Sc ophula iaceae
Bu sa ella leachii
Blain ille, 1817
Animalia
Mollusca
Gas opoda
Aplysiida
Aplysiidae
Callinec es sapidus
Ra hbun, 1896
Animalia
A h opoda
Malacos aca
Decapoda
Po unidae
Ca assius au a us
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Animalia
Cho da a
Teleos ei
Cyp ini o mes
Cyp inidae
Cas o canadensis
Kuhl, 1820
Animalia
Cho da a
Mammalia
Roden ia
Cas o idae
Che ax des uc o
Cla k, 1936
Animalia
A h opoda
Malacos aca
Decapoda
Pa as acidae
Co bicula luminea
(O. F. Mülle , 1774)
Animalia
Mollusca
Bi al ia
Vene ida
Cy enidae
C assula helmsii
(Ki k)
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Saxi agales
C assulaceae
Cockayne
C epidula o nica a
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Animalia
Mollusca
Gas opoda
Li o inimo pha
Calyp aeidae
C enopha yngodon
idella
(Valenciennes
,1844)
Animalia
Cho da a
Teleos ei
Cyp ini o mes
Cyp inidae
Eucalyp us
camaldulensis
Dehnh.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
My ales
My aceae
G a eloupia u u u u
Yamada, 1941
Plan ae
Rhodophy a
Flo ideophyceae
Halymeniales
G a eloupiaceae
Hedychium
ga dne ianum
Sheppa d ex Ke Gawl.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Zingibe ales
Zingibe aceae
Hemig apsus
sanguineus
(De Haan, 1835)
Animalia
A h opoda
Malacos aca
Decapoda
Va unidae
Hypoph halmich hys
moli ix
(Valenciennes
,1844)
Animalia
Cho da a
Teleos ei
Cyp ini o mes
Cyp inidae
Ipomoea indica
Me .
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Solanales
Con ol ulaceae
Ma isa co nua ie is
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Animalia
Mollusca
Gas opoda
A chi aenioglossa
Ampulla iidae
Melanoides ube cula a
(O. F. Mülle , 1774)
Animalia
Mollusca
Gas opoda
Thia idae
Me apenaeus s ebbingi
Nobili, 1904
Animalia
A h opoda
Malacos aca
Decapoda
Penaeidae
Misgu nus
anguillicauda us
(Can o , 1842)
Animalia
Cho da a
Teleos ei
Cyp ini o mes
Cobi idae
Myocas o coypus *
(Molina, 1782)
Animalia
Cho da a
Mammalia
Roden ia
Myocas o idae
My iophyllum aqua icum
*
(Vell.) Ve dc.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Saxi agales
Halo agaceae
Nel uma juli lo a
(Sw.) Ra .
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Fabales
Fabaceae
Pomacea macula a
G. Pe y, 1810
Animalia
Mollusca
Gas opoda
A chi aenioglossa
Ampulla iidae
Pon ede ia c assipes
Ma ius
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Commelinales
Pon ede iinae
Po amopy gus
an ipoda um
(J. E. G ay, 1843)
Animalia
Mollusca
Gas opoda
Li o inimo pha
Ta eidae
P ocamba us cla kii *
(Gi a d, 1852)
Animalia
A h opoda
Malacos aca
Decapoda
Camba idae
Reynou ia japonica
Hou .
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Ca yophyllales
Polygonaceae
Ricinus communis
L.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Malpighiales
Eupho biaceae
Robinia pseudoacacia
L.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Fabales
Fabaceae
Rosa ugosa
Thunb.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Rosales
Rosaceae
Rugulop e yx okamu ae
(E.Y.Dawson)
I.K.Hwang, W.J.Lee &
H.S.Kim, 2009
Ch omis a
Och ophy a
Phaeophyceae
Dic yo ales
Dic yo aceae
Rumex hypogaeus
Rumex ×
hyb idus Kindb.
Kindb.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Ca yophyllales
Polygonaceae
Sinanodon a woodiana
(I. Lea, 1834)
Animalia
Mollusca
Bi al ia
Unionida
Unionidae
Solanum elaeagni olium
Ca .
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Solanales
Solanaceae
Solidago canadensis
L.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
As e ales
Composi ae
Spa ium junceum
L.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Fabales
Fabaceae
S yela cla a
He dman, 1881
Animalia
Cho da a
Ascidiacea
S olidob anchia
S yelidae
T adescan ia
luminensis
Vell.
