Q2 Q3 Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable oad
b idge managemen
1Ana MandićI anko ićPhD
Q4 Ci il Enginee ing Depa men , Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing,
Uni e si y o Zag eb, Zag eb, C oa ia (O cid:0000-0001-9411-8621)
2
Q5 Al ed S auss Dipl.-Ing., PhD
Associa e P o esso , Ins i u e o S uc u al Enginee ing, Depa men o
Ci il Enginee ing and Na u al Haza ds, Uni e si y o Na u al Resou ces
and Li e Sciences, Vienna, Aus ia (O cid:0000-0002-1674-7083)
3Helde Sousa PhD
Q6Resea ch and Inno a ion, HS Consul ing, Ma osinhos, Po ugal; BGI,
B isa G oup, São Domingos de Rana, Po ugal (co esponding au ho :
[email p o ec ed]) (O cid:0000-0001-8310-0119)
123
Wi hin he co e o he Eu opean anspo in as uc u e, mos oadway b idges ha e been buil as pa o he pos -
Wo ld Wa II econs uc ion e o , meaning socie y is al eady acing he beginning o he end o hei li e ime. Hence,
b idge managemen is becoming mo e and mo e influenced by li e-cycle mul iobjec i e pe o mance c i e ia ha need o
be balanced wisely om a sus ainabili y poin o iew. This is in line wi h he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen
p omo ed by he UN in 2015 owa ds a sus ainable plane .
Q7 In his con ex , a holis ic e iew, a he Eu opean le el, is
gi en o he di e en pe o mance le els, suppo ed by na ional p ac ice codes, guidelines and esea ch
accomplishmen s owa ds (a) homogenisa ion o concep s, (b) linking be ween pe o mance and managemen and
(c) s eng hening o he links be ween cos s, eliabili y and sus ainabili y. Based on his, a holis ic amewo k o
pe o mance indica o s is p oposed suppo ed by hie a chical ca ego isa ion and benefi ing om he inc eased u ilisa ion
o s uc u al heal h moni o ing. This amewo k defines he basis o Eu opean aining on b idge managemen by
add essing some o he UN Sus ainable De elopmen Goals defined in he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen .
Q8 No a ion
1. In oduc ion
Acco ding o he Fédé a ion In e na ionale du Bé on (Q9 FIB, 2010),
he cu en enginee ing p ac ice o conse a ion managemen is
ypically based on minimisa ion o cos s (i.e. design, cons uc ion
and conse a ion) o achie e and main ain minimum pe o mance/
quali y equi emen s. Ne e heless, his is subjec ed and exposed o
di e se phenomena, which a e highly dependen on how his
amewo k o asse managemen is defined in o de o gua an ee a
sa is ac o y asse pe o mance h oughou he en i e li e ime. In his
con ex , and na owing down o he specificcaseo b idges,a
sa is ac o y managemen amewo k migh be defined as a unc ion
o se e al ac o s, such as sa e y, s abili y, se iceabili y,
unc ionali y, du abili y, cos -e ec i eness and impac on he
en i onmen .
Q10 This is in line wi h he UN Sus ainable De elopmen
Goals (SDGs) defined in he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable
De elopmen signed, in 2015, by all coun ies in he UN owa ds a
sus ainable plane (UN, 2015), mo e specifically, among he 17
SDGs, he ones ela ed o indus y, inno a ion and in as uc u e
(SDG 9) and pa ne ships o he goals (SDG 17). Acco ding o
Sachs e al. (2017), Eu ope shows significan disc epancies in e ms
o le els o achie emen on hese SDGs, wi h he majo i y o
no he n coun ies showing g een le els o accomplishmen ,
whe eas se e al coun ies om cen al and sou h Eu ope e eal
c i ical le els o accomplishmen . Hence, i becomes e iden he
necessi y and u gency o ha ing a holis ic and homogenised b idge
managemen amewo k ac oss all Eu ope, which, in he au ho s’
opinion, can be e ficien ly a ained only by means o a join e o
a he Eu opean le el (i.e. pa ne ships) based on a lea ning
p ocess, expe iences and know-how ha each coun y holds and
ne e o ge ing he science p og ess, mainly new echnologies
ela ed o s uc u al heal h moni o ing (SHM) applied o b idges
(i.e. inno a ion and in as uc u e).
An o e iew o cu en measu ing app oaches and me hods along
wi h he mos c i ical aspec s o b idge pe o mance is p esen ed
by he Fede al Highway Adminis a ion in he epo o he Long-
Te m B idge Pe o mance p og amme (Hooks and F angopol,
2013). In addi ion, a p ojec epo om he Uni e si y o
Wisconsin (Adams and Kang, 2009) gi es an o e iew o b idge
pe o mance measu es. A he Eu opean le el and since 1995, he
O ganisa ion o Economic Co-ope a ion and De elopmen
(OECD) has been ca ying ou a esea ch on pe o mance
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1
Ci e his a icle
MandićI anko ićA, S auss A and Sousa H (2019)
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable oad b idge
managemen . P oceedings o he Ins i u ion o Ci il Enginee s –Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
XXXX(XXXX):1–XX,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1680/jensu.18.00052
Resea ch A icle
Pape 1800052
Recei ed 16/10/2018; Accep ed 21/06/2019
ICE Publishing: All igh s ese ed
Keywo ds: Q1b idges/sus ainabili y
Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
indica o s (PIs) o he oads sec o . Mo eo e , 15 PIs ha e been
iden ified among hose used by oad adminis a ions h oughou
he wo ld (OECD, 2001). Mos o hese a e ela ed o oad use s’
sa is ac ion and asse managemen and can be iewed as socio-
economic indica o s and a e no me ely ela ed o asse s.
Q11 Recen ly (mainly du ing he pas 10 yea s), u he s udies ha e been
ca ied ou owa ds e alua ion o he pe o mance o in as uc u es
and b idges om a holis ic pe spec i e by aking in o accoun
complemen a y c i e ia ela ed o asse s, mainly om he (a)
en i onmen al, (b) economic and (c) social poin s o iew (Ge ásio
and da Sil a, 2013; Se pell, 2015; Ugwu e al., 2006).
Q12 Wi h
pa icula ocus on pa emen pe o mance, he se ing o sui able PIs
om a base-le el app oach conside ing he combina ion o di e en
p ocedu es by means o weigh ing ac o s can be ound in he epo
by Eu opean Coope a ion in Science and Technology (Cos ) Ac ion
354 (2008). The main concep s a s om a specific PI (e.g. ela ed
o one cha ac e is ic) and goes h ough combined PIs (e.g. ela ed o
wo o mo e cha ac e is ics) un il i eaches he le el o gene al PIs
(e.g. ela ed o di e en ac o s, such as sa e y, use com o and
en i onmen ). Wi h 1 pa icula in e es , a scien ific unde s anding
abou li e ime enginee ing allied wi h science-based ad ancemen o
sus ainable cons uc ion in Eu ope was p omo ed du ing Cos Ac ion
C25 (B agança, 2010; Cos Ac ion C25, 2011). Al hough mos o he
esul s ga he ed in his Cos Ac ion we e building o ien ed, some
examples o he li e-cycle assessmen o b idges can also be ound.
