CITIZEN-SDSS PROJECT:
STUDY LANDSCAPES PROFILE PHILIPPINES
P ince Asa e and Mel in Lippe
Au ho s a ilia ion
P ince Asa e
Johann Hein ich on Thünen Ins i u e, Ins i u e o Fo es y, Leuschne s aße 91, 21031 Hambu g, Ge many
Mel in Lippe
Johann Hein ich on Thünen Ins i u e, Ins i u e o Fo es y, Leuschne s aße 91, 21031 Hambu g, Ge many
Sugges ed ci a ion:
Asa e, P., & Lippe, M. (2025). CITIZEN-SDSS PROJECT: S udy Landscapes P o ile Philippines (Ve sion 1). Zenodo.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17235669
P ojec conso ium
Thünen Ins i u e o Fo es y
Leuschne s . 91
21031 Hambu g | Ge many
Fo es Founda ion Philippines
Maka i Ci y
Philippines
Isabela S a e Uni e si y
Cabagan, Isabela p o ince
Philippines
Visayas S a e Uni e si y
Baybay, Ley e p o ince
Philippines
Funding
Velux S i ung
Ki chgasse 2
CH-8001 Zü ich | Swi ze land
G an ID: 1881
Con ac and Homepage
E-Mail: ci izensdss@ huenen.de
Homepage: h ps://www. huenen.de/en/ins i u es/ o es y/p ojec s-1/ci izen-sdss-1
S udy Landscapes P o ile _______________________________________________________________________
Table o Con en s
Lis o Figu es i
Lis o Tables ii
1 In oduc ion 1
2 S udy egions 1
2.1 Cagayan Valley – Region II 1
2.2 Eas e n Visayas – Region VIII 1
3 S udy landscapes 1
3.1 Penablanca 2
3.1.1 Socio-demog aphic 2
3.1.2 Land use and opog aphy 2
3.1.3 Fo es change dynamics 5
3.1.4 Cu en and u u e clima ic condi ions 6
3.1.5 Fu u e land use and o es - ela ed managemen isions 7
3.1.6 Cu en and po en ial u u e managemen challenges 8
3.2 Balasig Wa e shed 9
3.2.1 Socio-demog aphic 9
3.2.2 Land use and opog aphy 9
3.2.3 Fo es change dynamics 12
3.2.4 Cu en and u u e clima ic condi ions 13
3.2.5 Fu u e land use and o es - ela ed managemen isions 14
3.2.6 Cu en and po en ial u u e managemen challenges 15
3.3 Maasin 16
3.3.1 Socio-demog aphic 16
3.3.2 Land use and opog aphy 17
3.3.3 Fo es change dynamics 19
3.3.4 Cu en and u u e clima ic condi ions 20
3.3.5 Fu u e land use and o es - ela ed managemen isions 21
3.3.6 Cu en and po en ial u u e managemen challenges 22
3.4 Silago 24
3.4.1 Socio-demog aphic 24
3.4.2 Land use and opog aphy 24
3.4.3 Fo es change dynamics 27
3.4.4 Cu en and u u e clima ic condi ions 27
3.4.5 Fu u e land use and o es - ela ed managemen isions 29
3.4.6 Cu en and po en ial u u e managemen challenges 31
4 Conclusion 31
5 Re e ences 33
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i
Lis o Figu es
Figu e 1: Popula ion g ow h a e end (annual % change) o Penablanca om 2010 o 2024 ............................. 2
Figu e 2: Topog aphy o Penablanca ........................................................................................................................ 3
Figu e 3: Land co e (2020) o Penablanca .............................................................................................................. 4
Figu e 4: Loca ion o enu ial ins umen s and p o ec ed a eas in Penablanca ..................................................... 5
Figu e 5: Penablanca o es change dynamic 2024 ................................................................................................. 6
Figu e 6: Clima e cha showing mean p ecipi a ion and empe a u e o Penablanca om 1993 o 2022 ......... 7
Figu e 7: Popula ion g ow h a e end (annual % change) o Balasig Wa e shed om 2010 o 2024 ................. 9
Figu e 8: Topog aphy o Balasig Wa e shed .......................................................................................................... 10
Figu e 9: Land co e (2020) o Balasig Wa e shed ................................................................................................ 11
Figu e 10: Loca ion o enu ial ins umen s and p o ec ed a eas in Balasig Wa e shed ..................................... 12
Figu e 11: Balasig Wa e shed Fo es change dynamic 2024 ................................................................................. 13
Figu e 12: Clima e cha showing mean p ecipi a ion and empe a u e in Cabagan om 1993 o 2022 ........... 14
Figu e 13: Popula ion g ow h a e end (annual % change) o Maasin om 2010 o 2024 ................................. 16
Figu e 14: Topog aphy o Maasin ............................................................................................................................ 17
Figu e 15: Land co e (2020) o Maasin ................................................................................................................. 18
Figu e 16: Loca ion o enu ial ins umen a eas in Maasin .................................................................................. 19
Figu e 17: Maasin Fo es change dynamic 2024 .................................................................................................... 20
Figu e 18: Clima e cha showing mean p ecipi a ion and empe a u e in Maasin om 1993 o 2022.............. 21
Figu e 19: Popula ion g ow h a e end (annual % change) o Silago om 2010 o 2024 .................................. 24
Figu e 20: Topog aphy o Silago ............................................................................................................................. 25
Figu e 21: Land co e (2020) o Silago ................................................................................................................... 26
Figu e 22: Loca ion o enu ial ins umen a eas in Silago .................................................................................... 28
Figu e 23: Maasin Fo es change dynamic 2024 .................................................................................................... 29
Figu e 24: Clima e cha showing mean p ecipi a ion and empe a u e in Silago om 1993 o 2022 ................ 30
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Lis o Tables