Plan ae
Angiospe ms
Commelinales
Commelinaceae
Figu e S1. O e iew o he numbe o IAS assessed ac oss en i onmen s and axonomic g oups. a)
Ba plo o numbe o IAS by en i onmen , i.e., eshwa e , ma ine, e es ial, and majo g oups, i.e.,
Animals and Plan s. b) Venn diag am showing he o e lap be ween he numbe o IAS assessed
ac oss en i onmen s.
Figu e S2. Domains (see de ini ions in he manusc ip ) iden i ied du ing he wo kshop o he 49 IAS.
23 domains iden i ied in he p ima y assessmen and 27 domains iden i ied by wo kshop pa icipan s.
Figu e S3. IAS wi h epo ed posi i e and nega i e impac s ac oss sec o domains du ing he
wo kshop. 27 IAS iden i ied in he p ima y assessmen and 24 IAS iden i ied by wo kshop
pa icipan s.
Example: wo king g oup 1 guidance documen o pa icipan s
assessing he assigned IAS.
B eakou exe cise- G oup 1
Please analyse he exce p o ex om published li e a u e and assign a nega i e and/o
posi i e impac , and i s con idence le el (i.e. high, medium, low) o each in asi e species in
one o mo e policy sec o domains (see De ini ions).
Please conside he ollowing while comple ing his exe cise:
- How easy is i o assign an impac o a speci ic policy sec o domain? I he e a e
challenges, please p o ide examples.
- Is he policy sec o domains’ ca ego iza ion comp ehensi e enough o include all possible
impac s o IAS on policy sec o s?
Species 1
Al e nan he a philoxe oides (Ma .) G iseb.
Common name: Alliga o weed
h ps://easin.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/spexplo e /species/ ac shee /R00669
Plan ae >> T acheophy a >> Magnoliopsida >> Ca yophyllales >> Ama an haceae
Re e ence #1:
Bu gin, S., & No is, A. (2008). Alliga o weed (Al e nan he a philoxe oides) in New Sou h
Wales, Aus alia: a s a us epo . Weed Biology and Managemen , 8(4), 284-290.
[…]“To de e mine he s a us o and managemen s a egies o alliga o weed, a
ques ionnai e was ci cula ed o all 166 local go e nmen (including coun y council) a eas in
New Sou h Wales in 2007 ia email, using he public local go e nmen di ec o y lis . A eply
pe iod o 28 days was allowed o he e u n o he su ey. A second email was sen o he
same add ess 7 days be o e he end o he ad e ised pe iod; howe e , all he su eys
ecei ed beyond his da e we e included in he esul s”[…]
[…]“App oxima ely hal o he esponden s o he su ey o New Sou h Wales local
go e nmen a eas epo ed ha alliga o weed was p esen in hei ju isdic ion”[…].
[…]“Almos all he esponden s epo ed ha he weed posed a h ea o na u al sys ems,
ag icul u al and/o ec ea ional a eas.”[…]
[…]“When he same su ey was unde aken in 2001, ~85% o local go e nmen au ho i ies
in New Sou h Wales esponded and almos hal o hese epo ed ha hey had alliga o
weed p esen . By 2005, i was es ima ed ha almos 4000 ha we e in es ed wi h alliga o
weed in New Sou h Wales (Ensbey 2005). As Bu gin e al. (2008) epo ed ha only h ee
au ho i ies who did no epo he weed in 2001 epo ed i s p esence in 2007, and one had
appa en ly e adica ed he weed, he sp ead wi hin local go e nmen a eas has p obably
been subs an ial.”[…]
[…]“O e h ee-qua e s o he esponden s epo ed ha alliga o weed was p esen in he
aqua ic o m in hei local go e nmen a ea. In Aus alia, alliga o weed does no p oduce
iable seeds bu sp eads ia agmen s o he plan wi h a leas one node (Julien e al.
1995). Once es ablished, he weed can o m dense ma s in aqua ic a eas (Julien e al. 1992)
and po en ially sp ead downs eam, including in o e es ial a eas in lood-p one egions.
Fo example, a e ecen lood condi ions in he Hawkesbu y–Nepean Ri e sys em ha had
no occu ed o ~5 yea s, alliga o weed p opagules emained in u cul i a ion a e he
lood wa e s e ea ed (S. Bu gin, 2008, pe sonal obse a ion).The e o e, his one lood
e en had he po en ial o dispe se alliga o weed o new aqua ic and e es ial habi a s.