Mo e ecen ly, PIs in he con ex o in as uc u e ne wo ks ha e
been in oduced by Ghosn e al. (2016), who concluded, by
obse a ion, he lack o explici sys em-le el design and ope a ion
pe o mance and es o a ion goals o mos li eline sys ems.
I is wo h no ing ha b idge pe o mance in Eu ope is domina ed
by PIs suppo ed by ope a o s’da abase, which a e se by
su eying documen s ela ed o b idge main enance. Ne e heless,
collec ion and analyses o a ailable esea ch-based PIs a e s a ing
o become mo e compe i i e since hey can o e mo e accu a e
and objec i e in o ma ion, which indeed encou ages u he
esea ch o imp o e pe o mance assessmen me hods, mainly
hose suppo ed by moni o ing echniques.
Based on he a o emen ioned guidelines and a su ey o e alua ion
and inspec ion documen s om di e en Eu opean coun ies, which
can be ound elsewhe e (Cos Ac ion 1406, 2014), i became clea
ha disc epancies in e ms o concep s and e minologies exis .
The e o e, a comp ehensi e and holis ic app oach o his p oblem –
ha is, a sus ainableb idge managemen app oach suppo ed by a
unified PI da abase – emains an ongoing ask. Recen ly, Cos Ac ion
1406 (2014) add essed an in eg a ed app oach, based on he s a e o
he a o b idge pe o mance a he Eu opean le el, by conside ing
(a) echnical, (b) sus ainabili y and (c) socio-economic aspec s a
h ee complemen a y and linked le els, (a) componen , (b)sys em
and (c) ne wo k le els, whe eas he Cos Ac ion 1402 (2014) aims o
enhance he benefi o SHM by no el u ilisa ion o applied decision
analysis o how o assess he alue o SHM –e en be o e i is
implemen ed in ci il enginee ing s uc u es in gene al.
In he con ex o a join e o be ween expe s om bo h Cos
Ac ion TU1402 and TU1406, his pape aims o o e a e iew, by
means o (a)iden ifica ion, (b) e alua ion and (c)quan ifica ion o
PIs o oad b idges owa ds a unified da abase o PIs, by benefi ing
om he apidly ad ancing e olu ion o SHM. Fi s ly, he
pe o mance goals (PGs) and PIs a e in oduced and discussed
a di e en le els wi hin b idge managemen , mainly a he
(a)componen ,(b) sys em and (c) ne wo k le els. This ollows he
e e sed o de o he p ocess ecommended gene ally in Q13 eliabili y,
a ailabili y, main ainabili y and sa e y analysis (Mahboob and Zio,
2018), which defines he end unc ions by se ing goals and
subsequen ly de eloping mo e de ailed indica o s. This is o en also
combined wi h pe o mance-based design, and in e sed
e ifica ions a e made du ing his p ocess. Secondly, he Eu opean
PI da abase is e iewed and p esen ed by di iding i in o (a)an
ope a o s’PI da abase and (b) a esea ch-based PI da abase.
Thi dly, a ca ego isa ion o PIs is p esen ed and desc ibed,
acco ding o he ou lined pe o mance le els and linking hem o
moni o ing, mainly by p esen ing and discussing moni o ing-based
PIs. Finally, a discussion is p omo ed owa ds he iden ifica ion o
he mos plausible ends o he nex gene a ion o PIs. The mos
ele an summa y poin s conclude his wo k.
2. Pe o mance
2.1 Pe o mance goals
Managemen o oad b idges comp ises coo dina ed ac i i ies o
suppo hei op imal alue, which in ol es cos s, isks,
oppo uni ies and PGs. Rega ding he las ones, heses can be
defined as p ope ies which a e equi ed o be conside ed du ing
he li e ime o a b idge. Mo eo e , o his cha ac e isa ion, as a
pa o an e ficien main enance s a egy, di e en ypes o PGs
need o be used and a di e en le els. Conside he ollowing
example o he sake o cla i y: he bending capaci y o a b idge
span. The unc ionali y o he span is a PG – ha is, a he
componen le el – ha influences di ec ly he seismic pe o mance
o Q14 he whole b idge – ha is, a he sys em le el –which is also a
PG. Mo eo e , his las PG can also be conside ed as an inpu o
he esilience o he oadway ne wo k whe e his b idge is
inse ed – ha is, a he ne wo k le el –due o he consequences
o i s collapse in he ne wo k unc ionali y, which in u n is also a
PG. Whe he he PG is achie ed o no , i may be assessed
h ough he e alua ion o a ious PIs a he possible di e en
le els – ha is, componen , sys em and ne wo k le els (Figu e 1).
2.2 Pe o mance indica o s
In o de o assess he accomplishmen o a PG, a PI can be
defined as a p ope y ela ed o a b idge cha ac e is ic ha gi es
in o ma ion abou he condi ion o a b idge. This can be
exp essed in he o m o ei he a dimensional pa ame e o a
dimensionless index. The o me is a measu able/ es able
quan i a i e pa ame e desc ibing a specific cha ac e is ic ela ed
o he b idge pe o mance (e.g. c ack wid h on he b idge span),
whe eas he la e is a quali a i e ep esen a ion (e.g. he
impo ance o span in he b idge s uc u e o impo ance o he
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2
Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
b idge in he oadway ne wo k). In addi ion, h esholds and/o
c i e ia need o be se in ad ance in o de o allow in e p e a ion
o he alue gi en by a PI and he subsequen decision-making
app oach. The o me is a bounda y egion o (a) moni o ing
(e.g. an e ec is obse ed o no ), (b) assessing (e.g. an e ec is
low o high) and (c) decision-making (e.g. an e ec is c i ical o
no ). On he o he hand, he la e is a cha ac e is ic ha is
ele an o he choice be ween p ocesses, such as main enance
ac ions o o he s (
Q15 S auss e al., 2016).
Hence, and o bo h concep s o PG and PI, h eshold bounda ies
and/o se ing he cha ac e is ics o c i e ia mus be p ope ly
defined and quan ified a he men ioned h ee le els:
(a) componen le el (e.g. a span o a b idge), (b) sys em le el
(e.g. a b idge) and (c) ne wo k le el (e.g. a g oup o b idges
wi hin a oadway ne wo k).
2.3 Componen le el
Gene ally, b idge inspec ions a e ca ied ou by inspec ing
di e en
Q16 componen s, which a e g ouped in o h ee main
subsys ems: (a) subs uc u e, (b) supe s uc u e and (c) oadway.