Table 1: To al popula ion o Penablanca om 2010 o 2024 ................................................................................... 2
Table 2: Penablanca land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea ............... 3
Table 3: Penablanca o es change dynamic a es om 2000 o 2024 .................................................................... 5
Table 4: To al popula ion o Balasig Wa e shed om 2010 o 2024 ....................................................................... 9
Table 5: Balasig Wa e shed land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea .. 11
Table 6: Balasig Wa e shed o es change dynamic a es om 2000 o 2024 ...................................................... 12
Table 7: To al popula ion o Maasin om 2010 o 2024 ........................................................................................ 16
Table 8: Maasin land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea .................... 18
Table 9: Maasin o es change dynamic a es om 2000 o 2024 ......................................................................... 19
Table 10: To al popula ion o Silago om 2010 o 2024 ........................................................................................ 24
Table 11: Silago 2020 land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea ........... 27
Table 12: Silago o es change dynamic a es om 2000 o 2024 ......................................................................... 27
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1 In oduc ion
The CITIZEN-SDSS p ojec is ocused on os e ing na u e-based solu ions (NBS) o sus aining and expanding he
emaining o es landscapes in he Philippines by in eg a ing local s akeholde aspi a ions in o land use planning
h ough spa ial decision suppo sys ems (SDSS). The Philippines, wi h only 24% o i s o es co e emaining,
aces se e e h ea s om de o es a ion, deg ada ion, and clima e change, despi e being a global biodi e si y
ho spo and a i al p o ide o ecosys em se ices and li elihoods. By ocusing on he Philippines, he p ojec
add esses bo h u gen ecological isks and p essing socio-economic needs hus, sa egua ding biodi e si y,
suppo ing local communi ies h ough NBS in e en ions such as ag o o es y, o es es o a ion, assis ed na u al
egene a ion (ANR), ipa ian bu e es o a ion and o he sus ainable land managemen p ac ices. Th ough
Ci izen Science app oaches and spa io empo al modelling, CITIZEN-SDSS de elops con ex -sensi i e, scien i ically
igo ous pa hways o sus ainable land and o es managemen , ensu ing ha decision-making p ocesses a e
inclusi e, locally g ounded, and esponsi e o long- e m en i onmen al and li elihood p io i ies.
2 S udy egions
The p ojec mainly ocuses on wo egions in he Philippines which includes Cagayan Valley, e med as Region 2
and Eas e n Visayas, e med as Region 8. These wo egions exhibi some o he emaining in ac o es
landscapes o he Philippines (Gab iel e al., 2025) and ongoing e o es a ion and landscape es o a ion p ojec s
(unde he umb ella o NBS) (Fe e Velasco e al., 2022), howe e , he e exis di e en pa e ns o land use
changes cha ac e ised wi h con inuous occu ence o de o es a ion and o es deg ada ion. The De o es a ion
and o es deg ada ion in hese egions is mainly caused by c opland a ea expansion, illegal logging, cha coal
making, uelwood ex ac ion, among o he s (Rose e al., 2009).
2.1 Cagayan Valley – Region II
The Cagayan Valley Region is loca ed in he no h-eas e n pa o Luzon, is he la ges alley in he Philippines
and is o en e e ed o as he coun y’s “ ice and co n g ana y.” The egion is bounded by he Sie a Mad e and
Co dille a Moun ain anges, i is a e sed by he Cagayan Ri e , he longes i e in he Philippines. The egion
is ich in e ile ag icul u al lands, as o es s, and abundan na u al esou ces, making i a key a ea o a ming,
o es y, and ishe ies. I is also highly biodi e se, wi h pa s o he Sie a Mad e ecognized as c i ical habi a s.
Cagayan alley is cha ac e ised mainly as a ype II and some a eas ype III clima ic zone wi h no p onounced
season (Co onas, 1920; Co po al-Lodangco, Leslie 2017), bu a ela i ely we pe iod om May o Oc obe and
ulne able o na u al disas e s like loods and yphoons (PSA, 2023).
2.2 Eas e n Visayas – Region VIII
The Eas e n Visayas Region is loca ed in he cen al Philippines, bounded by he Paci ic Ocean, Sama Sea, and
Ley e Gul . The egion is known o i s une en e ain, ich coas al esou ces, and ex ensi e o es s, he egion is
bo h ag icul u ally p oduc i e and highly biodi e se. I is a majo p oduce o coconu , abaca, and ishe ies, while
also being home o impo an p o ec ed a eas. The egion ind i sel in he ype III clima ic zone o he Philippines
(Co onas, 1920; Co po al-Lodangco, Leslie 2017) and expe ience ain all h oughou he yea wi h no dis inc d y
season, and conside ed o be highly ulne able o na u al haza ds such as yphoons, loods, and s o m su ges,
exempli ied by Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in 2013, making esilience and sus ainable land managemen c i ical
o i s u u e (DOST, 2017).
3 S udy landscapes
The CITIZEN-SDSS p ojec speci ically ocuses on ou di e en landscapes om he abo e men ioned wo
egions, namely, Penablanca and Balasig Wa e shed om Region 2 and Maasin and Silago om Region 8. The
subsequen sec ions o his epo p o ide desc ip ions o hese landscapes in e ms o hei socio-demog aphic
cha ac e is ics, land use and opog aphy, clima ic condi ions and u u e p ojec ions, u u e land use and o es
managemen isions as well as cu en and po en ial u u e managemen challenges, mainly ex ac ed om he
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2
espec i e landscapes Comp ehensi e Land Use Plans (CLUPs) (Cadiz e al., 2022; Ci y o Maasin, 2016;
Municipali y o Cabagan, 2018; Municipali y o Penablanca, 2020; Municipali y o Tumauini, 2023).
