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ABOUT JUSTWIND4ALL
Jus Wind4All is a esea ch p ojec ha suppo s he accele a ion o on- and
o sho e wind ene gy, including eme ging wind echnologies like ai bo ne and
loa ing, h ough jus and e ec i e go e nance.
By in eg a ing insigh s om di e en academic disciplines and socie al
pe spec i es, we suppo syne gies and exchange among people and
o ganisa ions o coo dina e and pa icipa e in ac ions a ound wind ene gy
deploymen .
AUTHOR
K is ian Pe ick, Gosia Ma owska, S e anie Thoms, Helena Schmid
1000 B ussels, Belgium
k is ian.pe ick@ai bo newindeu ope.o g
www.ai bo newindeu ope.o g
Quo e as: Ai bo ne Wind Eu ope 2025, Secu ing local suppo o
Ai bo ne Wind Ene gy P ojec s – a guide o p ojec de elope s.
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Table o con en s
Table o con en s 4
1 In oduc ion 5
1.1 Backg ound 5
Ai bo ne Wind Ene gy 5
Resea ch basis and co-c ea ion ac i i ies 5
The e m “social accep ance” 6
1.2 Scope and Objec i e 6
2 AWE echnology: Unde s anding pe cep ions 8
2.1 Sa e y 8
2.2 Visual Impac s 11
2.3 Sound emissions 13
2.4 Ecological E ec s 15
2.5 A i udes and Pe cep ions 17
2.6 Si e Loca ion 19
3 AWE P ojec s: Ensu ing Communi y Engagemen 21
3.1 T ea communi y engagemen as a co e p ojec discipline 21
3.2 Engage Ea ly wi h Communi ies 22
Ea ly engagemen is easie said han done – he complexi y o inding he igh momen on
when o in ol e whom. 23
3.3 Iden i y Key S akeholde s and plan he engagemen p ocess well 24
Poli ical-S a egic Communica ion wi h Municipal Councils and Adminis a ion 25
3.4 Adap Engagemen o he Local Con ex 26
E en s o ganised o he Ene Kí e p ojec in Ke zin 27
Ki ek a has been engaging wi h he local communi y o Un e haching 28
3.5 O e Local Bene i s – o he ealis ically possible ex en gi en he s age o AWE
de elopmen 29
3.6 Ensu e anspa ency h ough ongoing communica ion 30
4 Conclusions 31
5 Annex 33
5.1 Checklis o o ganising a public e en (“open doo s e en ”) 33
5.2 Checklis o o ganising a smalle s akeholde mee ing 34
6 Re e ences 36
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1 In oduc ion
1.1 Backg ound
Ai bo ne Wind Ene gy
Ai bo ne Wind Ene gy (AWE) is an inno a i e enewable ene gy echnology ha uses e he ed
ki es o d ones o ha ness wind ene gy a al i udes up o 800m wi h e y low ma e ial inpu .
Ai bo ne Wind Eu ope is he associa ion ep esen ing he Ai bo ne Wind Ene gy (AWE) sec o
in Eu ope. I s membe s a e echnology and p ojec de elope s, uni e si ies, esea ch
ins i u es and supplie s om Ge many, F ance, I aly he Ne he lands, No way, Spain, F ance
and o he Eu opean coun ies.
Ai bo ne Wind Eu ope is he associa ion ep esen ing he AWE sec o in Eu ope.
Resea ch basis and co-c ea ion ac i i ies
This guide has been de eloped by Ai bo ne Wind Eu ope wi hin he Ho izon Eu ope p ojec
Jus Wind4All. I builds on he ou comes o se e al co-p oduc ion ac i i ies a ound he u u e
Ene Kí e es si e in Ke zin (B andenbu g, Ge many, see Box “E en s o ganised o Ke zin
p ojec ”). These ac i i ies in ol ed AWE companies, egional and local au ho i ies, NGOs,
na u e conse a ion g oups and ci izens.
The guide e e s ex ensi ely o h ee ecen key publica ions by Helena Schmid (TU Del ) and
colleagues, which p o ide he i s me hodologically sound esea ch on he social accep ance
o AWE:
• Schmid e al. (2022): Li e a u e e iew o The Social Accep ance o Ai bo ne Wind
Ene gy: A Li e a u e Re iew.
• Schmid e al. (2024): How do esiden s pe cei e ene gy-p oducing ki es? Compa ing
he communi y accep ance o an ai bo ne wind ene gy sys em and a wind a m in
Ge many
• Schmid e al. (2025): Explo ing Noise Annoyance and Sound Quali y o Ai bo ne Wind
Ene gy Sys ems: Insigh s om a Lis ening Expe imen .
Fu he mo e, indings and ecommenda ions om o he li e a u e, in e iews and
con e sa ions wi h expe s on social accep ance and p ojec de elopmen (see
acknowledgemen s) o e he ime ame o h ee yea s ha e gone in o his guide.
Ai bo ne Wind Ene gy Sys ems. Sou ce: Ai bo ne Wind Eu ope membe s
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The e m “social accep ance”
The e m social accep ance e e s o “a complex and dynamic p ocess in ol ing all ele an ac o s
and hei posi ions ac oss h ee in e - ela ed dimensions: he socio-poli ical, he communi y, and
he ma ke le el. […] Socio-poli ical accep ance e e s o he accep ance o he echnology and
ela ed policies by he gene al public, policymake s, and o he key s akeholde s. In con as ,
communi y accep ance desc ibes he deg ee o which pa icula si ing decisions and ene gy p ojec s
a e accep ed, especially by esiden s and local au ho i ies.” (Schmid e al., 2022).