A he componen le el, he fi s goal (o ask o be pe o med) is
no mally o assess he damage (Figu e 1). Again, and o he sake
o cla i y, he example o ein o cemen co osion on he b idge
span is used (Figu e 2). Suppo ed by FIB’s Model Code 2010
(FIB, 2010), he ollowing ou s eps a e se o sol ing a damage
ela ed o a specific de e io a ion p ocess
■damage de ec ion: physical dis up ion o change in he condi ion
o a s uc u e o i s componen s, caused by ex e nal ac ions
■damage iden ifica ion: asce aining he cause o damage and
i s consequences
■damage e alua ion: deg ee and/o ex en wi h espec o he
se h eshold alue
■damage assessmen : de ec ion o damages, including hei
iden ifica ion and e alua ion wi h espec o he se h esholds.
Al hough se ing an uppe limi is he mos common app oach
(s ep 3 in Figu e 2), an addi ional h eshold in damage assessmen
may be he du a ion o he damage phase by means o addi ional
es s/measu emen s (s eps 4 and 5 in Figu e 2), which in u n gi e
an indica ion in which phase (i.e. low, mode a e o high) o he
damage p og ess he elemen is ound (s ep 6 in Figu e 2). Fo
example, o he fi s le el o he damage p og ess (i.e. low), one
migh equi e p o ec ion om u he p og ession; hen, o he
second le el (i.e. mode a e), one migh equi e a epai ac ion;
and finally, o he las le el (i.e. high), one migh need a mo e
de ailed inspec ion/ es ing, which in u n migh esul in a u he
special epai (s ep 7 in Figu e 2). Fo his, ca ego isa ion a he
componen le el needs o be conduc ed fi s because di e en
componen s migh no necessa ily use he same assessmen
c i e ia. Fo example, c ack de ec ion can be assessed di e en ly
depending on whe e i is ound (e.g. span, pie o pile –Figu e 1)
and i s wid h, o ien a ion and o igin.
On damage assessmen o a specific componen , he u ilisa ion o
he damage index (quali a i e scale o g ades) is an indica o –
ha is, a PI – o he PG – ha is, e alua ion o he componen
unc ionali y (Figu e 1). Acco dingly, he unc ionali y o a b idge
componen (Figu e 1) can be e alua ed as (a) in he bes
condi ion, (b) wi h unques ionable unc ion, (c) wi h unc ion ha
has no been comp omised and (d) wi h ques ionable unc ion o
elemen ha is ou o unc ion (Table 1). I is impo an o
men ion ha socio-economic aspec s mus also be included a his
PI PG
Op imal b idge managemen
(c) Ne wo k le el (g oup o b idges)
(weigh ing ac o s)
(b) Sys em le el (single b idge)
(a) Componen le el (pile, pie , span e c.)
B idge
impo ance
Componen
impo ance
Repai
anking
Ne wo k
unc ionali y
Sys em
unc ionali y
Componen
unc ionali y
(weigh ing ac o s)
PI PG
PI
PI PI
PI
PI
PI
PG
PG
PG
Condi ion
assessmen
Componen
condi ion
assessmen
Damage
assessmen
Damage
deg ee and ex ension
Cos epai
agains
cos eplacemen
Pe o mance indica o s
Pe o mance goals
Figu e 1. The h ee le els wi hin b idge managemen based on he concep o PIs and PGs
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3
Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
le el. Fo example, going back o he example o he b idge span,
he a io be ween he sum o cos s o epai o indi idual
damages and he p ice o i s eplacemen is a socio-economic
indica o in he con ex o condi ion/pe o mance assessmen .
Hence, and in o de o suppo he decision-making p ocess, a
h eshold can be se based on a quan i a i e scale.
In o de o assess he accomplishmen o a PG, a PI can be
defined as a p ope y ela ed o a b idge.
2.4 Sys em le el
The pu pose o de e mining he unc ionali y le el o a componen
is o assess he impac o he associa ed damage in he en i e
s uc u e – ha is, a he sys em le el. Fo his, he ollowing h ee
PGs a e conside ed: (a) s uc u al sa e y and se iceabili y –SSS
sys
;
(b) a fic sa e y –TS
sys
;and(c) du abili y –D
sys
(DIN 1076:1999
(DIN, 1999)). Mo e specifically, SSSsys is, om a echnical poin
o iew, he main PG, whe eas TS
sys
is a PG in he socio-economic
con ex , and D
sys
is a PG ha ela es o en i onmen al
sus ainabili y. In addi ion, he impo ance o each componen can
be se by means o weigh pa ame e s ha a e conside ed a he
sys em le el (Figu e 1). Fo illus a ion and cla i y, again conside
he b idge span. Table 2 illus a es how he collapse o his
componen can a ec he unc ionali y o he sys em (i.e. he
unc ionali y o he b idge) acco ding o di e en le els o impac .
The scale in Table 2, which is me ely quali a i e, allows
quan i ying how he collapse o ha componen (e.g. he span)
a ec s he sys em (i.e. he b idge).
In addi ion o Table 2, Figu e 3 illus a es how his ela ionship –
ha is, be ween unc ionali y (Table 1) wi h a fic sa e y c i e ion
(Table 2) –can be implemen ed o he case o wo di e en ypes
o componen s, mainly (a) an expansion join (solid line) and
(b) a cu b (dashed line). Wi h his simple example, i becomes
clea and s aigh o wa d on how he componen and sys em
le els can be ela ed. Fo ins ance, he collapse o an expansion
join (g ade 4 on he ho izon al axis) can lead o a comple e a fic
dis up ion (g ade 4 on he e ical axis), whe eas he collapse o a
cu b (g ade 4 on he ho izon al axis) migh lead only o a local
a fic edi ec ion (g ade 3 on he e ical axis). Mo eo e , his
ype o ela ionship can be exp essed by an equa ion o he ype
gi en in Figu e 3, whe e
com
s ands o he g ade alue associa ed
wi h he componen unc ionali y and TS
sys,max
o he maximum
alue ela ed o a fic sa e y.