3.1 Penablanca
3.1.1 Socio-demog aphic
Penablanca municipali y is loca ed in Cagayan P o ince o he Cagayan Valley Region, consis ing o 24 ba angays
and gene ally conside ed an in e media e u al-u ban a ea. The municipali y has a o al land a ea o 1,245.65
km² (124,565 hec a es), o which nea ly 67% is o es land, much o i alling wi hin he Peñablanca P o ec ed
Landscape and Seascape (PPLS). The 2024 popula ion o he landscape s ood a 50856 wi h a g oss popula ion
densi y o 40 pe sons pe km² (0.41 pe son pe ha), and a declining g ow h a e since 2010 (see Fig 1 and Table
1). Ag icul u e, hus, p ima ily co n and ice a ming emain he dominan sou ce o li elihood, while he
eme ging sec o s o qua ying, comme ce, and eco- ou ism supplemen income oppo uni ies mos ly in he
u ban cen e s o he municipali y (Municipali y o Penablanca, 2020).
Table 1: To al popula ion o Penablanca om 2010 o 2024
Yea
To al Popula ion
2010
42,736
2015
48,584
2020
50,300
2024
50,856
Sou ce: h ps://psa.go .ph/
Figu e 1: Popula ion g ow h a e end (annual % change) o Penablanca om 2010 o 2024
Sou ce: h ps://psa.go .ph/
3.1.2 Land use and opog aphy
Penablanca’s opog aphy is highly a ied, consis ing o allu ial plains and alleys along he wes e n po ion and
ex ensi e hilly o moun ainous e ain in he eas domina ed by he Sie a Mad e Moun ain ange, which co e s
abou 85% o he municipali y. Ele a ions ange om 51 me e s in he lowlands o o e 1,814 me e s abo e sea
le el in he uplands, wi h slopes exceeding 50% ac oss mo e han 40% o he o al land a ea (Fig. 2). These s eep
2.47
0.73
0.26
2010-2015 2015-2020 2020-2024
G ow h a e
Yea s
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and ugged landscapes play a c i ical ole in shaping land use, limi ing la ge-scale se lemen s and ag icul u e in
highe ele a ions while suppo ing o es s, wa e sheds, and biodi e si y habi a s ha a e cen al o he
municipali y’s ecological and socio-economic sys ems.
Figu e 2: Topog aphy o Penablanca
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using municipali y and ba angay adminis a i e bounda ies om Penablanca Local Go e nmen
Uni (LGU) and ele a ion map using DEM om As e (h ps://as e web.jpl.nasa.go /gdem.asp)
Table 2: Penablanca land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea
Land co e class
A ea (ha)
A ea (km2)
% Co e age
Closed o es
33023.97
330.24
26.53
Open o es
50895.09
508.95
40.89
Mang o e
27.99
0.28
0.02
Sh ubs
12173.94
121.74
9.78
Ba eland
640.62
6.41
0.52
G assland
8667.18
86.67
6.96
Annual c opland
16723.26
167.23
13.44
Pe ennial c opland
494.19
4.94
0.4
Buil _up
658.98
6.59
0.53
Wa e
1160.37
11.6
0.93
Sou ce: Resea che s’ cons uc using land co e da a om NAMRIA h ps://geopo al.go .ph/
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In o ma ion Au ho i y (NAMRIA) land co e 2020 (see Table 5 and Fig. 9). Fo es s emain signi ican , wi h open
o es accoun ing making up 20.01% and closed o es (3.19%), oge he ep esen ing jus o e 23% o he
wa e shed. Sh ubs co e 13.12%, e lec ing ansi ional o egene a ing ege a ion, while g asslands occupy
8.83% ac oss he wa e shed. O he land co e classes make up smalle sha es: buil -up a eas 1.61%, wa e bodies
0.75%, and ba e lands jus 0.38%. This composi ion highligh s a wa e shed whe e ag icul u e is he dominan
land use, suppo ed by subs an ial o es and sh ub co e ha play i al oles in egula ing wa e low, p o ec ing
soils, and main aining ecological balance, alongside small bu impo an a eas o se lemen s and wa e bodies.
Figu e 8: Topog aphy o Balasig Wa e shed
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using municipali y and ba angay adminis a i e bounda ies om Cabagan and Tumauini LGU and
Balasig Wa e shed bounda y om Region II DENR-CDD and ele a ion map using DEM om As e (h ps://as e web.jpl.nasa.go /
gdem.asp).
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Table 5: Balasig Wa e shed land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea
Land co e class
A ea (ha)
A ea (km2)
% Co e age
Closed o es
841.95
8.42
3.19
Open o es
5274.81
52.75
20.01
Sh ubs
3458.43
34.58
13.12
Ba eland
98.91
0.99
0.38
G assland
2328.84
23.29
8.83
Annual c opland
13741.38
137.41
52.12
Buil _up
424.44
4.24
1.61
Wa e
198.18
1.98
0.75
Sou ce: Resea che s’ cons uc using land co e da a om NAMRIA h ps://geopo al.go .ph/
Figu e 9: Land co e (2020) o Balasig Wa e shed
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using land co e da a om NAMRIA (h ps://geopo al.go .ph/).
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Figu e 10: Loca ion o enu ial ins umen s and p o ec ed a eas in Balasig Wa e shed
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using Tenu ial ins umen and p o ec ed a eas bounda ies om Cabagan and Tumauini LGU.
3.2.3 Fo es change dynamics
Based on he T opical Mois Fo es s (TMF) p oduc (Vancu sem e al., 2021) da ase s om 2000 o 2024, Balasig
Wa e shed eco ded a educ ion o abou 2,021 hec a es in undis u bed o es (see Table 6). O e he same
pe iod, deg aded o es s expanded by app oxima ely 1,418 hec a es, while de o es ed land dec eased by abou
124 hec a es. Fo es eg ow h eached a ound 1,350 hec a es, pe manen wa e inc eased sligh ly by 3.5
hec a es, and o he land co e declined by abou 626 hec a es. See Fig 11 o he 2024 o es change map and
Table 6 o he s a is ics o change be ween 2000 and 2024.