This po en ial o he weed’s sp ead has been ealized in he ailu e o u a ms in he lowe
Hun e Ri e , New Sou h Wales, oge he wi h o he small a m c ops (Cen e o Weed
Managemen 2003).”[…]
[…]“The ou comes o his s a us epo pain a g im pic u e ha is epea ed ac oss he
coun y: once weeds become es ablished, hey a e e ec i ely impossible o e adica e (Julien
2006). Ag icul u al lands, na i e ecosys ems, wa e ways, and ec ea ional and u ban a eas
a e al eady impac ed by alliga o weed. I he esou ces o esea ch and managemen a e
no p o ided, he species will con inue o sp ead and his will lead o he e osion o
biodi e si y ha occu s when an in asi e species ou compe es local endemic species,
leading o u he losses o ag icul u e and local indus ies, such as ou ism”[…]
Re e ence #2:
Tan ee , A., Ali, H. H., Manalil, S., Raza, A., & Chauhan, B. S. (2018). Eco-biology and
managemen o alliga o weed [Al e nan he a philoxe oides)(Ma .) G iseb.]: a e iew.
We lands, 38(6), 1067-1079.
[…] “The pu pose o his e iew a icle is o c ea e awa eness abou he ex emely
dange ous in asi e alliga o weed, i s di e se ecological and economic h ea s, and
managemen op ions along wi h u u e esea ch p io i ies”[…]
[…] “Alliga o weed is usually conside ed as one o he mos signi ican h ea s o plan
di e si y ha can dis up he ecological balance in i s in aded si es (Shen e al. 2005;
Basse e al. 2012). I is a highly compe i i e weed, displaces pas u e as well as o he plan
species (Julien and Bou ne 1998), and is conside ed as an in asi e weed o co on, maize,
ice, soybean, and many ege ables (Lu e al. 2002; Ye e al. 2003). Alliga o weed
in es a ion has been epo ed o educe 45, 19, and 20% yield in ice, maize, and ege able
c ops, espec i ely (Yi 1992; Zhang e al. 2004; And es e al. 2013). China spen US$72
million each yea o he managemen o his p oblema ic weed (Liu and Diamond 2005). In
addi ion o compe i ion wi h c ops o mois u e, nu ien s, and space, alliga o weed has a
s ong endency o educe c op yields h ough i s allelopa hic e ec s (Wu e al. 2007;
Schoole e al. 2008; Xie e al. 2010). ”.[…]
[…] “Alliga o weed can a ec he ag icul u al communi y in a numbe o ways ei he by
compe ing wi h c ops, displacing na i e plan s, dis up ing na u al wa e low, p e en ing
d ainage, educing oxygen le els benea h ma s and by p o iding habi a o mosqui o
[…]“In 1997, a ula emia ou b eak occu ed in he p o ince o Cuenca in associa ion wi h P.
cla kii handling (Díaz de Tues a e al., 2001). F ancisella ula ensis ula ensis (McCoy &
Chapin, 1912) is he bac e ium ha causes his se ious in ec ious disease. This bac e ium
has been ound in he s omach, hepa opanc eas and wa e o P. cla kii, bu no in i s
exoskele on. These indings indica e ha he ed swamp c ay ish is no a di ec ansmission
ec o o ula emia, and he mos likely cause o his ou b eak was he con amina ion o i e
wa e wi h animals killed by ula emia (lagomo phs), which hen also in ec ed P. cla kii.”[…]
[…] “Fu he mo e, his non-na i e species gene a es nega i e en i onmen al impac s on
mac ophy ic algae, amphibians, molluscs and mac oin e eb a e di e si y in aqua ic
ecosys ems (Rod íguez e al., 2005; Sou y-G osse e al., 2006; Co eia e al., 2005; 2007)”
[…]
Re e ence #3:
Lodge, D.M.; Deines, A.; Ghe a di, F.; Yeo, D.C.; A cella, T.; Bald idge, A.K.; Ba nes, M.A.;
Chadde on,W.L.; Fede , J.L.; Gan z, C.A.; e al. Global In oduc ions o C ay ishes:
E alua ing he Impac o Species In asions on Ecosys em Se ices. Annu. Re . Ecol. E ol.
Sys . 2012, 43, 449–472; McLaughlan, C., Galla do, B., & Ald idge, D. C. (2014). How
comple e is ou knowledge o he ecosys em se ices impac s o Eu ope's op 10 in asi e
species?. Ac a Oecologica, 54, 119-130.