2.5 Ne wo k le el
A he op le el – ha is, a he ne wo k le el, he main goal is o
assu e he unc ionali y o he ne wo k (Figu e 1) by means o
a ional p io i isa ion and anking o he equi ed epai ac ions in
c i ical sys ems (i.e. b idges). Fo his, and based on he p ac ical
expe ience in b idge managemen (HAC, 2008), he condi ion
assessmen (75% weigh ) made on he b idge condi ion (i.e. a he
componen and sys em le els) is now allied wi h he impo ance
Table 1. Func ionali y le els o b idge componen s
Le el Componen
unc ionali y,
com
Obse a ion
1 In bes condi ion When no damage is de ec ed
2 Wi h unques ionable
unc ion
When damage is in ini ial
phase
3 Wi h unc ion ha has no
been comp omised
When damaged is mode a e
4 Wi h ques ionable unc ion
o ou o unc ion
When damage has high
deg ee and/o wide ex en
Assessmen (decision)
E alua ion ( h esholds)
Iden i ica ion ( ype)
De ec ion (anomaly)
Addi ional es s
equi ed
Quan i ica ion o
a ea a ec ed
Inspec ion ou ine
o special epai
C i ical
de e io a ion
p ocess
Delamina ion +
co osion
Visual inspec ion Measu emen s
(chlo ide con en )
47
36
2
15
Time
Figu e 2. Assessmen a he componen le el –damage e alua ion p ocess (example o ein o cemen co osion in conc e e)
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Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
in he ne wo k (25% weigh ) o ha same b idge (Figu e 4). The
condi ion assessmen is based on ou complemen a y indica o s
wi h he ollowing ela i e weigh s: (a) s uc u al sa e y and
se iceabili y –30%; (b) a fic sa e y –30%; (c) du abili y –
10%; and (d) gene al b idge condi ion –30% (Bleizi e e al.,
2012; HAC, 2008). The impo ance in he ne wo k is based on
o he fi e c i e ia: (a) oad ca ego y –25%; (b) annual a e age
daily a fic–25%; (c) de ou dis ance –25%; (d) la ges span –
12·5%; and (e) o al leng h –12·5% (Ku ačićand Ju ić, 2005).
Fo he la e , he alues a e se on he basis ha he fi s h ee
c i e ia a e mu ually independen and equally impo an , and he
c i e ia o la ges span and o al leng h desc ibe he common
demands on he cons uc ion and p ope y alue, and by ha , hei
impo ance in o al may be conside ed as equal o o he c i e ia.
Fu he o his, hese c i e ia a e subsequen ly no malised
(Figu e 4) by using adequa e analy ical models and h esholds o
indi e ence and p e e ence. In o he wo ds, hose c i e ia a e
no malised o compa able alues wi h he help o p e e ence
unc ions and adequa e h eshold o indi e ence and p e e ence
o each c i e ion (B ans and Ma eschal, 2005), which hen can be
used as a PI o he PG exp essing he ne wo k unc ionali y
(Figu e 1) – ha is, op imal managemen plan by using he
decision anking and based on he powe and weakness o he
decisions (B ans and Ma eschal, 2005; HAC, 2008).
I may be no iced ha his ca ego isa ion can occu na u ally –
ha is, a pa ame e ha is a PG in one s ep o he assessmen
p ocedu e can become a PI in a highe le el (Figu e 1).
Ne e heless, hei ca ego isa ion in o echnical, sus ainable and
socio-economic indica o s h ough componen , sys em and
ne wo k le els, as p esen ed he e, allows a a ional basis and a
much mo e s aigh o wa d app oach owa ds he iden ifica ion o
me hods o hei quan ifica ion.
3. PI da abase in Eu ope
As a o emen ioned, se e al guidelines ocusing on PIs ha e
become a ailable. Howe e , disc epancies in e ms o concep s
and e minologies be ween hem ha e been ound. Mainly, some
PIs sugges including sa e y and se iceabili y bu combine hem
wi h o he PIs. On he o he hand, se iceabili y is some imes
combined wi h du abili y in he pe o mance ca ego y ‘s uc u al
Table 2. Maximum le els o he impac o he collapse o componen s on he sys em unc ionali y
Maximum
le el S uc u al sa e y, SS
sys
T a fic sa e y, TS
sys
Du abili y, D
sys
1Noinfluence on he b idge sa e y:
ailing, cu b, embankmen and so on
No influence on he a ficflow:
co nices and so on
No influence on he du abili y o o he
componen s: ailing, main gi de , a ch, pie ,
ounda ion and so on
2Influence on a pa o he b idge
s uc u e: co nices, c oss-gi de s,
bea ing, wing and so on
Speed limi a ion: sidewalk wi h ba ie
and so on
Reduc ion in he du abili y o o he
componen s: expansion join , pa emen ,
cu b, d ain and so on
3Influence on he comple e b idge
s uc u e: main gi de s, a ch, pie ,
ounda ion and so on
Local a fic edi ec ion: sidewalk,
embankmen , cu b, d ainage and
so on
4 Comple e a fic suspension: ba ie s,
pa emen , expansion join , oadway
slab and so on
T a ic sa e y, TSsys
(sys em le el)
TSsys = 1 + TSsys,max –1
Func ionali y, com
(componen le el)
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
Expansion join
Cu b
× ( com–1)
Figu e 3. Assessmen a he sys em le el –impac o he
componen unc ionali y (i.e. damage se e i y) on he sys em
(example o a fic sa e y (HAC, 2008))
Condi ion
assessmen
(weigh = 75%)
(weigh = 25%)
T a ic sa e y
Du abili y
Gene al b idge condi ion
S uc u al sa e y and s abili y
Impo ance
in he ne wo k
Road ca ego y
Annual a e age daily a ic
De ou dis ance
La ges span
To al leng h
22·5%
22·5%
22·5%
7·5%
6·25%
6·25%
6·25%
3·13%
3·13%
Figu e 4. Assessmen a he ne wo k le el –pe o mance c i e ia o
p io i y epai anking (based on C oa ian Highways L d (HAC, 2008))
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Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
condi ion’, whe eas sa e y is combined wi h s abili y o o m he
pe o mance ca ego y ‘s uc u al in eg i y’. In addi ion, he
indica o s eliabili y and a ailabili y seem o be o e lapping (Cos
Ac ion 1406, 2014). A he Eu opean scale and conside ing he
cu en s a e o he a , an e ec i e s a egy needs o be hough
and ou lined in ad ance. Hence, he mos ep esen a i e PIs, used
among se e al coun ies in Eu ope, we e iden ified and selec ed
om a comp ehensi e su ey on he basis o a posi i e answe o
ollowing ques ions: (a) Is i measu able? (b) Is i quan ifiable?
(c) Is a a ge alue a ailable? (d) Is i alid o anking pu poses?
(e) Does i allow any decision wi h economic implica ions? An
expe g oup, composed o p ac i ione s and esea che s di ec ly
in ol ed in b idge main enance and managemen , was asked o
speci y PIs acco ding o he a o emen ioned ques ions. Thei
eedback was p ope ly sys emised, and u he in o ma ion can be
ound elsewhe e (S auss e al., 2017a). In addi ion, he Eu opean
PI da abase has been spli in o wo complemen a y da abases.
These ha e been se acco ding o di e en concep s and sou ces
o in o ma ion: (a) ope a o s’PI da abase and (b) esea ch-based
PI da abase (Cos Ac ion 1406, 2014).
3.1 Ope a o s’PI da abase
The su ey confi med wha was al eady expec ed – ha is, b idge
pe o mance in Eu ope is domina ed by PIs ha ha e been mainly
de eloped by oadway ope a o s. In his con ex , a subsequen
su ey was pe o med based on inspec ion and e alua ion
documen s ela ed o b idge main enance, assessmen and
managemen , also collec ed om di e en coun ies in Eu ope.