The ocus o his Ene gy Read is on local communi ies and esiden s ha may be a ec ed
mo e di ec ly om an AWE ins alla ion; ne e heless, he wide public and ci izens a e also
conside ed ega ding ce ain, mo e gene al aspec s. While “social accep ance” may no be he
ideal e m – as i could be pe cei ed as ying o con ince someone o accep a ce ain
echnology – i is widely used in li e a u e and p ojec s.
1.2 Scope and Objec i e
The aim o his guide is o p o ide a p ac ical amewo k o s akeholde engagemen
in AWE p ojec s, explaining why i is essen ial, how i can be done jus and e ec i ely,
and wha has been achie ed so a . By combining insigh s om ma u e wind ene gy
p ojec s and ea ly expe iences in he AWE ield, we hope o suppo p ojec de elope s,
communi ies and policymake s in building us and os e ing accep ance o his eme ging
echnology.
AWE’s success ul deploymen depends no only on echnical easibili y and cos
compe i i eness bu also on social accep ance. AWE is a ising inno a i e enewable
ene gy echnology (iRET). Howe e , e en p ojec s ha a e economically and en i onmen ally
sound can ace signi ican delays o e en cancella ion i hey encoun e s ong communi y and
an i-wind opposi ion. Fo de elope s, in eg a ing social accep ance conside a ions om he
ou se is no jus ad isable, i is essen ial o he iabili y o hei p ojec s.
The e is ample expe ience wi h social accep ance o wind ene gy p ojec s which his
guide is building on. Howe e , conside ing ha AWE echnology is s ill la gely un amilia o
he gene al public and only a ew p ojec s ha e been implemen ed o da e, u he esea ch
is needed o unde s and how bes o engage communi ies. The e is a unique window o
oppo uni y o he AWE sec o o e he nex yea s o posi i ely shape he image and
pe cep ion ha he public and local communi ies will ha e o AWE.
This guide shall be seen as li ing documen . I is expec ed ha mo e insigh s on he social
accep ance o AWE will become a ailable o e he nex yea s as he echnology ma u es and
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mo e p ojec s will be implemen ed. In 1-2 yea s, he guide and i s ecommenda ions may be
e iewed and upda ed.
The ollowing sec ion 2 explains he key ac o s ha ha e been iden i ied o ha e an
impac on accep ance o he AWE echnology i sel and p o ides ecommenda ions mainly
o AWE echnology de elope s (O iginal Equipmen Manu ac u e s – OEMs) and esea che s.
Howe e , some insigh s a e also ele an o p ojec de elope s.
Sec ion 3 will hen ocus on he di e en s ages o p ojec de elopmen hus p o iding
mainly ecommenda ions o AWE p ojec de elope s.
Ene Kí e in B andenbu g, Ge many. Sou ce: Ene Kí e
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2 AWE echnology: Unde s anding
pe cep ions
Al hough AWE is a ela i ely new echnology, a g owing numbe o s udies a e
discussing how i is pe cei ed by he public. In a comp ehensi e e iew, Schmid and
colleagues (2022) iden i ied six key ac o s p oposed by he AWE li e a u e o in luence social
accep ance: sa e y, isual impac , noise, loca ion, ecological e ec s and o e all a i udes and
pe cep ions. These ac o s a e p ima ily ela ed o he AWE echnology, no necessa ily o he
p ojec de elopmen s ages.
2.1 Sa e y
Sa e y conce ns abou AWE sys ems depend on he ype o sys em and how i ope a es.
Se e al s udies in he e iewed li e a u e assumed ha people migh be conce ned abou he
sa e y o hese sys ems, and ha such conce ns could a y based on he speci ic echnology
used. One publica ion (Paulig, 2013) sugges ed ha so -wing ki es may be pe cei ed as sa e
han ixed-wing o hyb id-wing designs because hey a e made om ligh e ma e ials.
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Ano he
s udy (Abba e, 2019) no ed ha he me hod o elec ici y gene a ion could in luence
pe cep ions o sa e y. In pa icula , ly-gen sys ems, which gene a e elec ici y in he ai , migh
aise conce ns abou mo ing elec ic cables o e head. An addi ional pape (Paulig, 2013)
assumed ha AWE sys ems could be ega ded as a po en ial h ea o con en ional a ia ion,
especially by pilo s and a ia ion au ho i ies.
Despi e hese assump ions, ac ual public conce n abou AWE sa e y appea s o be
ela i ely low. One publica ion (Schmid e al. 2024) con ains he mos in-dep h social
accep ance analysis o an AWE deploymen si e, discussing in de ail he esul s om a su ey
conduc ed wi h esiden s li ing wi hin 5km o SkySails’ AWE es si e in Klixbüll (Schleswig-
Hols ein, Ge many). The s udy ound ha pa icipan s only pe cei ed minimal sa e y isks
associa ed wi h AWE, and hei conce ns abou he local AWE si e we e no s onge han o
local con en ional wind a ms. Sa e y conce ns did no ela e o people's a i udes owa ds
he local AWE p ojec . In con as , indi iduals who exp essed highe le els o conce n abou
he sa e y o adi ional wind a ms ended o be mo e nega i e owa ds nea by wind u bines.