[…] “ ed swamp c ay ish is used as human ood o domes ic consump ion and/o expo
(Figu e 2). Howe e , in Eu ope ed swamp c ay ish sales ha e o en eplaced hose o na i e
species (see he sideba , C ay ish as Vec o s o Pa asi es and Pa hogens), whe eas
consume s in Sweden a e willing o pay en old o na i e c ay ishes compa ed o he ed
swamp c ay ish (Holdich 1999; and L. Edsman, pe sonal communica ion). Red swamp
c ay ish has also been in oduced as ood o ishes (e.g., in and o o he edible species,
e.g., Ame ican bull og, Rana ca esbeiana in Japan (Ghe a di 2011a). Howe e , ed swamp
c ay ish also educe he p o isioning o o he ood. In A ican lakes, i spoils aluable ish
caugh in gillne s (up o 30% o he ca ch) and damages ish ne s (de Moo 2002), and i is a
pes in Japanese ish ponds (Maezono & Miyashi a 2004)” […]
[…] “ ed swamp c ay ish is a ec o o mul iple pa asi es and pa hogens, including c ay ish
plague, which, since i s i s appea ance in Eu ope in 1860, has educed p oduc ion o na i e
comme cial c ay ishes, As acus as acus and As acus lep odac ylus, by up o 90% in
Scandina ia, Ge many, Spain, and Tu key (see he sideba , C ay ish as Vec o s o Pa asi es
and Pa hogens). Howe e , in A ica, p eda ion by ed swamp c ay ish educes he
popula ions o he snails ha hos he ema odes ha cause human schis osomiasis,
educing he p e alence o he disease in humans (Mkoji e al. 1999). Wi h espec o na u al
haza d egula ion, bu owing by ed swamp c ay ish in Eu opean coas al we lands (Scalici e
al. 2010) could educe coas al p o ec ion om se e e s o ms and sea le el ise”[…]
[…] “Fo aging, bu owing, and locomo o y ac i i ies by ed swamp c ay ish can lead o
e osion o li o al zone sedimen s, changing ben hic geomo phology (Angele e al. 2001).”
[…] “In no he n I aly, c ay ish bu owing damages 30% o he i iga ion canals, cos ing 8%
o he annual income o he managemen au ho i y (M. Fan esini, pe sonal communica ion).
Red swamp c ay ish also a ec nu ien cycling in sedimen s (Angele e al. 2001), educing
o ganic ma e and inc easing phospho us and ni ogen in sedimen s (Ghe a di 2008).” “Red
swamp c ay ish commonly educes he abundance o subme sed and semiaqua ic
mac ophy es by 50% o 100% ia he bi o y and s alk-cu ing in he Palea c ic (Gu ie ez-
Yu i a e al. 1999, Rod ´ ´ıguez e al. 2003, Ghe a di & Acquis apace 2007) and E hiopian
(Rosen hal e al. 2005) ealms, o en educing e uge a ailabili y o many o he species and
inducing undesi able inc eases in phy oplank on, especially cyanobac e ia (Ghe a di &
Lazza a 2006). Simila ly, p eda ion by ed swamp c ay ish causes declines in many
in e eb a e axa, o en elimina ing snails and o he slow-mo ing species in he Palea c ic
(Ghe a di & Acquis apace 2007) and E hiopian ealms (Lodge e al. 2005). In I aly, p eda ion
by he ed swamp c ay ish has d i en o ex inc ion a once locally abundan semiaqua ic
bee le (Ca abus cla a us) (Casale & Busa o 2008)”[…]
[…] “Dec eased abundance o he na i e Eu opean c ay ish Aus opo amobius pallipes has
signi ican nega i e cul u al impac , including he loss o local es i als ocused on c ay ish.
The impo ance o he na i e c ay ish in he his o y o Eu opean coun ies is demons a ed
by i s equen appea ance in emblems, coa s o a ms, oponymies, and amily names
(Ghe a di 2011b)” […]
Species 4
Ca assius au a us (Linnaeus, 1758)
Common name: Gold ish
h ps://easin.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/spexplo e /species/ ac shee /R02742
Animalia >> Cho da a >> Cyp ini o mes >> Cip inidae
Re e ence #1:
an de Vee , G., & Nen wig, W. (2015). En i onmen al and economic impac assessmen o
alien and in asi e ish species in Eu ope using he gene ic impac sco ing sys em. Ecology
o F eshwa e ish, 24(4), 646-656.
