Supplemen a y Ma e ial 1
Supplemen al ables and igu es suppo ing Func ional ai esponses o Al e nan he a
philoxe oides o inc easing salini y in idal we lands
B enda J. G ewell, Blanca Gallego-Té a , Jesús M. Cas illo, Ca yn J. Fu ell, Rebecca E.
D eno sky, Na han E. Ha ms, Paul D. P a
Table S1. F-s a is ic and P- alues om Gene al Linea Models wi h salini y (0.5, 12, 24,
36 pp ) as ixed ac o o ai s o eme gen and ee- loa ing in asi e Al e nan he a
philoxe oides plan s. Signi ican di e ences a e ma ked in bold. Abb e ia ion: TNC, o al
nons uc u al ca bohyd a es.
Plan ai s
Salini y
F3,16
P
Expe imen A: Eme gen G ow h Fo m
Biomass, mo phology and
alloca ion
To al biomass (g)
341.530
<0.0001
Speci ic lea a ea (m2 kg-1)
59.509
<0.0001
Lea mass a io
1.103
0.377
Ad en i ious oo mass a io
22.159
<0.0001
Below-g ound mass a io
22.538
<0.0001
B anch in ensi y index
10.068
<0.0001
Gas exchange and pigmen s
Ne pho osyn he ic a e (µmol CO2 m-2 s-1)
46.228
<0.0001
Wa e use e iciency (mmol CO2 mol H2O)
44.413
<0.0001
Chlo ophyll a (mg g-1)
12.307
<0.0001
Chlo ophyll b (mg g-1)
32.885
<0.0001
Ca o enoids (mg g-1)
8.722
0.001
Plan issue bio
chemis y
Lea ni ogen (mg g-1)
9.955
<0.0001
Lea sodium (mg g-1)
64.683
<0.0001
Lea p oline (µmol g-1)
14.471
<0.0001
Lea glycinebe aine (µmol g-1)
49.189
<0.0001
Lea o al phenolics (mg g-1)
7.156
0.003
Lea lignin (mg g-1)
8.624
0.001
S em lignin (mg g-1)
7.466
0.002
S em node ni ogen (mg g-1)
21.734
<0.0001
S em node TNC (mg g-1)
0.576
0.639
Soil oo TNC (mg g-1)
1.690
0.209
Soil oo ni ogen (mg g-1)
9.198
<0.001
Expe imen B: F ee- loa ing G ow h Fo m
Biomass, mo phology and
alloca ion
To al biomass (g)
588.930
<0.0001
Speci ic lea a ea (m2 kg-1)
57.292
<0.0001
Lea mass a io
150.470
<0.0001
Ad en i ious oo mass a io
26.206
<0.0001
S em pi h ca i y diame e (mm)
40.667
<0.0001
Plan issue bio
chemis y
Chlo ophyll a (mg g-1)
69.138
<0.0001
Chlo ophyll b (mg g-1)
10.462
<0.0001
Lea ni ogen (mg g-1)
12.692
<0.0001
Lea p oline (µmol g-1)
16.631
<0.0001
Lea glycinebe aine (µmol g-1)
149.160
<0.0001
Lea o al phenolics (mg g-1)
20.557
<0.0001
S em node ni ogen (mg g-1)
19.412
<0.0001
S em node TNC (mg g-1)
8.019
0.001
Figu e S1. A p io i s uc u al equa ion model illus a ing he hypo hesized di ec o
indi ec e ec s o salini y on h ee g oups o esponse a iables measu ed in di e en
g ow h o ms o Al e nan he a philoxe oides: (1) biomass alloca ion and mo phology,
(2) lea gas exchange and pho osyn he ic pigmen s, and (3) plan issue chemis y.
REFERENCES, Fig. S1. S uc u al Equa ion Model.
1. Ash a , M. F. M. R., & Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles o glycine be aine and p oline in imp o ing
plan abio ic s ess esis ance. En i onmen al and expe imen al bo any, 59(2), 206-216
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egula ion mechanisms om whole plan o cell. Annals o bo any, 103(4), 551-560.
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I. (2015). In e nal and ex e nal ac o s a ec ing pho osyn he ic pigmen composi ion in plan s:
a me a-analy ical app oach. New Phy ologis , 206(1), 268-280
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Figu e S2. T ai esponses o salini y by he eme gen g ow h o m o Al e nan he a
philoxe oides (Expe imen A). Di e en le e s abo e columns indica e signi ican
di e ences among salini y ea men s based on Tukey’s pos -hoc es s.
Figu e S3. T ai esponses o salini y by he ee- loa ing g ow h o m o Al e nan he a
philoxe oides (Expe imen B). Di e en le e s abo e columns indica e signi ican
di e ences among salini y ea men s based on Tukey’s pos -hoc es s.
Figu e S4. T ai esponses o salini y by he ee- loa ing g ow h o m o Al e nan he a
philoxe oides ollowing a eshwa e eco e y pe iod a e exposu e o h ee inc easing
salini y le els (Expe imen C). Di e en le e s abo e columns indica e signi ican
di e ences among salini y ea men s based on Tukey’s pos -hoc es s.
Figu e S5. Images o Al e nan he a philoxe oides (alliga o weed; ALPH) in asion in
inging we lands along oligohaline o mesohaline idal eaches in Suisun Ma sh, San
F ancisco Bay-Del a Es ua y: A) Displacing open wa e , and na i e Schoenoplec us
ac us and Typha domingensis a Wings Landing, Suisun Slough (2023); B) In ading
na i e Schoenoplec us ame icanus, S. acu us, Eu hamia occiden alis, Juncus bal icus,
and Typha communi y a Nu se Slough (2024); C) Wi h Schoenoplec us cali o nicus a
G izzly Island, Mon ezuma Slough (2020); D) O e g owing T. domingensis – S. acu us
along Mon ezuma Slough (2023); E) O e -g owing S. acu us a Chipps Island (2019);
F) Displacing Schoenoplec us ame icanus, E y h an he gu a a, Juncus bal icus and
Typha sp. a mid-ele a ion idal ele a ion a Mon ezuma Slough (2024).
A
B
C
D
E
F