Howe e , people who had mo e conce ns abou AWE sa e y in gene al we e less suppo i e
o he echnology o e all.
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So -wing ki es use lexible ab ic and look like la ge ki esu ing ki es o pa aglide s. Fixed-wing ki es ha e
(semi-) igid wings and can look simila o glide ai planes o d ones. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see
h ps://ai bo newindeu ope.o g/ou - echnology-2
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The publica ion u he e ealed ha speci ic sa e y conce ns abou AWE sys ems
ela e o bo h he isk o echnical ailu es and he possibili y o causing acciden s o
dis up ions in he su ounding a ea. Some indi iduals we e wo ied abou he possibili y o
he e he snapping, which could cause he ki e o c ash o d i away. O he s ea ed ha he
ki e could collide wi h an ai c a , pa icula ly gi en ha he sys em in Klixbüll was loca ed
close o a local eme gency helicop e ope a ion. I was no able ha many people we e
unawa e o exis ing sa e y measu es, such as he es ablishmen o a no- ly zone a ound he
sys em and sa e y a angemen s such as s ic coo dina ion p ocedu es wi h he helicop e
se ice ope a o . Conce ns we e also aised abou po en ial g ound-le el inciden s. The e we e
ea s ha he ki e could dis ac d i e s, ei he by d awing a en ion away om he oad o by
causing people o slow down suddenly, which could inc ease he isk o acciden s. I was also
men ioned ha AWE sys ems migh be mo e dange ous in densely popula ed a eas. While
sa e y bu e zones a ound he sys ems we e gene ally app ecia ed, us a ion was exp essed
o e access oads being blocked du ing ce ain pe iods o ope a ion.
Finally, indings ac oss se e al s udies (Salma, 2019) highligh he alue o
communica ion and sa e y p o ocols o social accep ance. Mos pa icipan s iewed AWE
sys ems as compa able in sa e y o con en ional wind u bines, al hough his pe cep ion may
be in luenced by limi ed echnical unde s anding – he e a e isks s emming om lying,
e he ed objec s bu hese isks can be la gely minimised and mi iga ed. These insigh s
unde line he impo ance o communica ion wi h he local communi y and wide public so
ha hey a e ully in o med and awa e abou he a ious, speci ic sa e y measu es ha a e
being aken AWE companies. In he case o SkySails in Klixbüll, all o he p oposed measu es
lis ed below we e implemen ed. Howe e , he ac ha esponden s we e unawa e o his
mean ha hei conce ns could no be alle ia ed, despi e ull compliance wi h all sa e y
measu es. Fu he communica ion wi h he communi y – which ook place a e he s udy –
in ended o add ess hese conce ns.
Recommenda ions:
• Gi e sa e y o s a and people highes p io i y.
o De ine, apply and cons an ly e iew sa e y p ocedu es
o Ensu e s ic compliance wi h a ia ion and ene gy sec o s anda ds
• Adhe e o he Key Sa e y P inciples o ope a ion o expe imen al and
de elopmen al AWE sys ems ha we e es ablished by he AWE sec o in 2020 and
signed by he AWE de elope s (AWEU, 2020). The aim is o minimise he isk o a
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Recommenda ions:
• Comply wi h and ideally exceed En i onmen al Impac Assessmen (EIA)
equi emen s. Fo example, commission p o essional bi d moni o ing se ices
including e ie al and coun ing o dead bi ds e en i his may no be equi ed o each
p ojec . Also ain on-si e s a on how o de ec bi d collisions and o deal wi h inju ed
o killed bi ds.
• Ca y ou es s app o ed and s ic ly supe ised by o ni hologis s in bi d-
a luen a eas o s udy how bi ds eac o AWES. This was sugges ed in he
Jus Wind4All wo kshop on en i onmen al impac s by bi d and en i onmen al expe s
(see Box “E en s o ganised o Ke zin p ojec ”) acknowledging he unique ad an age
o AWE sys ems ha hey can be quickly se up and emo ed again. These es s should
be limi ed in ime, making use o he unique bene i o AWE sys ems ha hey can be
se up and decommissioned quickly.
• Sha e in o ma ion and epo s o inc ease he knowledge and basis o e idence
(see compila ion o publicly a ailable epo s on he AWEU websi e (AWEU, 2023)). Fo
example, i se e al p ojec s can p o e ha all ype o ki e sys ems do no ha e any
conside able impac on ba s, u u e p ojec s may be exemp om ca ying ou ba -
speci ic impac assessmen s, a leas o si es ha a e no speci ic ba habi a s.
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2.5 A i udes and Pe cep ions
O e all, he public is no widely awa e o AWE ye . In 2023 and 2024, a ques ion on AWE
was included in he annual su ey on social accep ance o enewable ene gies conduc ed by
he Ge man Renewable Ene gy Agency (AEE). The esul s we e e y simila in bo h yea s, and
hey con i med wha Ai bo ne Wind Eu ope expe iences a e en s, ai s, con e ences and
webina s: No e en a hi d o he people a e awa e o AWE (see E o ! Re e ence sou ce no
ound.). Bu abou 40% o he people exp ess in e es e en hough hey ha e ne e hea d
abou he echnology, showing ha he i s pe cep ion is la gely posi i e.