The Aus ian na ional documen ela ed o quali y assu ance o
s uc u al main enance (BMVI, 2011) and he guidelines on
b idge condi ion indica o s om he UK (CSS, 2004) we e used
as he bo om line o he p oposed s uc u e. In addi ion, a
glossa y has also been p epa ed on he basis o he in o ma ion
om he Ge man documen (
Q17 BAST, 2015). Fu he in o ma ion
on his can be ound elsewhe e (Cos Ac ion 1406, 2014).
The in o ma ion gained migh be s uc u ed as p esen ed in
Figu e 5, which is a ailable wi hin he da abase by Cos Ac ion
1406 (2014);
Q18 he figu e shows ha he esul s a e pa ly
he e ogeneous wi h a numbe o o e laps. This mainly esul s
om he ague in e p e a ion leeway and di e en know-how o
he expe s in he di e en coun ies. Hence, clus e ing o he
se e al PIs was adop ed o o e come his and wi h he ul ima e
objec i e o mo e easily iden i ying me hods and p ocedu es o
e ealing and quan i ying PIs, as well as defining le els o hei
con ibu ion o a specific PG. Fo sake o cla i y and simplici y,
ou main g oups o in o ma ion we e se ( Q19Figu e 5):
(a) pe o mance le el, (b) damage, (c) pe o mance indica o /
index and (d) pe o mance assessmen . A educ ion om mo e
han he Q20700 PIs su eyed o 385 PIs (i.e. ≅50%) was achie ed.
The associa ed cu -ou lis is shown in Table 4, which sa isfies he
homogenisa ion equi emen s owa ds a Eu opean PI da abase
(Cos Ac ion 1406, 2014). I is wo h no ing ha a pa ame e
called condi ion a ing, condi ion index o de e io a ion index,
depending on which coun y/ope a o is e e ed o, has been
iden ified as he mos widely used PI (in all su eyed coun ies) in
he con ex o isual inspec ions. Table 3 shows he ypical index
scale associa ed wi h and used by se e al Eu opean coun ies
(S auss e al., 2017). Q21
3.2 Resea ch-based PI da abase
E en hough condi ion a ing is he PI mos ly used in p ac ice by
b idge owne s and ope a o s, some coun ies in Eu ope (e.g.
Denma k and he Ne he lands) ha e al eady mo ed o wa d in he
u ilisa ion o o he PIs, which a e mo e obus and in o ma i e.
Fo ins ance, (a) concep s such as emaining se ice li e, sa e y
index eliabili y, ulne abili y and obus ness a e becoming
commonly used in Denma k (DRD, 2004), and (b) eliabili y,
a ailabili y, main ainabili y and sa e y/ isk, among o he s, a e
al eady being explo ed in he Ne he lands o assess pe o mance
(Bakke e al., 2010). The concep o isk also dese es o be
highligh ed due o he ac ha i can be used o define se e al
new indica o s, such as a social indica o s, en i onmen al
indica o s, economic indica o s and/o poli ical indica o s
(Rijkswa e s aa , 2012).
In his sense, i becomes clea ha con inuous collec ion and
su eying o esea ch-based PIs complemen s and imp o es he
Gene al da a sp eadshee Coun y- ela ed da a sp eadshee
Name sp eadshee
Coun y Documen 1
Responsible pe son
Name
Au ho
Type
Yea
Inspec ion
E alua ion
Resea ch
...
... ... ... ... ...
...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Glossa y sp eadshee
Glossa y
Index
Name
De ini ion
Re e ence
Chap e s/
pa ag aphs
(a) Pe o mance
le el
(a) Le el (a) Sys em (a) Componen (a) Ma e ial (b) Type (b) Cha ac e is ics
(d) Pe o mance
assessmen
(c) Pe o mance
indica o /index
(b) Damage
Ne wo k
Sys em
Subsys em
Simple span
Mul iple span
F ame
Subs uc u e
Bea ings
Main gi de
Conc e e
S eel
Wood
Condi ion
P ocess
Sudden e en s
C acking
Co osion
Flooding
(c) Indica o (c) De ec ion (c) E alua ion (c) Index (d) Th eshold (d) Goal (d) C i e ia
C ack wid h
Co e
Ra ing
Measu emen
E alua ion
Inspec ion
In si u es ing
Analysis
Ca alogue
Figu e 5. Eu opean ope a o s’PI sp eadshee da abase (Cos Ac ion TU 1406, 2016)
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Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
Table 3. Ra ing sys em
Ra ing index Desc ip ion
1 No o e y sligh damage, no mal age- ela ed wea and ea , aes he ic damage. No dec ease in load-ca ying capaci y, se iceabili y and p edic ed li e ime. No measu es
equi ed.
2 Sligh damage, p oduc ion de ec s wi h no signs o u he de e io a ion. No dec ease in load-ca ying capaci y and se iceabili y. I no sui able measu es a e aken, he
p edic ed li e ime will dec ease. Repai measu es a e equi ed du ing he nex main enance ac ion.
3 Mode a e o se e e damage wi h no dec ease in load-ca ying capaci y and se iceabili y. Signs o de e io a ion ega ding load-ca ying capaci y and se iceabili y. Medium-
e m main enance and epai ac ions a e necessa y o p ese e he se iceabili y and expec ed li e ime o he s uc u e.
4 Se e e damage, wi h no dec ease in load-ca ying capaci y. De e io a ion in e ms o se iceabili y and expec ed li e ime can al eady be obse ed. Main enance measu es a e
o be ins iga ed as soon as possible o sa egua d he se iceabili y and he expec ed li e ime. Such measu es may be subs i u ed by addi ional special inspec ions wi hin a
defined ime ame.
5 Ex eme damage wi h impac on he load-ca ying capaci y o he s uc u e. Repai and main enance measu es mus be pe o med immedia ely.
Table 4. Cu -ou lis o he main PIs wi hin he Eu opean ope a o s’PI da abase (Cos Ac ion 1406, 2014) (con inued on nex page)
Numbe De ec s Ma e ial p ope ies Equipmen and
p o ec ion
Geome y
changes
Bea ing capaci y,
s uc u al in eg i y
and join s
O iginal
cons uc ion
and design
Dynamic beha iou En i onmen -
based Ra ing Cos and
impo ance Loads Sudden
e en s
1 Conc e e co e
insu ficien
a
Ca bona ion dep h
a
Absence (missing) o
equipmen
componen
Leaning Absen (missing)
s uc u al
componen
Ca ying
capaci y
ac o
Damping
a
En i onmen al
exposu e
Ad anced
de e io a ion
p ocess
Elemen
unc ionali y
le el
Pe manen
loading
E osion
2 C ack o m/pa e n
a
Ca hodic p o ec ion
deficiency
App oach slab
se lemen
Misalignmen A ch ing sepa a ion Conc e e
co e
a
F equency
a
F eeze– haw Condi ion
a ing
B idge leng h T a fic
loading
Ex eme
a fic
load
a
3 C ack o ma ion s age Chlo ide con en
a
Asphal pa emen
c acking
Sag/de o ma ion/
deni ela ion
a
Bea ing de o ma ion Design load Noise
a
Humidi y
a
Damage
deg ee/
ex ension
B idge span Ex eme
wind
a
4 C ack leng h
a
Chlo ide dep h
p ofile
a
Asphal pa emen
wea ing and ea ing
( u ing, a elling)
Di e en ial
displacemen
a
Bea ing displacemen Duc ili y Vib a ion le el
a
Tempe a u e
a
De e io a ion
index
De ou dis ance Impac (e.g.