[…] “Fo alien ish in Eu ope, we compiled a lis o 40 es ablished species. By li e a u e
esea ch, we assessed he en i onmen al impac ( h ough he bi o y, p eda ion, compe i ion,
disease ansmission,hyb idisa ion and ecosys em al e a ion) and economic impac (on
ag icul u e, animal p oduc ion, o es y, human in as uc u e, human heal h and human
social li e) o each species”. […]
[…] “Ca assius au a us/C. gibelio also had he highes impac (3.6 impac poin s) on animal
p oduc ion due o i s ansmission o he cyp inid he pes i us-3 o a med ca p (El-Ma bouli &
Soliman 2011)”.[…]
[…] “Ca assius au a us/C. gibelio showed he highes impac poin s in he hyb idisa ion ca e-
go y because o hei abili y o hyb idise wi h C. ca assius and Cyp inus ca pio, which has
esul ed in a decline o C. ca assius in G ea B i ain (Hume e al.1983; H€an ling e al. 2005;
Saye e al. 2011)”. […]
Re e ence #2:
Piewbang, C., Wa dhani, S. W., Si i isoo , S., Su ache pong, W., Si imanapong, W.,
Kasan ikul, T., & Techangamsuwan, S. (2024). Fi s epo o na u al Cyp inid he pes i us-2
in ec ion associa ed wi h a al ou b eaks o gold ish (Ca assius au a us) a ms in
Thailand. Aquacul u e, 581, 740481.
[…] “Fa al ou b eaks o o namen al gold ish (C. au a us) in associa ion wi h CyHV-2 in ec ion
we e i s ly epo ed in Thailand.”[…]
[…] “The i al loads we e p edomina ely ound in he kidney, spleen and gills, espec i ely.
Li e , b ain, hea and in es ine o in ec ed ish we e also posi i e o CyHV-
2 qPCR de ec ion. ”[…]
[…] “ CyHV-2 has been associa ed wi h a al ou b eaks in a ious coun ies, including
Aus alia (S ephens e al., 2004), China (Jiang e al., 2020; Luo e al., 2013; Wang e al.,
2012; Zhu e al., 2019), Czech Republic (Daněk e al., 2012), F ance (Boi a d e al., 2016),
Ge many (Adamek e al., 2018), Hunga y (Doszpoly e al., 2011), I aly (Fichi e al., 2016),
India (Sahoo e al., 2016), Japan (Jung and Miyazaki, 1995), Ne he lands (I o e al., 2017),
Poland (Panicz e al., 2019), Taiwan (Chang e al., 1999), Swi ze land (Gio annini e al.,
2016), Tu key (Kalaycı e al., 2018), Uni ed Kingdom (Je e y e al., 2007) and USA
(Goodwin e al., 2006; G o e al., 1998), esul ing in signi ican economic losses.” […]
[…] “I is c ucial o emphasize he impo ance o conduc ing comp ehensi e su eillance o
moni o he p e alence o CyHV-2 and i s impac on ish popula ions. This in ensi e
su eillance is essen ial o e ec i e disease moni o ing and managemen s a egies o
p e en u he sp ead o CyHV-2”[…]
Re e ence #3:
Panicz, R., Sadowski, J., & Eljasik, P. (2019). De ec ion o Cyp inid he pes i us 2 (CyHV-2)
in symp oma ic o namen al ypes o gold ish (Ca assius au a us) and asymp oma ic common
ca p (Cyp inus ca pio) ea ed in wa m-wa e cage cul u e. Aquacul u e, 504, 131-138..