Awa eness abou and in e es in AWE in Ge many (AEE, 2024)
Public a i udes owa d AWE e lec a mix o exci emen , cau ion, and cu iosi y. In he
empi ical s udy by Schmid and colleagues (2024), quali a i e esponses p o ided u he
insigh in o hese a i udes. Those who held somewha o e y posi i e iews o he local AWES
ended o see he echnology as inno a i e, unique, and p omising. They highligh ed i s
enewable na u e and i s po en ial o educe eliance on nuclea powe and ossil uels, o en
no ing i s ela i ely low impac on people and he en i onmen compa ed o exis ing ene gy
echnologies.
On he o he hand, hose wi h neu al o nega i e iews we e mo e scep ical. They saw
he AWE sys em p ima ily as a es o expe imen al p ojec , wi h some e en dismissing i as
play. They doub ed i s po en ial con ibu ion o he b oade ene gy ansi ion. In e es ingly,
e en among suppo e s, he e was some unce ain y abou he ac ual ene gy ou pu and
e ec i eness o he echnology. This unde lines he impo ance o e idence-based
communica ion and eal-wo ld pe o mance da a o build c edibili y and in o med suppo .
In addi ion, ce ain blog pos s (Kenwa d, 2014) and a icles exhibi s ong nega i e opinions
abou AWE.
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Recommenda ions:
• Seeing is belie ing – people a e a ac ed o angible p oduc s. This is why in i ing
isi o s o es si es – as being done by mos AWE companies – is so impo an . The
mo e si es a e a ailable, he easie i will become o people o expe ience AWE
sys ems i s hand. Exposing ki es a ai s, he AWEC (like a he AWEC 2024 in Mad id),
o e en in on o he Eu opean Pa liamen in May 2025, a e impo an o ge media
co e age.
• Sha e pe o mance da a and in o ma ion on achie emen s in AWE de elopmen .
People do unde s and ha a new echnology canno p o ide op pe o mance om
he e y beginning. Bu sha ing da a, being anspa en on exis ing challenges and
gaps, and p o iding ealis ic imelines o o e come hem will c ea e us in he
echnology and he sec o .
• Educa e abou AWE's capaci y o complemen exis ing enewable echnologies,
mee ene gy ansi ion a ge s, inc ease ene gy secu i y and con ibu e o a new
indus y in Eu ope. As s udies ha e shown he la ge po en ial o AWE, i is impo an
o communica e he mid- and long- e m oppo uni ies and po en ials ha he sec o
can o e .
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2.6 Si e Loca ion
The loca ion o AWE sys ems may also be linked o public pe cep ion and accep ance o
he echnology. Some au ho s sugges ed ha social accep ance can di ec ly in luence how
many sys ems a e placed in a gi en a ea. I a communi y is suppo i e, o example, mo e
space migh be made a ailable o ins alla ions (Malz, 2020).
Howe e , his iew may o e simpli y hings. E en hough wind ene gy gene ally enjoys
b oad public suppo , indi idual communi ies can s ill oppose a local p ojec , especially i hey
eel le ou o he decision-making p ocess o ha i was no handled ai ly (Bell, 2005). Issues
like ai ness, anspa ency and how he local communi y is in ol ed, o en make a big
di e ence in whe he a p ojec is welcomed o esis ed.
The e a e also many possible si e-speci ic conce ns. Fo example, people o en discuss
how wind ene gy p ojec s, migh a ec ou ism, wildli e, ag icul u e and ec ea ional ac i i ies
(Bell, 2005). Al hough hese conce ns a e well documen ed o con en ional wind a ms, he e
is s ill e y li le esea ch on how AWE migh impac hese a eas.
When i comes o sa e y, he e iewed li e a u e ecommended placing AWE es si es
in emo e a eas o educe isks o he public. The a ia ion sec o has also exp essed
conce ns, iewing AWE sys ems as a po en ial sa e y issue. One unique challenge is ha a
mal unc ion o an AWE de ice can lead o a c ash. A bes , hey can be guided o land sa ely,
bu people migh be wo ied abou eliabili y, especially while he echnology is s ill being
es ed and clea egula ions and p oduc s anda ds a e no ye in place.
One s udy (Schmid e al., 2024) ound ha when asked di ec ly, people p e e ed AWE
sys ems o be ins alled u he away om homes. Howe e , no di ec link could be
obse ed be ween dis ance o he local AWE p ojec and accep ance: ha is, people who li ed
close o he p ojec we e no necessa ily less accep ing o i . In popula ed a eas, some
pa icipan s sugges ed ha ope a ions should be limi ed o day ime hou s o educe
dis up ion. When asked abou p e e ed loca ions o comme cial AWE p ojec s, esponden s
mos ly chose ag icul u al land. O sho e loca ions we e he second mos popula choice,
ollowed by unp o ec ed na u al a eas, he edges o owns, and hen mo e emo e egions
like dese s, o es s, moun ains o s e ches o unde eloped coas line. A ew people sugges ed
placing AWE sys ems whe e o he enewables canno be deployed o combining hem wi h
sola a ms. Cu iously, a small numbe e en p oposed moun ing hem on oo ops o all
buildings, howe e , hese esponden s also epo ed being una ec ed by isual o noise
impac s o he local AWES.