o
ehicles
o ships)
5 C ack o ien a ion
a
Conc e e s eng h
deficiency
a
Asphal pa emen
wheel acking and
w inkling and
undula ion
G ou ing deficiency Excessi e
s ain
a
Vib a ions/oscilla ions
a
Impo ance o
he b idge in
he ne wo k
Impo ance o
b idge
elemen
Rock all
6 C ack spacing
a
Con amina ion
(agen con en )
Blis e ing o p o ec i e
coa ing
Insu ficien heigh o
ailing (sa e y
ba ie )
S i ness Inadequa e
clea ance
P ice o he new
elemen
Scou
a
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Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
Table 4. Con inued
Numbe De ec s Ma e ial p ope ies Equipmen and
p o ec ion
Geome y
changes
Bea ing capaci y,
s uc u al in eg i y
and join s
O iginal
cons uc ion
and design
Dynamic beha iou En i onmen -
based Ra ing Cos and
impo ance Loads Sudden
e en s
7 C ack wid h
a
Co osion
a
De e io a ion o
p o ec i e coa ings
(e.g. co osion
p o ec ion)
Join de e io a ion P io i y epai
anking
Sum o cos s o
epai o
indi idual
damages
Seismic
ac i i y o
he a ea
a
8 C acks ela ed o he
o igin (e.g. due o
loading, due o
se lemen )
Co osion ela ed o
p es essing s eel
a
Wa e p oofing
de e io a ion/loss
Loss o sec ion
( educed sec ion,
sec ion a ea
absence)
a
P obabili y o
de ec ion
T a fic es ic ion
9 Fa igue c acking Co osion ela ed o
p o ec i e coa ing
(co osion s ains)
a
Numbe o ailed
connec o s (sc ew,
bol , i e , weld
e c.)
P obabili y o
ailu e
T a fic olume
(annual
a e age daily
a fic)
a
10 Se lemen
a
Co osion ela ed o
ein o cemen
s eel
a
P es essing cable
ailu e
a
Redundancy
11 Wa e pene abili y Co osion ela ed o
s uc u al s eel
a
Rein o cemen ba
ailu e
a
Reliabili y
index
12 We ing/leaking Fa igue ( emaining
se ice li e)
a
Resis ance Remaining
se ice li e
13 Gal anisa ion
deficiency
The mal expansion
a
Resilience
14 Ma e ial
cha ac e is ics
Risk
15 Pi ed co osion Road ca ego y
( oadway
wid h)
16 P es essing s eel
duc ili y deficiency
a
Robus ness
17 P es essing s eel
s eng h
deficiency
a
Sa e y index
18 Rein o cing s eel
duc ili y deficiency
a
19 Rein o cing s eel
s eng h
deficiency
a
20 S uc u al s eel
duc ili y deficiency
a
21 S uc u al s eel
s eng h
deficiency
a
a
PIs ha a e inc easingly moni o ed
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Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
exis ing ope a o s’PI da abase, wi h a clea benefi on he
mode nisa ion o he managemen amewo k applied on he
Eu opean oadway b idges. A de ailed desc ip ion on esea ch-
based PI may be ound wi hin nume ous esea ch opics p esen ed
and published elsewhe e (Cos Ac ion 1406, 2014).
Among esea ch-based PIs, eliabili y index is o pa icula
in e es because is one o he bes known and widely accep ed
esea ch-based PIs, al eady included in some code egula ions
(Be gmeis e e al., 2015; DRD, 2004). Acco ding o Ghosn e al.
(2016), S auss e al. (2017b) and Zambon e al. (2017), he
a ge ed sa e y le els o his PI a e se based on expe ience wi h
he pe o mance o exis ing s uc u es, he consequences o
membe ailu es and he cos o cons uc ion. In addi ion o
na u al changes in loads and haza d pa e ns o e ime, s uc u al
componen s su e ing om deg ada ion mechanisms a ec ing
hei pe o mance o e ime may e en ually become subjec o
educed sa e y le els. Indeed, his is al eady conside ed by
eliabili y-based codes and s anda ds.
Ne e heless, he ac ual implemen a ion in enginee ing p ac ice and
codified design depends on he a ailabili y o da a, he ype o
applica ion and he enginee ing communi y and indus y – ha is,
one o he bigges challenges in he implemen a ion o esea ch-based
PI da abase, as a complemen o he ope a o s’PI da abase, is o
make i accessible o use s and enginee s om a p ac ical poin o
iew, which is no always he case ye . I is impo an o unde s and
ha o use his esea ch-based PI – ha is, sa e y index eliabili y –
an adequa e le el o knowledge is equi ed ega ding he mos
impo an /c i ical cha ac e is ics/p ope ies o he b idge (i.e. da a).
Fo ins ance, picking again on he example o he b idge span, he
adequa e le el o knowledge migh be ela ed o he s i ness changes
and/o he pa e n o he a fic ha c osses ha b idge span. Hence,
i becomes e iden ha addi ional in es men s (i.e. addi ional cos s)
migh be equi ed, mainly in he o m o inspec ion wi h possible
es s (e.g. example gi en in Figu e 2), moni o ing and/o ad anced
modelling echniques, o acqui ing new da a, which hen can be
used o upda e he exis ing knowledge. Mo eo e , hese imp o ed
le els o knowledge, which indeed migh be pe iodically/
con inuously upda ed o e he b idge li e ime, clea ly holds he
singula benefi o con ibu ing o be e decisions suppo ed by
eliable in o ma ion.
The ques ion o wha he bes app oach is o collec ing new da a
a ises na u ally. Indeed, a pa allel, bu complemen a y, mo emen has
been p og essi ely aking place in he field o SHM sys ems. One o
he mos common applica ions ound in he li e a u e, in he ci il
enginee ing domain, is p ecisely on b idges. They a e becoming a
compe i i e solu ion – ha is, in e ms o cos s agains benefi s – o
supply addi ional, di e se and accu a e in o ma ion abou he
pe o mance o exis ing/new s uc u es o e hei li e ime.