Table 6: Balasig Wa e shed o es change dynamic a es om 2000 o 2024
Fo es change
dynamics
A ea 2000
(ha)
A ea 2024
(ha)
Change (2000 -
2024) (ha)
Annual a e
(ha/y )
Annual change
a e (%)
Undis u bed o es
6803.1
4782.24
-2020.86
-84.20
-1.24
Deg aded o es
597.06
2014.83
1417.77
59.07
9.89
De o es ed land
926.19
802.62
-123.57
-5.15
-0.56
Fo es eg ow h
3.24
1352.79
1349.55
56.23
1735.53
Pe manen wa e
132.48
135.99
3.51
0.15
0.11
O he land co e
19331.01
18704.61
-626.40
-26.10
-0.14
Sou ce: Resea che s’ cons uc using da a om h ps:// o obs.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/TMF/da a#downloads
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Figu e 11: Balasig Wa e shed Fo es change dynamic 2024
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using T opical Mois Fo es s (TMF) p oduc da ase s
(h ps:// o obs.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/TMF/da a#downloads)
3.2.4 Cu en and u u e clima ic condi ions
Balasig Wa e shed’s clima e is cha ac e ized by high a e age empe a u es o abou 27.3°C, high ain all
a iabili y, and an inc easing equency o ex eme wea he e en s. Annual p ecipi a ion is conside able,
a e aging 2,023 mm, wi h he d ies mon hs occu ing ea ly in he yea and he we season ex ending om July
h ough Decembe . Oc obe is ypically he we es mon h, wi h ain all peaking signi ican ly du ing his pe iod.
Mos pa s o he wa e shed lie wi hin he lood-p one Cagayan Ri e Basin, making hem especially ulne able
o yphoons, p olonged ains, and occasional d ough s. His o ical obse a ions poin o ising a e age
empe a u es and shi ing ain all pa e ns, u he heigh ening isks o looding, c op ailu e, and associa ed
heal h conce ns. See Fig. 12 o Cabagan clima e cha (Zepne e al., 2021) which depic s he si ua ion o he
en i e Balasig Wa e shed.
P ojec ed u u e clima e scena ios sugges ha Cabagan will expe ience in ensi ied clima e haza ds, especially
du ing he No heas Monsoon (Amihan) and Sou hwes Monsoon (Habaga ) seasons. Expec ed ends include
ising empe a u es, mo e se e e loods, and ex ended d y spells, all o which pose h ea s o ag icul u e, wa e
esou ces, and local in as uc u e. The mos a ec ed sec o s a e expec ed o be ag icul u e, ishe ies, wa e
supply, and public heal h.
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Figu e 12: Clima e cha showing mean p ecipi a ion and empe a u e in Cabagan om 1993 o 2022
Sou ce: h ps://clima echa s.ne /
3.2.5 Fu u e land use and o es - ela ed managemen isions
Acco ding o comp ehensi e land use plans (CLUP) o Cabagan and Tumauini, he u u e land use and o es -
ela ed managemen ision o he Balasig Wa e shed (conside a ion o Cabagan and Tumauini municipali ies
isions) is cen e ed on achie ing a balanced model o sus ainable de elopmen whe e u ban expansion,
ag icul u al p oduc i i y, and o es conse a ion coexis o s eng hen bo h ecological esilience and socio-
economic g ow h (Municipali y o Cabagan, 2018; Municipali y o Tumauini, 2023). In line wi h he b oade
aspi a ions o Cabagan and Tumauini, he wa e shed is en isioned o hos modes bu s a egically planned u ban
g ow h, wi h in as uc u e imp o emen s such as enhanced oad ne wo ks, lood con ol sys ems, wa e supply
acili ies, and communi y se ice cen e s designed o suppo inc easing popula ion and economic ac i i ies.
Impo an ly, his u ban and economic de elopmen is delibe a ely planned o a oid signi ican enc oachmen
in o ag icul u al and o es zones, ecognizing he long- e m alue o hese lands o ood secu i y, biodi e si y,
and disas e esilience.
The ision acknowledges ha he Balasig wa e shed is pa icula ly ulne able o clima e-induced haza ds,
including looding, d ough s, and landslides, gi en i s a ied opog aphy and eliance on he Cagayan Ri e and
ibu a ies. Fu u e p oposals he e o e emphasize s eng hening disas e isk managemen h ough in eg a ed
land use planning ha inco po a es loodplain zoning, slope s abiliza ion, and in es men in d ainage sys ems
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and ea ly wa ning in as uc u e. Ecosys em-based solu ions such as wa e shed ehabili a ion, mang o e
e o es a ion along i e banks, and he main enance o ipa ian ege a ion a e p io i ized o enhance na u al
lood egula ion and wa e e en ion capaci y. These measu es a e aimed no only a educing clima e isks bu
also a secu ing li elihoods ha depend on he wa e shed’s ag icul u al and wa e esou ces.
On he o es y side, he Balasig wa e shed’s managemen ision highligh s s ic moni o ing and p o ec ion o
he Sie a Mad e Fo es ecosys ems, including po ions o e lapping wi h he No he n Sie a Mad e Na u al Pa k
(NSMNP). Bo h Cabagan and Tumauini emphasize he c i ical ole o o es s in clima e egula ion, soil
conse a ion, wa e cycle main enance, and biodi e si y p o ec ion. Fu u e ini ia i es shall he e o e ocus on
ein o cing an i-illegal logging campaigns, expanding e o es a ion and ag o o es y in deg aded upland and high-
sloped a eas, and p omo ing biodi e si y co ido s o sus ain ecological connec i i y. Mo eo e , he ision
inco po a es sus ainable o es -based li elihoods such as eco- ou ism, non- imbe o es p oduc s, and
communi y-managed o es en e p ises as s a egies o educe p essu e on na u al esou ces while c ea ing
al e na i e income sou ces.