[…]“New cases o he pes i al haema opoie ic nec osis (HVHN) we e iden i ied in
Poland”[…]. “The new CyHV-2 s ain was iden i ied in bo h ish g own in he cage a m (SC1-
2016) and ba ches (SC2-2016) ecen ly impo ed om Thailand.”[…]
[…] “CyHV-2 sp ead and he possible ish mo ali ies i causes in he na u al en i onmen
a ise mainly om asymp oma ic ca ie s which ha e escaped o ha e been in en ionally
eleased in o eshwa e en i onmen s, e.g. by aqua is s.”[…]
[…] “Addi ionally, ou s udy iden i ied common ca p (Cyp inus ca pio) indi iduals ea ed in
neighbou ing cages as asymp oma ic ca ie s o CyHV-2”[…]
[…] “ ha empe a u e i sel is no he only ac o ha unambiguously de e mines he
de elopmen o HVHN.” […] “ mo ali y can be a ibu ed o he s essogenic impac o daily
wa e empe a u e luc ua ions (20–29 °C).”[…] “Inc eased wa e empe a u es in luence
bo h p ima y and seconda y p oduc ion in a discha ge channel en i onmen , s imula e ish
a ming in cages, bu may also acili a e pa hogen pe sis ence and dis ibu ion by
na i e ich hyo auna in he channel and d ainage basin” […]
[…] “Since an inc easing numbe o coun ies publish epo s on HVHN, a obus
ansna ional s a egy o he con ol o CyHV-2 in ec ions is u gen ly equi ed o limi he
losses in aquacul u e and he na u al en i onmen associa ed wi h his i al disease” […]
Species 5
Aspa agopsis a ma a Ha ey 1855
Common name: Ha poon weed
h ps://easin.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/spexplo e /species/ ac shee /R01543
Plan ae >> Rhodophy a >> Flo ideophyceae >> Bonnemaisoniales >> Bonnemaisoniaceae
Re e ence #1:
Be na do Dua e, João Ca ei as, Edua do Feijão,Rica do C uz de Ca alho, Ana Ri a
Ma os, Vanessa F. Fonseca, Sa a C. No ais and Ma co F. L. Lemos (2021). Po en ial o
Aspa agopsis a ma a as a Biopes icide o Weed Con ol unde an In asi e Seaweed
Ci cula -Economy F amewo k. Biology 10(12), 1321.
[…] “ he p esen wo k aims o es he po en ial o an A. a ma a exuda e cock ail as a
biopes icide o weed con ol, e alua ing i s e ec s on he physiology o a model
plan , Thellungiella halophila, which is a close ela i e o A abidopsis haliana ( he model
glycophy e weed) and has been asc ibed as a new model ma ine/halophy e plan due o i s
ole ance o saline en i onmen s; he e o e, i is he ideal plan o assess he exuda es
p oduced in seawa e , educing he po en ial a e ac s imposed by po en ial sal s ess” […]
[…] “Aspa agopsis a ma a game ophy es we e collec ed by scuba di ing om he p o ec ed
ma ine a ea a ound he Be lenga Island, Peniche, Po ugal” […] “In he lab, a e being
cleaned and so ed, ou aqua ia wi h 5 kg o A. a ma a and 50 L o a i icial seawa e
(dis illed wa e wi h P emium REEF sal (TMC, Lisbon, Po ugal) adjus ed o 35 PSU) we e
le in he da k a 20 °C. A e 12 h, he seaweed was emo ed, and he wa e om he
di e en aqua ia was pooled and sie ed o bigge pa icles, ollowed by il a ion h ough a
0.45 µm cellulose ace a e memb ane il e (Wha man, Maids one, UK). The exuda e was
hen kep in PET bo les a −20 °C un il u he use and ep esen ed he 100% s ock
concen a ion.”
[…] “The cock ail o he exuda e p oduced by he ed seaweed A. a ma a induces a high
deg ee o s ess when applied in plan s, sha ing se e al e ec s and modes o ac ion wi h
se e al majo syn he ic biocides (such as basag an, b omicide, lumax, g amoxone, indole
de i a i es, clomazone, pa aqua and py idazinones), which impai se e al aspec s mos ly
ela ed o he plan ene ge ic me abolism, wi h se e e educ ions in he chlo oplas idial
elec on anspo and consequen educ ion o ATP gene a ion and CO2 ha es ing,
e en ually leading o plan dea h. This way, he A. a ma a exuda e cock ail p esen s a high
po en ial o be applied as a biopes icide, being a g een and sus ainable eco- iendly solu ion
o educe en i onmen al con amina ion by haza dous chemical subs ances om human
o igin. In addi ion o he he e-desc ibed biocide po en ial om a low-cos ma ine esou ce,
an added alue would be he esul an inc eased ha es ing o his in asi e seaweed, hus
p omo ing mo e heal hy and di e se sho es. In compa ison wi h he adi ional
chemical/a i icial pes icides, he na u al o igin o his cock ail is also a ma e o added- alue
in e ms o inc eased public accep ance and o educed en i onmen al impac . The g ea es
oppo uni y is he ac ha he ex ac i e p ocess lea es an in ac and subs an ial by-p oduc
ha may be u he used o he cu en ma ke s al eady using his seaweed, gi en ha i
does no lose he ma ke a ge bioac i i y. A s udy o he emaining biomass bioac i i ies
(a e exuda e elease) will be pa amoun o se he ounda ions o i s use in an A.