Ne e heless
Q22 , he quan ifica ion o he benefi s o hese SHM sys ems
p io o hei e ec i e u ilisa ion emains a challenge unde
discussion (Cos Ac ion 1402, 2014). This is pe haps he missing
piece in o de o suppo in as uc u e owne s and ope a o s o
conside hem, as a complemen o all o he app oaches, on a a ional
basis. On he o he hand, i is also necessa y o iden i y and
ca ego ise hose PIs (Table 3) ha may benefi , in e ms o accu acy,
om hese SHM sys ems (e.g. co osion p og ess, c ack e olu ion,
deflec ion e olu ion, a igue damage e olu ion, sco e c i icali y, a fic
loading) owa ds be e cha ac e isa ion o he main PGs, ei he a he
componen le el, sys em le el o ne wo k le el (Cos Ac ion 1402,
2014; Cos Ac ions TU1406 and TU1402, 2017).
In his con ex , esea ch-based PIs a e a con inuous p ocess o e
ime, whe e hei ma u i y is con inuously e ol ing and Q23is in
acco dance o he pa ame e eadiness le el o be explo ed u he
and used in he eal field.
4. S uc u al heal h moni o ing
4.1 B idge moni o ing
Acco ding o Cos Ac ion 345 (2004), b idge moni o ing
comp ises s anda d inspec ion echniques pe o med pe iodically,
ollowing a egula main enance plan, and con inuous/pe iodic
long- e m measu emen s o ime- a ian measu es wi h senso s
ins alled a he s uc u e. Today, i is possible o con inuously and
emo ely moni o highly ins umen ed s uc u es wi h a high
deg ee o au oma ion. P esen solu ions a e e sa ile enough o
allow o su eillance asks o be ca ied ou emo ely in a cos -
e ec i e manne (Chang e al., 2009; Sousa e al., 2011; Xu,
2018). As an example o a p oac i e and cu ing-edge app oach
on his ma e , moni o ing is al eady being included, om some
yea s now, as a s anda d mecha onic sys em in he design and
cons uc ion o mos la ge-scale and mul idisciplina y b idge
p ojec s in Hong Kong and China (CECS, 2012; Wong, 2007).
Se e al expe s claim ha i b idge moni o ing could be designed
and implemen ed as a complemen o isual inspec ion, o enhance
i s e ec i eness and mi iga e i s sho comings, b idge owne s would
decide o ake ad an age o his new pa adigm du ing he whole
li e ime o he b idge – ha is, om cons uc ion o ope a ion and/o
o demoli ion (Bas e al., 2018; Enckell, 2011; Pines and Ak an,
2002; Thöns, 2018; Va danega e al., 2016; Zon a e al., 2014).
Q24In he con ex o he b idge li e cycle, wo app oaches a e
cu en ly in p ac ice: (a) pe iodical/sho - e m moni o ing by
using high sampling a es (e.g. up o 500 Hz), ocusing on he
ope a ional condi ions o he b idge, mainly on he obse a ion o
he in si u a fic loading pa e ns ha each b idge is e ec i ely
subjec ed o, and (b) pe manen /long- e m moni o ing wi h a
modus ope andi se o low sampling a es (e.g. up o hou ly
measu emen s), ocusing on he ends ela ed o clima e- and
wea he - ela ed inpu s, changes in he g ound and soil and he
mo emen s o he ounda ions and he supe s uc u e.
4.2 Pe iodical/sho - e m moni o ing
The implemen a ion o weigh in mo ion ( Q25WIM) is one o
he mos common applica ions o SHM wi h he objec i e o
be e cha ac e isa ion o a fic loading in o mul ile el b idge
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Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
Jacob B and Loo H (2008) Weigh-in-mo ion o en o cemen in Eu ope.
P oceedings o he 5 h In e na ional Con e ence on Weigh-in-Mo ion,
Pa is, F ance, pp. 15–24.
Jacob B and O’B ien EJ (2005) Weigh-in-mo ion: ecen de elopmen s in
Eu ope. P oceedings o he 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Weigh-in-
Mo ion –ICWIM4, Taipei, Taiwan
Q47 .
Ku ačićB and Ju ićS(2005) B idge managemen sys em –de e mining
and moni o ing o he b idge condi ion and defining p io i ies and
main enance cos s. Ces e i Mos o i 51:24–30 (in C oa ian).
Mahboob Q and Zio E (2018) Handbook o RAMS in Railway Sys ems:
Theo y and P ac ice. CRC P ess, Boca Ra on, FL, USA.
MandićI anko ićA, SkokandićD, Žnida ičA and K eslin M (2017) B idge
pe o mance indica o s based on a fic load moni o ing. S uc u e and
In as uc u e Enginee ing 15(7): 899–911, h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/
15732479.2017.1415941.
Nji ićE and Šiljeg J (2018) Pe o mance Assessmen o Roadway B idges
o P io i y Repai Ranking. S uden scien ific wo k. Uni e si y o
Zag eb, Zag eb, C oa ia (in C oa ian).
OECD (O ganisa ion o Economic Co-ope a ion and De elopmen )
(2001) Pe o mance Indica o s o he Road Sec o Summa y o he
Field Tes s. OECD, Pa is, F ance.
Pines D and Ak an AE (2002) S a us o s uc u al heal h moni o ing o
long-span b idges in he Uni ed S a es. P og ess in S uc u al
Enginee ing and Ma e ials 4: 372–380.
Rijkswa e s aa (2012) Leid aad RAMS –S u en op P es a ies an
Sys emen. Minis e ie an Ve kee en Wa e s aa , Hague, he
Ne he lands (in Du ch).
Sachs J, Schmid -T aub G, K oll C, Du and-Delac e D and Teksoz K (2017)
SDG Index and Dashboa ds Repo 2017. Be elsmann S i ung and
Sus ainable De elopmen Solu ions Ne wo k, New Yo k, NY, USA.
Se pell J (2015) Sus ainabili y Assessmen o Road B idges: Final Yea
P ojec Repo . Uni e si y o B ad o d, B ad o d, UK.
SkokandićD(2016) Applica ion o B idge Weigh-in-Mo ion
measu emen s in assessmen o exis ing oad b idges. (
Q48 MISSION,
S. R. O. T.-S. T. S. (ed.)). Slo enian Na ional Building and Ci il
Enginee ing Ins i u e, Ljubljana, Slo enia.
Q49 SkokandićD, I anko ićAM, Žnida ičA and K eslin M (2017) Applica ion
o b idge weigh-in-mo ion measu emen s in assessmen o exis ing
oad b idges. P oceedings o he Join COST TU1402–COST TU1406–
IABSE WC1 Wo kshop (MandićI anko ićA, Ma os JC, Thöns S and
Høj NP (eds)). Cos , B ussels, Belgium.
Sousa H and San os L (2016) Long- e m pe o mance o p es essed
conc e e b idges. P oceedings o he Eu opean Wo kshop on
S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing –EWSHM 2016, Bilbao, Spain
Q50 .
Sousa H, Félix C, Ben o J and Figuei as J (2011) Design and
implemen a ion o a moni o ing sys em applied o a long-span
p es essed conc e e b idge. S uc u al Conc e e 12:82–93.