Go e nance and social pa icipa ion a e a he hea o hese u u e p oposals. The wa e shed’s managemen
shall be s eng hened h ough mul i-s akeholde pa ne ships in ol ing local go e nmen s, na ional agencies,
ci il socie y o ganiza ions, and local communi ies. Capaci y-building p og ams shall empowe esiden s wi h he
knowledge and ools o ac i ely engage in o es p o ec ion, sus ainable a ming, and esponsible land use
p ac ices. Educa ion and en i onmen al awa eness ini ia i es a e also en isioned o os e a cul u e o
s ewa dship ac oss gene a ions.
Hence, he u u e ision o he Balasig wa e shed combines sus ainable u ban g ow h, clima e-adap i e
in as uc u e, esilien ag icul u e, and s ong o es p o ec ion measu es. By in eg a ing ecological
sus ainabili y in o economic and social de elopmen , he wa e shed is en isioned o e ol e in o a clima e-
esilien and ecologically balanced landscape, ensu ing ha i s na u al esou ces con inue o p o ide essen ial
ecosys em se ices while suppo ing he aspi a ions o i s people o p ospe i y and secu i y.
3.2.6 Cu en and po en ial u u e managemen challenges
The managemen challenges acing he Balasig wa e shed e lec a combina ion o ins i u ional, echnical,
inancial, and socio-poli ical cons ain s as desc ibed in he CLUPs (Municipali y o Cabagan, 2018; Municipali y
o Tumauini, 2023). A c i ical conce n is he es ablishmen o an e ec i e esul s-based moni o ing and
e alua ion (RBME) sys em o ack he wide ange o in e en ions and ensu e ha esou ces a e alloca ed and
u ilized e icien ly. Weak linkages be ween planning, budge ing, and execu ion o en esul in delays,
ine iciencies, and po en ial misalloca ion o esou ces. A he same ime, Tumauini’s CLUP highligh s he
inancial isks o secu ing su icien unding o la ge-scale in as uc u e and en i onmen al p og ams,
compounded by echnical complexi ies and logis ical hu dles in implemen ing wa e shed managemen p ojec s
ac oss challenging e ain. Regula o y and compliance demands u he s ain local capaci y, while sa e y, quali y
managemen , and ope a ional issues c ea e isks du ing p ojec execu ion. Ma ke unce ain ies and shi ing land
use dynamics also a ec long- e m p ojec iabili y, equi ing adap i e s a egies. Finally, poli ical and social isks
emain signi ican , as he e ec i eness o managemen e o s depends on communi y accep ance, s akeholde
pa icipa ion, and sus ained local suppo . Toge he , hese in e linked challenges unde sco e he need o
in eg a ed go e nance, e idence-based decision-making, and s ong ins i u ional coo dina ion o ensu e ha
Balasig wa e shed in e en ions achie e hei in ended ecological and socio-economic ou comes.
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3.3 Maasin
3.3.1 Socio-demog aphic
Maasin is a Ci y and he capi al o Sou he n Ley e P o ince in Eas e n Visayas egion, consis ing o 70 ba angays.
The ci y mainly unc ions as he adminis a i e, comme cial, and eligious cen e o he p o ince. The ci y co e s
a o al land a ea o 20,949 hec a es (209.49 km²), p edominan ly co e ed wi h ag icul u al land including
coconu -based a ms, ice ields, and upland p oduc ion a eas. As o he 2024, Maasin had a popula ion o 85,486,
which is a dec ease om hei 2020 popula ion as p esen ed in Table 7 and a dec easing g ow h a e end since
2010 and p esen ed in Fig. 13. The g oss popula ion densi y o Maasin is abou 408 pe sons pe km² (4.08 pe sons
pe hec a e), wi h he majo i y concen a ed in he coas al ba angays. Ag icul u e emains he p ima y sou ce o
li elihood, domina ed by mainly, coconu , and o he s including ice, abaca, and oo c op p oduc ion, while
ishe ies and aquacul u e also play a i al ole in coas al communi ies. Complemen ing his base a e small-scale
ade and comme ce in he Poblacion (ci y’s co e) ba angays, public se ices as he p o incial capi al, co age
indus ies such as ood p ocessing and handic a s, and an eme ging eco- ou ism and pilg image sec o d i en
by he ci y’s na u al a ac ions and eligious si es (Ci y o Maasin, 2016).
Table 7: To al popula ion o Maasin om 2010 o 2024
Yea
To al Popula ion
2010
81,250
2015
85,560
2020
87,446
2024
85,486
Sou ce: h ps://psa.go .ph/
Figu e 13: Popula ion g ow h a e end (annual % change) o Maasin om 2010 o 2024
Sou ce: h ps://psa.go .ph/
0.99
0.46
-0.54
2010-2015 2015-2020 2020-2024
G ow h a e
Yea s
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3.3.2 Land use and opog aphy
Maasin’s opog aphy is gene ally une en, wi h a mix o na ow coas al plains, inland alleys, and ex ensi e hilly
o moun ainous e ain domina ing much o i s land a ea. Ele a ions ange om sea le el along he Bohol Sea
coas o o e 716 me e s abo e sea le el in he upland ba angays (Fig. 14), wi h slopes exceeding 18% ac oss
mo e han hal o he o al a ea. The s eep slopes and upland idges se e as impo an wa e sheds and
o es lands, while low-lying plains and i e alleys p o ide limi ed space o se lemen s, i iga ed ice ields,
and coconu -based ag icul u e. This a ied e ain s ongly in luences land use, wi h u ban g ow h concen a ed
along he la e coas al zones, while he uplands emain la gely de o ed o o es y, ag o o es y, and
biodi e si y conse a ion ha a e i al o he ci y’s ecological s abili y and clima e esilience.