a ma a bio e ine y, whe e his seaweed may se e se e al ma ke s and hus p esen
mul iple e enue oppo uni ies in a blue ci cula -economy amewo k” […]
Re e ence #2:
Ca la O. Sil a, Ma co F.L. Lemos, Rui Gaspa , Ca los Gonçal es, João M. Ne o (2021). The
e ec s o he in asi e seaweed Aspa agopsis a ma a on na i e ock pool communi ies:
E idences om expe imen al exclusion. Ecological Indica o s 125, 107463
[…] “ he main aim was o e alua e he e ec o A. a ma a on in e idal seaweed
and mac oin e eb a e assemblages using a emo al expe imen in which he p esence o
his exo ic species was manipula ed. I is p edic ed ha wi h he p esence o A. a ma a in
ce ain pools, he emaining assemblages would be dis inc , in e ms o composi ion and
s uc u e, om hose ound in ock pools whe e A. a ma a was expe imen ally emo ed.” […]
[…] “Feb ua y 2018 o Decembe 2018 in Po inho da A eia No e (WGS84: 39.369587,
−9.377899) a he sou h pa o he Peniche peninsula, cen al wes e n coas o Po ugal”
[…] “In Janua y 2018, 6 ide pools we e andomly selec ed in he ocky in e idal a ea, wi h
ela i ely simila size and in aded by A. a ma a. All pools we e loca ed a app oxima ely he
same ide le el, which allow hem o be isola ed om he sea abou he same ime du ing a
idal cycle. The idal ock pools posi ion (semi-exposed si es) allowed seawa e enewal
e e y idal cycle”[…] “F om he six in e idal ock pools used on expe imen al manipula ions,
h ee we e main ained wi hou A. a ma a (C pools) by egula manual emo al o mac oalgae
so ha he e ec o i s absence could be assessed in he communi y. Th ee o he ock pools
we e no expe imen ally manipula ed du ing he s udy pe iod and A. a ma a was eely
p esen (A pools). The manipula ion pe iod las ed o 10 mon hs and communi y samples
we e collec ed wice pe season, in a o al o eigh da a poin s. The manipula ion was
main ained o e he cou se o he expe imen by pe iodically emo ing
new Aspa agopsis ec ui s, e e y 2–3 weeks”[…]
[…] “A. a ma a had a signi ican impac on he na i e in e idal mac oalgal assemblage, and,
al hough less e iden , also o e mac oin e eb a e assemblages. Resul s indica ed ha
physico-chemical pa ame e s did no ha e a s ong con ibu ion on pool ype di e en ia ion
in e ms o en i onmen al condi ions, wi h mos o he a ia ion occu ing be ween seasons.
Bo h ock pool ypes, wi h A. a ma a (A) and wi hou i (C), p esen ed simila i ies o he
en i onmen al condi ions, which made hem close o each o he wi hin he same season
hen be ween seasons. ” […]
[…] “ he e ec o A. a ma a on he mac oalgal assemblage was de ec ed in sp ing and
summe seasons. Du ing summe , wi h lowe A. a ma a biomass, a highe mac oalgal
ichness was e iden . This esul ag ees wi h he concep known as “bio ic esis ance”
p oposed by El on (1958) ha s a es ha communi ies wi h highe di e si y should be less
suscep ible o in asion because o a mo e comple e u iliza ion o esou ces. On he o he
hand, in sp ing, when A. a ma a egis e ed highe biomass in he in aded pools, a highe
biomass o na i e mac oalgae was egis e ed” […] “High densi ies o A. a ma a inhabi ing he
ide pools could be esponsible o a dec ease in he mac oalgae di e si y h ough
compe i i e in e ac ions”. “Ellisolandia elonga a dec eased in biomass when A. a ma a was
p esen , which is suppo ed by p e ious s udies made by Gue a-Ga cía e al. (2012), ha
epo E. elonga a as he main algal species a ec ed by he p esence o A. a ma a.”
[…] “ esul s sugges ha he e was a signi ican e ec o A. a ma a on mac oalgae
assemblages, wi h s a is ically signi ican di e ences de ec ed on abundance and axonomic
composi ion o na i e mac oalgal communi ies; and less e iden on mac oin e eb a e
communi ies, bu de ec ed as highe alues o numbe o species, abundance and di e si y
in ock pools wi h A. a ma a o Win e and Sp ing seasons, and he opposi e o he es o
he yea ” […]
Re e ence #3:
Pin eus, S., Lemos, M. F., Simões, M., Al es, C., Sil a, J., Gaspa , H., ... & Ped osa, R.