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Recommenda ions:
• A oid de elopmen in p o ec ed a eas such as Na u a 2000 si es. These a eas a e
designa ed o sa egua d Eu ope’s mos aluable and h ea ened species and habi a s,
and any de elopmen wi hin hem is subjec o s ic pe mi ing p ocedu es unde he
EU Habi a s Di ec i e (Eu opean Commission, 2025). The po en ial isks o nega i e
impac s on biodi e si y as well as epu a ional damage (no only o he speci ic
p ojec bu o he en i e AWE sec o ) ou weigh he po en ial bene i s o p oducing
enewable ene gy in hese egions. While u u e deploymen may become possible
once he en i onmen al impac s o AWE sys ems, pa icula ly on bi ds and ba s, a e
be e unde s ood and i he e is s ong local communi y suppo , such de elopmen
mus be app oached wi h cau ion.
• P io i ise ea ly and anspa en communi y engagemen e.g. by sha ing clea and
accessible in o ma ion on how he echnology wo ks, expec ed noise le els, sa e y
measu es and isual impac s. Fo mo e de ails, see nex sec ion.
SkySails in Klixbüll, Ge many. Sou ce: SkySails
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3 AWE P ojec s: Ensu ing Communi y
Engagemen
Renewable ene gy p ojec de elopmen ypically ollows se e al es ablished s eps:
easibili y s udy, si e selec ion, en i onmen al impac assessmen s and pe mi ing, de ailed
design, inancing, cons uc ion and ope a ion and moni o ing (Esposi o, 2024). A each o
hese s ages, public pe cep ion and communi y engagemen can in luence imelines, cos s,
and o e all success.
Du ing he easibili y and si e selec ion phase, public a i udes may de e mine which
loca ions can be conside ed iable, less om a echnical o en i onmen al s andpoin bu
om a social one. Communi y inpu is o en o mally equi ed du ing pe mi ing and
en i onmen al e iew. I conce ns a e no add essed ea ly, opposi ion may escala e, leading
o delays o legal challenges (Buchmay , 2021).
As p ojec s mo e in o design and cons uc ion, clea communica ion and esponsi eness
o conce ns such as land use, isual impac , ecological e ec s, sa e y, o noise, can p e en
backlash and os e local goodwill. This app oach should con inue du ing he ope a ion and
main enance phase (O&M), whe e ongoing anspa ency and esponsi eness o eme ging
issues a e key o main aining us . Planning o esponsible decommissioning om he
beginning also demons a es long- e m accoun abili y and espec o communi y and
en i onmen .
To imp o e he chances o success ul deploymen and long- e m communi y suppo ,
AWE p ojec de elope s should conside he ollowing ecommenda ions. They a e no
necessa ily AWE-speci ic and ake in o conside a ion bes -p ac ices om he wind sec o and
o he enewable ene gy p ojec s.
3.1 T ea communi y engagemen as a co e p ojec
discipline
Plan and alloca e ime and budge o key engagemen componen s om he ou se .
This includes s a ing ( o planning, s akeholde iden i ica ion, pa icipa ion in e en s, and
moni o ing), o ganizing e en s (such as wo kshops, si e isi s, o in o ma ion e en s), and
ensu ing app op ia e communica ion ma e ials and channels (including websi es, p in ed
ma e ials, ideos and social media). Communi y engagemen should hus be a undamen al
pa o p ojec de elopmen jus like enginee ing, pe mi ing, o inancing which inc eases he
long- e m alue o he p ojec .
22
See he communi y as hos , you a e he gues : Expe ience om o he p ojec s show [IEA
Task 62] ha p ojec de elope s should ha e he mindse ha he communi y whe e he
p ojec is buil is uly conside ed as hos who will only welcome you i you ea hem
acco dingly. Recognising he icini y o a communi y as hei “backya d” o “home” is a ma e
o espec and decency when app oaching a new communi y.
In ol e ex e nal expe s such as acili a o s o media o s, pa icula ly in con ex s whe e
sensi i i ies o complex local dynamics a e p esen . Fo example, in he AWE p ojec in Ke zin,
se e al independen ins i u es (Neuland Qua ie , IÖW, IKEM) and he indus y body Ai bo ne
Wind Eu ope we e engaged o suppo he p ocess.
3.2 Engage Ea ly wi h Communi ies
Social science li e a u e on wind ene gy p ojec s (e.g. Lü hi, 2021) ecommends
in ol ing he local communi y ea ly on he p ocess. I highligh s ha communi y
accep ance hinges on p ocedu al jus ice - a ai , open and inclusi e decision-making p ocess. I
can educe backlash as su p ises la e in he p ocess o en lead o opposi ion. Mo eo e , local
knowledge can be inco po a ed as esiden s can lag po en ial social, en i onmen al o
cul u al conce ns ha he p ojec de elope may no be awa e o . Communi y inpu may e en
imp o e he p ojec ’s layou and gene al design which can u he imp o e accep ance. I also
a oids spending ime and money on pe mi ing p ocesses wi h he isk ha he p ojec may
ge ejec ed by he hos communi y.
4
Howe e , be o e engaging mo e b oadly wi h he local communi y, he ollowing poin s
should be answe ed wi h a con iden yes, using public in o ma ion whe e possible:
• Is i sa e o ope a e he sys em wi hou lying o e oads, ailways, o o he
in as uc u e?