Maasin Ci y’s land use composi ion is p edominan ly ag icul u e, wi h pe ennial c oplands mainly coconu
plan a ions, abaca, and o he ee c ops occupying abou 61.27% o he o al land a ea acco ding o Na ional
Mapping and Resou ce In o ma ion Au ho i y (NAMRIA) landco e 2020 (see Table 8 and Fig. 15). Sh ubland
(conside ed as o es land a eas acco ding o Maasin Ci y LGU) is he nex la ges land co e ype, co e ing abou
26.23%, mos ly in upland a eas. Buil -up a eas, which include esiden ial, comme cial, and ins i u ional spaces,
accoun o abou (4.2%), concen a ed along he coas al Poblacion ba angays and selec ed g ow h cen e s.
Annual c oplands, la gely ice and o he seasonal c ops, occupy 3.95%, while g asslands co e 2.28%, o en used
o g azing o le idle. The ci y also main ains impo an coas al ecosys ems, wi h 242 hec a es (1.16%) o
mang o es p o iding ishe y esou ces and sho eline p o ec ion. This composi ion highligh s he dominance o
pe ennial c op-based ag icul u e, he g owing ex en o sh ublands, and he ela i ely small bu expanding
oo p in o buil -up a eas ha e lec Maasin’s g adual u baniza ion (mainly in as uc u e expansion) alongside
i s s ong dependence on ag icul u e and na u al ecosys ems.
Figu e 14: Topog aphy o Maasin
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using municipali y and ba angay adminis a i e bounda ies om Maasin LGU and ele a ion map
using DEM om As e (h ps://as e web.jpl.nasa.go /gdem.asp)
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Table 8: Maasin land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea
Land co e class
A ea (ha)
A ea (km2)
% Co e age
Open o es
146.79
1.47
0.7
Mang o e
242.73
2.43
1.16
Sh ubs
5496.12
54.96
26.23
Ba eland
0.9
0.01
0
G assland
476.55
4.77
2.28
Annual c opland
827.37
8.27
3.95
Pe ennial c opland
12837.33
128.37
61.27
Buil _up
878.76
8.79
4.2
Wa e
42.84
0.43
0.21
Sou ce: Resea che s’ cons uc using landco e da a om NAMRIA h ps://geopo al.go .ph/
Figu e 15: Land co e (2020) o Maasin
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using land co e da a om NAMRIA (h ps://geopo al.go .ph/)
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Figu e 16: Loca ion o enu ial ins umen a eas in Maasin
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using Tenu ial ins umen a eas bounda ies om Maasin Ci y LGU
3.3.3 Fo es change dynamics
Acco ding o he T opical Mois Fo es s (TMF) p oduc (Vancu sem e al., 2021) da ase s om 2000 o 2024,
Maasin’s undis u bed o es declined by abou 70%, wi h a loss o o e 10,000 hec a es (see Table 9). Du ing he
same pe iod, deg aded o es s inc eased by mo e han 7,200 hec a es, while de o es ed land expanded by abou
2,800 hec a es. Fo es eg ow h co e ed only 277 hec a es, pe manen wa e inc eased sligh ly by 2.6 hec a es,
and o he land co e dec eased by abou 179 hec a es. See Fig 17 o he 2024 o es s a us and Table 9 o he
s a is ics o change be ween 2000 and 2024.
Table 9: Maasin o es change dynamic a es om 2000 o 2024
Fo es change
dynamics
A ea 2000
(ha)
A ea 2024
(ha)
Change (2000 -
2024) (ha)
Annual a e
(ha/y )
Annual change
a e (%)
Undis u bed o es
14418.72
4281.84
-10136.88
-422.37
-2.93
Deg aded o es
1207.89
8412.03
7204.14
300.17
24.85
De o es ed land
2448.36
5279.58
2831.22
117.97
4.82
Fo es eg ow h
17.01
294.48
277.47
11.56
67.97
Pe manen wa e
42.48
45.09
2.61
0.11
0.26
O he land co e
3291.21
3112.65
-178.56
-7.44
-0.23
Sou ce: Resea che s’ cons uc using da a om h ps:// o obs.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/TMF/da a#downloads
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mang o es accoun o only (0.01%) along he coas acco ding o Na ional Mapping and Resou ce In o ma ion
Au ho i y (NAMRIA) landco e 2020 (see Table 11 and Fig. 21). Sh ublands co e (19.58%) and g asslands
(7.66%), much o which a e o me o es a eas ansi ioning in o deg aded lands. Ag icul u e is ex ensi e, wi h
pe ennial c oplands (p ima ily coconu ) occupying (20.33%) and annual c oplands (including ice and oo c ops)
co e ing (4.56%). Buil -up a eas emain ela i ely small making up (1.17%), concen a ed in he poblacion and
coas al ba angays, while wa e bodies co e 75.96 hec a es (0.42%). This land use pa e n highligh s he
ecological impo ance o Silago’s o es s and wa e sheds, he dominance o coconu -based ag icul u e, and he
p essu es o land deg ada ion and limi ed u ban expansion. I also unde sco es he need o sus ainable land
managemen and na u e-based solu ions o balance conse a ion, ood secu i y, and clima e esilience.
Figu e 21: Land co e (2020) o Silago
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using land co e da a om NAMRIA (h ps://geopo al.go .ph/)
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Table 11: Silago 2020 land co e co e age (ha and km2) and pe cen age o co e age o o al land a ea
Land co e class
A ea (ha)
A ea (km2)
% Co e age
Closed o es
1197.81
11.98
6.64
Open o es
7152.3
71.52
39.62
Mang o e
1.89
0.02
0.01
Sh ubs
3533.94
35.34
19.58
Ba eland
2.16
0.02
0.01
G assland
1381.59
13.82
7.66
Annual c opland
823.86
8.24
4.56
Pe ennial c opland
3671.1
36.71
20.33
Buil _up
211.77
2.12
1.17
Wa e
75.96
0.76
0.42
Sou ce: Resea che s’ cons uc using land co e da a om NAMRIA h ps://geopo al.go .ph/
3.4.3 Fo es change dynamics
Acco ding o he T opical Mois Fo es s (TMF) p oduc (Vancu sem e al., 2021) da ase s om 2000 o 2024,
Silago’s undis u bed o es was educed by abou 2,200 hec a es (see Table 12). Du ing he same pe iod,
deg aded o es s inc eased by mo e han 1,570 hec a es, while de o es ed land expanded by abou 137 hec a es.