(2020). Ma ine in asi e species o high- alue p oduc s' explo a ion–Un eiling he
an imic obial po en ial o Aspa agopsis a ma a agains human pa hogens. Algal
Resea ch, 52, 102091.
[…] “ he an imic obial po en ial o A. a ma a ex ac s and ac ions we e es ed agains he
human pa hogens S aphylococcus au eus, Pseudomonas ae uginosa, Candida
albicans, Esche ichia coli, and Salmonella en e i idis. Mo eo e , he mechanisms behind he
an imic obial e ec s we e analyzed, namely cy oplasma ic memb ane dis up ion and DNA
damage. Bio ilm inhibi o y abili y was also e alua ed” […]
[…] “Aspa agopsis a ma a was collec ed in he Be lengas Na u al Rese e (Po ugal; 39°
24′43″ N, 9° 29′56″ W) by scuba di ing and anspo ed o he labo a o y in cooled boxes.
The samples we e washed i s ly wi h seawa e o emo e epibion s, sand and deb is, and
hen wi h dis illed wa e . Finally, samples we e ozen a −80 °C and eeze-d ied. The
eeze-d ied seaweed powde was ex ac ed o e nigh (1:40 biomass:sol en a io) wi h a
me hanol (MeOH) and dichlo ome hane (DCM) mix u e (1:1) wi h cons an s i ing in he
da k. The sol en s we e e apo a ed unde low p essu e, a 40 °C and 150 pm, in a
o a y e apo a o (Heidolph, Labo o a 4000, Ge many), and he esul ing biomass (c ude
ex ac ) s o ed a −20 °C un il u he use” […]
[…] “Aspa agopsis a ma a exhibi ed an imic obial po en ial agains all s udied
mic oo ganisms e ealing s ong inhibi o y e ec s, especially agains S. au eus, P.
ae uginosa, and C. albicans, wi h se e al ac ions p esen ing an IC50 lowe han 100 μg/mL.”
[…]
[…] “I is plausible o assume ha he mechanisms o ac ion behind he g ow h inhibi ion a e
associa ed wi h memb ane damage and DNA damage, which ep esen a g ea oppo uni y
o he de elopmen o new an imic obial d ugs o na u al o igin, ea u ing hese dual
a ge ing mechanisms, dec easing he possibili y o eco e y, minimizing he ising o
esis an s ains. ” […] “The esul s showed ha A. a ma a p oduces compounds wi h a high
inhibi o y ac i i y agains S. au eus, P. ae uginosa, and C. albicans g ow h, possibly
media ed by cy oplasma ic memb ane dis up ion and DNA damage. GC–MS analysis
sugges ed ha he mos ac i e ac ions we e mainly composed o b omodi e penes and
a y acids. The a ained esul s poin o he ele ance o he in asi e A. a ma a as a sou ce
o an imic obial subs ances wi h b oad-spec um ac i i y.”
Google Fo m
Example o he google o m used du ing he wo kshop.
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Exe cise Species Impac s
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Exe cise Species Impac s
E alua e each in asi e species and de e mine whe he i has a posi i e, nega i e,
unknown (Da a De icien ) on one o mo e policy domains. Assign a con idence le el
(high=3, medium=2, low=1) o each policy domain. Please e e o you assigned wo king
g oup o selec he igh sec ion.
1.
Wha is you g oup? *
G oup 1
G oup 2
G oup 3
G oup 4
G oup 5
G oup 6
G oup 7
G oup 8
G oup 9
G oup 10
GROUP 1
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Exe cise Species Impac s
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2.
Al e nan he a philoxe oides
Please no e ha impac and con idence le els a e:
nega i e high= -3
nega i e medium=- 2
nega i e low=- 1
posi i e high= 3
posi i e medium= 2
posi i e low= 1
DD= da a de icien
- 3 - 2 - 1 3 2 1 DD
Ag icul u e
Soil
Fo es y
Secu i y and
sa e y
In as uc u e
( oad,, aiills)
Inland wa e s
Ma i ime
(Po )
Secu i y
E iciency
Renewable
ene gy
Animal heal h
Plan heal h
Food and
eed sa e y
Human heal h
Indus y