• A e he e no p o ec ed a eas o endange ed species?
• A e he e no ai space es ic ions (e.g. ai po s o hospi als close by)?
• Is he e a g id connec ion possible?
• A e he e in as uc u e p ojec s (e.g. wind o sola p ojec s, oads, buildings, powe
lines) planned on o close o he po en ial plo s?
• How many landowne s a e he e; can hey be iden i ied and would hey be willing o
hos an AWE p ojec ?
In case a ew i s indi idual con e sa ions a e necessa y, e.g. wi h s a om he municipali y
o egional adminis a ion, i should be made clea ha i is s ill abou a p ojec idea in he
ini ial easibili y e alua ion phase.
4
I should be no ed, howe e , ha a pe mi canno no mally be denied a bi a ily by he municipali y. Rejec ion is only
possible i he p ojec con lic s wi h he zoning plan o o he signi ican and legally egula ed easons. The e o e, he
p ojec is no au oma ically a isk, no is he in es men necessa ily was ed. Tha said, i is o cou se ad isable o gain he
municipali y’s suppo and os e good coope a ion, as con lic s usually lead o addi ional cos s, delays, and a mo e
di icul p ojec de elopmen p ocess.
23
Ea ly engagemen is easie said han done – he complexi y o inding he igh
momen on when o in ol e whom.
Finding he igh momen and app oach which pe son o s akeholde g oup equi es a good
analysis o he speci ic si ua ion. This is demons a ed in he ollowing example om he
Jus Wind4All p ojec in Ke zin:
Ene Kí e as p ojec de elope and he po en ial clien e.disna u discussed whe e a
demons a ion p ojec could be loca ed. The clien p oposed a loca ion close o hei own
acili ies in Ke zin whe e hey could use he elec ici y o sel -consump ion (in his case close
o hei biomass plan ). The e we e se e al open ields wi h ew ees whe e he ki e would
no ly o e oads o in as uc u e.
In heo y, ha ing iden i ied a po en ial loca ion, i was he i s momen in he p ocess
whe e he local communi y could be made awa e o he p ojec idea. People li ing close
o he loca ion could be app oached wi h he in o ma ion: “We ha e iden i ied his in e es ing
loca ion o an AWE p ojec , we would like o u he in es iga e i and alk o you abou i .”
Howe e , a his s age, i was no known ye i he landowne s would ag ee, no i he e
we e any es ic ions in e ms o pe mi ing, no any special local ci cums ances. I
ques ions a e aised on hese issues (“I know he landowne , she may no gi e he land”, o
“You didn’ know ha he e is a special bi d in his a ea? You could ha e known his by asking
he en i onmen al o ice”), he p ojec de elope would ha e no answe . People would be le
unsa is ied because o oo many unknowns.
Ene Kí e spen conside able ime o secu e he land. The landowne o he ini ially
iden i ied si e was no esponsi e and e en ually declined. E en ually an ag eemen could be
achie ed wi h owne s o neighbou ing ields.
Ene Kí e also p e e ed ge ing (p elimina y) pe mi s and app o als om he au ho i y
o ci il wo ks, ci il a ia ion au ho i y and en i onmen al au ho i ies (building pe mi ,
en i onmen al pe mi , ai space pe mi ) gi en he inno a i e na u e o he p ojec . P ojec
pa ne e.disna u also saw he isk o bad p ess and “unnecessa y exci emen ” in he
communi y i he p ojec would ha e un he isk o be cancelled in he adminis a i e p ocess.
I ook se e al mon hs o ensu e ha he mos impo an pe mi s could be achie ed e en i
hey we e no ully g an ed ye .
The e o e, i was decided o no ye in o m local ci izens and only once he p ojec had
easonable chances o success. A he local JW4A s akeholde wo kshop wi h he mayo , his
app oach was con i med o be app op ia e.
In he Box “E en s o ganised o Ke zin p ojec ” he sequence o communica ion and ou each
e en s is desc ibed in mo e de ail.
24
3.3 Iden i y Key S akeholde s and plan he engagemen
p ocess well
I is a conside able e o o iden i y he local and egional s akeholde s. No only is i
necessa y o unde s and he di e en le els o au ho i ies and o ganisa ions ha should be
o ha e an in e es o be in ol ed bu also o ge a easonably good idea who a e he key
pe sons o alk o. This equi es nume ous phone calls, emails and mee ings.
S akeholde s include he ollowing g oups, mo e o less shown in he o de o how hey should
be con ac ed and ge in ol ed (see mo e on he igh iming below):
● Landowne s: This includes landowne s whe e he g ound s a ion(s) would be loca ed
as well as a eas ha would be lewn o e . Wi hou hei willingness o coope a e, a
p ojec will no happen.
● Municipal Councils and Adminis a ion: Once i is clea ha he p ojec could in
heo y be ealised, i is ad isable o ake a op-down app oach when s a ing he
engagemen wi h he local communi y by in ol ing i s only a small numbe o
po en ial decision make s, i.e. he mayo , he ci y council and o he local au ho i ies.
They know hei communi y and a e commonly also in cha ge o wha e e is decided
o he communi y. I au ho i ies u n ou o be oo c i ical o no su icien ly
coope a i e, his can usually only be esol ed wi h poli ical suppo
I is also ad isable o iden i y a kind o “local leade ” — a pe son wi h signi ican
in luence in he communi y — and win hei suppo o he p ojec . Such a igu e can,
in u n, exe a posi i e in luence on key decision-make s, such as he mayo o he
municipal council. Fo mo e ecommenda ions see box below.