Fo es eg ow h co e ed 1,231 hec a es, pe manen wa e inc eased sligh ly by 0.6 hec a es, and o he land
co e dec eased by abou 739 hec a es. See Fig 23 o he 2024 o es change map and Table 12 o he s a is ics
o change be ween 2000 and 2024.
Table 12: Silago o es change dynamic a es om 2000 o 2024
Fo es change
dynamics
A ea 2000
(ha)
A ea 2024
(ha)
Change (2000 -
2024) (ha)
Annual a e
(ha/y )
Annual change
a e (%)
Undis u bed o es
14244.93
12045.24
-2199.69
-91.65
-0.64
Deg aded o es
551.61
2122.74
1571.13
65.46
11.87
De o es ed land
1772.82
1909.44
136.62
5.69
0.32
Fo es eg ow h
20.07
1250.64
1230.57
51.27
255.47
Pe manen wa e
7.38
8.01
0.63
0.03
0.36
O he land co e
1877.04
1137.78
-739.26
-30.80
-1.64
Sou ce: Resea che s’ cons uc using da a om h ps:// o obs.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/TMF/da a#downloads
3.4.4 Cu en and u u e clima ic condi ions
Silago is highly exposed o clima e- ela ed haza ds such as yphoons, hea y ain all, loods, s o m su ges,
landslides, and sunamis. I s p e ailing clima e is Type II unde he Modi ied Co ona Classi ica ion (Co onas, 1920;
Co po al-Lodangco, Leslie 2017), cha ac e ized by he absence o a d y season and a p onounced ainy pe iod
om No embe o Feb ua y. The a e age annual empe a u e is 26.9°C, wi h minimal a ia ion ac oss he yea
(25.8°C–27.9°C mon hly), while p ecipi a ion is excep ionally high (3,724.2 mm) annually. Decembe and Janua y
a e he we es mon hs, ecei ing 583.9 mm and 486.3 mm o ain all, espec i ely, while July and Sep embe
a e ela i ely d ie , hough s ill we by global s anda ds, wi h 192.7 mm and 197.6 mm. His o ical da a indica e
inc easingly e a ic clima e pa e ns, wi h mo e ex eme ho and ainy seasons al eady a ec ing local li elihoods,
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ein o cing Silago’s classi ica ion as a consis en ly wa m and e y we opical ain o es zone. See clima e cha
(Zepne e al., 2021) in Fig. 24 depic ing he clima e si ua ion o Silago.
Based on clima e p ojec ions, Silago is expec ed o expe ience signi ican wa ming, wi h empe a u e inc eases
o up o 2.2°C by he 2050s, especially du ing he wa m-d y mon hs o Ap il and May. Rain all is p ojec ed o
decline du ing he d y season and inc ease du ing he we season, exace ba ing he isk o d ough s, looding,
and o he ex eme e en s. Inland a eas, whe e mos o es s a e loca ed, a e pa icula ly ulne able o hese
changes, while coas al zones ace h ea s om sea-le el ise and mo e in ense s o m su ges.
12
Figu e 22: Loca ion o enu ial ins umen a eas in Silago
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using Tenu ial ins umen a eas bounda ies om Silago LGU
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Figu e 23: Maasin Fo es change dynamic 2024
Sou ce: Resea ch eam cons uc using T opical Mois Fo es s (TMF) p oduc da ase s
(h ps:// o obs.j c.ec.eu opa.eu/TMF/da a#downloads)
3.4.5 Fu u e land use and o es - ela ed managemen isions
Silago’s u u e land use and o es managemen ision, as a icula ed in i s 2022 - 2032 Comp ehensi e Land Use
Plan (CLUP), is based on sus ainabili y, clima e esilience, and inclusi e de elopmen . Cen al o his ision is he
s eng hening o Communi y-Based Fo es Managemen (CBFM) p og ams, which a e ecognized as a
co ne s one o o es conse a ion while simul aneously enhancing he li elihoods o o es -dependen
communi ies (Cadiz e al., 2022). The municipali y seeks o build he capaci y o hese communi ies o sus ainably
manage o es esou ces, educe p essu es om ag icul u al expansion, and adop al e na i e li elihoods such
as ag o o es y, eco- ou ism, and o he clima e- esilien en e p ises. By in eg a ing local knowledge wi h
scien i ic o es managemen p ac ices, Silago aims o ensu e bo h ecological in eg i y and socio-economic
bene i s o i s popula ion.
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In pa allel wi h conse a ion, he municipali y places s ong emphasis on in eg a ed wa e shed managemen ,
ecognizing he c i ical ole o o es s in egula ing wa e supply and quali y. P o ec ing and expanding o es
co e is essen ial no only o biodi e si y bu also o aqui e echa ge, main aining sp ing lows, and educing
e osion, uno , and sil a ion, all o which a e i al o sus aining i iga ion sys ems and d inking wa e supplies.
To sa egua d hese ecological unc ions, land use egula ions shall s ic ly limi he con e sion o o es a eas in o
ag icul u e o se lemen s, pa icula ly in zones iden i ied as highly ulne able o looding, landslides, and s o m
su ges.
Figu e 24: Clima e cha showing mean p ecipi a ion and empe a u e in Silago om 1993 o 2022
Sou ce: h ps://clima echa s.ne /
Zoning and land classi ica ion se e as ano he co ne s one o he u u e ision. Silago in ends o s ic ly en o ce
zoning laws o p e en enc oachmen in o ecologically sensi i e a eas, while p io i izing he e o es a ion o
deg aded and agmen ed landscapes. A key p oposal is o ehabili a e and econnec isola ed o es pa ches,
pa icula ly along ecological co ido s and wa e shed a eas, o es o e ecosys em connec i i y and esilience.