● Public Au ho i ies: Be o e a po en ial si e can be communica ed wi h he local
communi y, i may al eady be possible and e en ad isable o cla i y speci ic opics o
he pe mi ing p ocess o o explo e ini ial eac ions wi h egional (non-local)
s akeholde s on how AWE would be pe cei ed in he wide egion. Regional a ia ion
au ho i y, egional spa ial planning au ho i y, au ho i y o en i onmen : In cases
whe e he e a e c i ical ques ions o be cla i ied in speci ic a eas o he pe mi ing
p ocess, ce ain egional (non-local) au ho i ies may al eady be con ac ed ea lie .
● Ene gy / en i onmen al agencies and NGOs: Regional o local agencies/compe ence
cen es o clima e and ene gy, na u e and bi d p o ec ion agencies, en i onmen al
NGOs
● Residen s ha li e closes o he po en ial si e: E en hough esea ch shows ha
accep ance o a wind ins alla ion is no necessa ily di ec ly co ela ed wi h he
dis ance, i is ecommendable o ac i ely ge in con ac wi h he closes neighbou s
who a e mo e likely o be a ec ed by seeing o hea ing he AWE sys em. Be o e doing
so, he local ci y council should be consul ed o ge an unde s anding o he
25
neighbou hood and a oid su p ises. Ensu e esiden s eel hea d and alued, as his
signi ican ly educes annoyance and esis ance.
● Local s akeholde g oups: Ene gy communi ies, associa ions, clubs, ( olun a y) i e
b igades, ou ism o ice, o he local ci izen ini ia i es. Thei ne wo ks can help
inc easing awa eness abou he p ojec and iden i ying po en ial pain poin s.
● The local public: “No mal ci izens” li ing in he local communi y. Many will be
indi e en o an AWE p ojec , o he s will welcome i and he e may be indi iduals o
g oups ha a e agains i .
● Resea ch: Uni e si ies and ins i u es dealing wi h ene gy and social accep ance migh
be in ol ed as well o accompany he p ojec .
Poli ical-S a egic Communica ion wi h Municipal Councils and Adminis a ion
Accep ance wi hin municipal councils and adminis a ions is a decisi e success ac o o
AWE p ojec s. Wi hou he suppo o hese ac o s, p ojec s can ace signi ican delays o
e en be s opped en i ely. S a egic engagemen wi h municipal decision-make s should
he e o e be ea ed as a dedica ed wo ks eam om he e y s a o he p ojec .
Recommenda ions:
• Iden i y ea ly on who si s on he ele an commi ees (e.g. cons uc ion, en i onmen ,
inance), who he key decision-make s in he council a e, and who holds in o mal
in luence.
• Engage councillo s and adminis a i e leade s in sui able o ma s (commi ee
mee ings, pa y g oup discussions, one-on-one mee ings) be o e public deba es begin.
• Clea ly demons a e he conc e e bene i s o he municipali y: con ibu ion o clima e
a ge s, ene gy independence, economic a ac i eness, addi ional e enues, o
egional alue c ea ion.
• Iden i y local issues ha can be linked o he p ojec . This includes e iewing local
p ess, speaking wi h key indi iduals, and moni o ing ele an discussions on social
media.
• Assess he la es public opinions owa ds you AWE p ojec o he ene gy ansi ion in
gene al. This will help you choose he igh communica ion s a egy — whe he i
should be p ima ily in o ma i e, mo e ac ical, o a mix o bo h.
• Communica e on an equal oo ing, espec municipal decision-making logic, and
connec he p ojec o exis ing s a egies (e.g. clima e ac ion plans, u ban de elopmen
s a egies).
• Build us h ough egula , anspa en upda es, and be open abou bo h
oppo uni ies and po en ial challenges.
A a ge ed and well-p epa ed dialogue wi h he igh municipal decision-make s — based on
an in o med unde s anding o cu en public sen imen — g ea ly inc eases he likelihood
ha he p ojec will no only be app o ed, bu also be poli ically suppo ed and i mly
ancho ed in he communi y o e he long e m.
32
h oughou he p ojec li ecycle, om easibili y and pe mi ing h ough cons uc ion and
ope a ion. This includes ea ly, inclusi e, and con ex -sensi i e communica ion and
engagemen wi h communi ies and key s akeholde s, ailo ed o local in as uc u e,
alues, and p io i ies, ideally o e ing angible local and long- e m bene i s such as jobs,
economic pa icipa ion, in es men , o educa ional pa ne ships.
In sho , communi y engagemen as a co e p ojec discipline is key o a smoo h
p ojec implemen a ion and las ing accep ance o AWE p ojec s.
Ki epowe in Bango E is, I eland. Sou ce: Ki epowe
33
5 Annex
5.1 Checklis o o ganising a public e en (“open doo s
e en ”)
P epa a o y ac i i ies include:
Iden i y key s akeholde s
P epa e in i a ion mailing lis s and pos ing/publica ion op ions, including pe sonal
in i a ions o key s akeholde s (mayo , licensing au ho i y, e c.)
C ea e in i a ion email / in i a ion lye / p ess elease and de ine iming o elease
In i e media
O ganise ca e ing
Hold su icien numbe o eam b ie ing sessions
De elop eme gency plan: In o m police, i e b igade, public o de o ice
C ea e an FAQ on he p ojec as a basis o he c ea ion o communica ion ools and
language ules
C ea e p ojec isuals / simpli ied isual appea ance
C ea e heme islands and design pos e s o heme islands: in o ma ion on pos e s
p esen ed on mo able sc eens/walls du ing he e en , se up by opics (p ojec ,
echnology, en i onmen ) wi h 1-2 expe s answe ing ques ions o he isi o s.
In o ma ion sc eens abou EKEleVa e p ojec in Ke zin. Sou ce: Ene Kí e
34
5.2 Checklis o o ganising a smalle s akeholde
mee ing
P oposed o ma : Wo ld Ca é. O he o ma s a e possible. In he case o Ke zin, he
ques ions we e posed in an open discussion as he e we e no enough pa icipan s o a
Wo ld Ca é.
P epa a ion / pa ame e s:
● 60 minu es
● 3-4 ables add essing 3 key ques ions
● 12-15 min discussion a each able, max. 5 min p esen a ion o key esul s o each
able by mode a o s
● The las 12-15 minu es a e dedica ed o he mode a o s o each able p esen ing he
key indings o each able in 2 o 3 minu es max
● Tools: 1 lipcha pape pe able, se e al ma ke s pe able, pos -i s
● Ques ionnai es and pens, p in ou ques ions and b ing hem wi h you
In oduc ion:
- Explain he o ma
- Ask o speaking ime o max. 1.5 min a he beginning
- Ask i pa icipan s a e you al eady amilia wi h ai bo ne wind ene gy, o example
om p e ious e en s?
- Maybe ask how impo an is local powe supply independen o impo s? (ene gy
sel -su icien / ene gy au onomous?)
- Show and compa e wi h igu es o Ge many, see su ey om Ge man Renewable
Ene gy Agency
Table 1: Conce ns/ Wo ies: Wha conce ns do you ha e abou he speci ic p ojec in
[Si e/loca ion name] (i you ha e any conce ns)?
● Wha we e you i s hough s when you hea d abou he p ojec ? ( a he
chances, conce ns, wishes) - quan i a i ely que y - ini ia e able
● Ha e you had any nega i e expe iences wi h local ene gy p ojec s and a e you
wo ied ha hey could happen again?
● A e you wo ied abou he impac o he p ojec on you o he en i onmen ?
○ Ha e ce ain hough s o wo ies become en enched o ha e new ones
a isen?
○ How did hose a ound you pe cei e he p ojec ?
● How do you pe cei e he communica ion and he planning p ocess? Do you ha e
he eeling ha you ha e been in ol ed in he planning?
Table 2: Oppo uni ies: Whe e do you see oppo uni ies o wha would you ind
in e es ing o see?
35
● Do you see oppo uni ies in ene gy being p oduced locally in you municipali y?
● Do you see po en ial in he echnology o local economic g ow h and jobs?
● Wha oppo uni ies do you see o he image and awa eness o you municipali y?
Do you see po en ial o ai bo ne wind ene gy as a ligh house p ojec ?
● Would you be in e es ed in inancing models o he echnology in which ci izens
can pa icipa e in he u u e ( his is no possible wi h he cu en p ojec , as i is a
esea ch p ojec )?
Table 3: Wishes o u u e AWE p ojec s. Wha should u u e AWE p ojec s conside ?
● Which local condi ions should be aken in o accoun by planne s?
● Wha ac o s a e impo an o you o pe cei e he planning o a local ene gy p ojec
as ai ?
● Wha do you hink o inancial bene i s, e.g. elec ici y a i s o esiden s?
● Can you imagine making a di ec inancial con ibu ion o ai bo ne wind ene gy
p ojec s?
● Wha needs o be done o ensu e ha you ha e con idence in he company and in
he municipali y in he planning p ocess?
Table 4: Measu es o p omo e a posi i e pe cep ion o AWE. Wha should be done o
ensu e ha he local communi y see he echnology posi i ely?
● Wha could be done speci ically in he planning p ocess so ha he people wan o
suppo AWE?
● Wha kind o communica ion could a ouse you in e es in he p ojec ?
36
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Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s wish o exp ess hei g a i ude o he ollowing pe sons o hei con ibu ions,
ad ise and suppo in he cou se o he p ojec . We also hank all he pa icipan s o he
online and in-pe son wo kshops and e en s o hei inpu , guidance and cons uc i e
eedback.
Helena Schmid , TU Del
Nicole Allgaie , Ene Kí e GmbH
Daniel Busse, SkySails Powe
Julia Wi maye , DRIFT
Sabine Hielsche , IÖW
Ana Miljano ic Rusan, RGI
Anika Nicolaas Ponde , IKEM
John As on, As oneco / IEA Task 62
Gundula Hübne , Ma in-Lu he -
Uni e si ä Halle-Wi enbe g
Michael K iege , mk iege UG
Bjö n Rohde-Ga mann, wpd
Anika Nicolaas Ponde and Paula Scholz,
IKEM
Sabine Hielsche , IÖW (Pa ne JW4A)
Ka in Mußho , Mayo Ke zin/ Ha el
40