The delinea ion o pe manen o es lines and he sys ema ic moni o ing o land con e sion a e also iewed as
essen ial s eps owa d main aining long- e m o es in eg i y.
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Gi en he p ojec ed impac s o clima e change including ising empe a u es, p olonged d y spells, and
in ensi ied ex eme wea he , Silago’s o es managemen s a egies shall inco po a e adap i e measu es. These
include e o es a ion using na i e and d ough - esis an species, he es ablishmen o i eb eaks and bu e
zones o mi iga e wild i e isks, and imp o ed o es i e su eillance and con ol sys ems. Sus ainable ha es ing
p ac ices shall be p omo ed o balance economic needs wi h ecological p o ec ion. In addi ion, he municipali y
plans o in es in mode n moni o ing sys ems, u ilizing emo e sensing and GIS echnologies o ack land co e
changes, de ec illegal logging, and moni o o es heal h in eal- ime.
Finally, he CLUP unde sco es he impo ance o en i onmen al educa ion, pa icipa o y go e nance, and
s akeholde engagemen in shaping he u u e o Silago’s o es s. By os e ing a sha ed sense o s ewa dship, he
municipali y en isions building a esilien landscape whe e o es s, wa e sheds, and ag icul u al a eas a e
managed in ha mony, ensu ing ha ecological sus ainabili y unde pins social and economic p og ess.
3.4.6 Cu en and po en ial u u e managemen challenges
The CLUP iden i ies se e al managemen challenges in Silago, pa icula ly in ela ion o o es conse a ion and
land use (Cadiz e al., 2022). One majo challenge is he ongoing p essu e om ag icul u al expansion in o
o es lands, d i en by he demand o mo e a ming space and he widesp ead es ablishmen o coconu
plan a ions, which o en become he inal land use a e o es clea ing. This is compounded by weak
en o cemen o land use egula ions, limi ed moni o ing capaci y, and insu icien coo dina ion among
go e nmen agencies and local s akeholde s. Addi ionally, oad cons uc ion and in as uc u e de elopmen
inc ease accessibili y o emo e o es a eas, accele a ing land con e sion and o es agmen a ion. Illegal
logging, hough less widesp ead, emains a conce n due o egional imbe sca ci y and limi ed li elihood op ions
o upland communi ies. These p essu es a e u he in ensi ied by clima e change impac s, such as inc eased
empe a u es and p olonged d y pe iods, which can educe o es p oduc i i y and inc ease i e isks. Add essing
hese challenges equi es s onge ins i u ional suppo , in eg a ed land use planning, communi y in ol emen ,
and enhanced clima e adap a ion s a egies.
4 Conclusion
In summa y, he ou s udy landscapes hus, Penablanca, Balasig Wa e shed, Maasin, and Silago sha e common
p essu es om ag icul u e and clima e- ela ed haza ds bu exhibi dis inc land use and clima ic cha ac e is ics.
Penablanca, an in e media e u al - u ban landscape, is hea ily o es ed, and li elihood sou ces mainly powe ed
by ag icul u e, qua ying, and eco- ou ism. I s clima e, wi h no dis inc we o d y season bu hea y ain all om
July o Oc obe . Balasig Wa e shed is also conside ed an in e media e u al-u ban a ea which is domina ed by
ag icul u e, wi h o e hal o i s land plan ed wi h co n and ice, which is also he majo li elihood sou ce o
locali ies. The wa e shed inc easingly expe iences si ua ions o d ough i espec i e o he con inuous we
pe iods and he condi ions o high ain all a iabili y and shi ing wea he pa e ns. Maasin, he mos u banized
landscape and p o incial capi al wi h 85,486 esiden s, has o e 65% o i s land a ea unde pe ennial c oplands
such as coconu , which is also a majo li elihood sou ce and places s ess on i s emaining o es s. I s clima e is
ma ked by i egula ain all pa e n, and exposu e o coas al haza ds such as s o m su ges and e osion. Silago,
by con as , is he smalles and conside ed a u al and he leas popula ed landscape amongs he ou s udy
landscapes. Silago is also domina ed wi h o es co e and has aces o pe ennial c opland (coconu ) expansion,
which is also a majo li elihood sou ce. Silago is also pa o ype II clima e zone, wi h no d y season and a
p onounced ainy pe iod om No embe o Feb ua y, making i highly exposed o yphoons, loods, and e en
sunamis.
Ac oss all ou landscapes, ag icul u e emains he main li elihood sou ce and d i e o land use change, and hey
all also ace simila haza ds including d ough s, yphoons, loods, and e en sunamis. Howe e , he di e ences
ac oss he ou landscapes p o ide an impo an basis o analysing a ied dynamics pe aining o deg ada ion
d i e s and ecosys em se ice p o ision and hei implica ion o u u e land use changes as well as di e en NBS
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implemen a ion pa e ns o ensu e a balanced conse a ion and imp o ed li elihood condi ions in di e en
loca ions o he Philippines and o he opical egions
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5 Re e ences
Cadiz, C., Jakosalem-Balane, J., Rojas, P., & Mancao, R. (2022). The Municipali y o Silago, Sou he n Ley e,
Philippines Case S udy: A Global B igh Spo o Land Use Planning Silago: A global b igh spo o land use
planning The Municipali y o Silago, Sou he n Ley e, Philippines Case S udy: A Global B igh Spo o Land
Use Planning 2 Silago: A global b igh spo o land use planning.
h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/273380530
Ci y o Maasin. (2016). Maasin The Comp ehensi e Land Use Plan- Maasin 2016 -2025.
Co onas, J. (1920). The clima e and wea he o he Philippines, 1903-1918, Me eo ological Di ision, Wea he
Bu eau, Manila Obse a o y. Manila; Bu eau o P in ing;
h ps://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philame /agh9000.0001.001/1
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