Sousa H, Za i sas K, Polak JW and Ch yssan hopoulos MK (2014)
In e ing asse li e load dis ibu ions om a ficflow da a: a new
SHM oppo uni y? P oceedings o he 7 h Eu opean Wo kshop on
S uc u al Heal h Moni o ing, SHM 2014 –2nd Eu opean Con e ence
o he P ognos ics and Heal h Managemen (PHM) Socie y 2014,
Nan es, F ance, pp. 435–442.
Q51S auss A, I anko ićA, Ma os J and JC (2017a) Pe o mance indica o s
o oad b idges –o e iew o findings and u u e p og ess.
P oceedings o he Join COST TU1402–COST TU1406–IABSE WC1
Wo kshop (MandićI anko ićA, Ma os JC, Thöns S and Høj NP
(eds)). Cos , B ussels, Belgium.
S auss A, Wan-Wendne R, Vido ic A e al. (2017b) Gamma p edic ion
models o long- e m c eep de o ma ions o p es essed conc e e
b idges. Jou nal o Ci il Enginee ing and Managemen 23: 681–698.
Thöns S (2018) On he alue o moni o ing in o ma ion o he s uc u al
in eg i y and isk managemen . Compu e -aided Ci il and
In as uc u e Enginee ing 33:79–94.
Ugwu OO, Kuma aswamy MM, Wong A and Ng ST (2006) Sus ainabili y
app aisal in in as uc u e p ojec s (SUSAIP): pa 1. de elopmen o
indica o s and compu a ional me hods. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion
15: 239–251.
UN (2015) Abou he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals. UN, New Yo k,
NY, USA. See h ps://www.un.o g/sus ainablede elopmen /sus ainable-
de elopmen -goals/ (accessed 14/04/2019).
Q52Va danega PJ, Webb GT, Fidle PRA and Middle on CR (2016) Assessing
he po en ial alue o b idge moni o ing sys ems. P oceedings o he
Ins i u ion o Ci il Enginee s –B idge Enginee ing 169: 126–138.
Wong KY (2007) Design o a s uc u al heal h moni o ing sys em o long-
span b idges. S uc u e and In as uc u e Enginee ing 3: 169–185.
Xu YL (2018) Making good use o s uc u al heal h moni o ing sys ems o
long-span cable-suppo ed b idges. Jou nal o Ci il S uc u al Heal h
Moni o ing 8: 477–497.
Zambon I, Vido ic A, S auss A, Ma os J and Amado J (2017) Compa ison
o s ochas ic p edic ion models based on isual inspec ions o b idge
decks. Jou nal o Ci il Enginee ing and Managemen 23: 553–561.
Žnida ičA, K eslin M, La ičI and Kalin J (2012) Simplified app oach o
modelling a fic loads on b idges. P ocedia –Social and Beha io al
Sciences 48: 2887–2896.
Zon a D, Glisic B and Ad iaenssens S (2014) Value o in o ma ion: impac
o moni o ing on decision-making. S uc u al Con ol and Heal h
Moni o ing 21: 1043–1056.
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Enginee ing Sus ainabili y
Volume XXXX Issue ESXXXX
Re iew o he nex gene a ion o
pe o mance indica o s o sus ainable
oad b idge managemen
MandićI anko ić, S auss and Sousa
Au ho Que ies
Q1: ‘B idges and ‘sus ainabili y’a e he only alid keywo ds. Please add one mo e om he ICE P oceedings ag eed lis (h ps://
www.ice i uallib a y.com/pb-asse s/ o %20au ho s/Main%20keywo ds%20No embe %202018-1542295908930.pd ).
Q2: Please sho en he a icle i le o 90 o ewe cha ac e s, including spaces.
Q3: Please check changes in he a icle i le.
Q4: Please p o ide he job i le o au ho I anko ić.
Q5: Please check ha he pos -nominal qualifica ions and job i le o au ho S auss a e p esen ed co ec ly.
Q6: Please p o ide job i les o au ho Sousa.
Q7: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "In his con ex , a holis ic e iew, a he Eu opean le el ..." ha e p ese ed you
meaning.
Q8: Please p o ide a no a ion lis (o a lis o a iables used in he ex , equa ions, figu es and ables, as well as hei
co esponding desc ip ions).
Q9: As pe ICE s yle, abb e ia ions ha a e p onounced le e by le e should be ende ed as all capi als and hose
p onounced as wo ds should ha e an ini ial capi al only. Please e i y ha “FIB”is p onounced as “F-I-B”.
Q10: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "This is in line wi h he UN Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs) defined
..." ha e p ese ed you meaning.
Q11: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "Recen ly (mainly du ing he pas 10 yea s) ..." ha e p ese ed you meaning.
Q12: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "Wi h pa icula ocus on pa emen pe o mance ..." ha e p ese ed you
meaning.
Q13: "RAMS" has been expanded o " eliabili y, a ailabili y, main ainabili y and sa e y". Please check ha he defini ion is
co ec .
Q14: Please check change o “o he whole b idge”.
Q15: Please add S auss e al., 2016 o he e e ence lis .
Q16: Please check change o “di e en componen s, which a e g ouped in o h ee main subsys ems”.
Q17: Please e i y ha “BAST”is p onounced as “B-A-S-T”.
Q18: Please check change o “ he figu e shows ha he esul s”.
Q19: Please no e ha he e is no panel b in Figu e 5. Please check change o ci a ion o “Figu e 5-b” o “Figu e 5”.
Q20: Please check change o “700 IPs su eyed o 385 IPs” o “700 PIs su eyed o 385 PIs”.
Q21: The e a e 2 S auss e al. (2017) en ies in he e e ence lis . Please check i yea o ci a ion he e should be “2017a”o
“2017b”.
Q22: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "Ne e heless, he quan ifica ion o he benefi s ..." ha e p ese ed you
meaning.
Q23: The meaning o “is in acco dance o he pa ame e eadiness le el o be explo ed u he and used in he eal field”is
unclea . Please confi m ha i is co ec o amend he sen ence o cla i y.
Q24: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "In he con ex o he b idge li e cycle ..." ha e p ese ed you meaning.
Q25: Please e i y ha “WIM”is p onounced as “W-I-M”.
Q26: “B-WIM”has been defined as “b idge WIM”. Please check.
Q27: Please check change o “400 PIs”.
Q28: Please check he defini ions p o ided o LVDT, GNSS, and FBG.
Q29: "LDV" has been expanded o "lase Dopple ib ome e ". Please check ha he defini ion is co ec .
Q30: "RTD" has been expanded o " esis ance empe a u e de ec o ". Please check ha he defini ion is co ec .
Q31: In Figu e 6, KPI
SRS
,KPI
AM
,KPI
C
,KPI
E
and KPI
HP
we e changed o
SRS
,
AM
,
C
,
E
and
HP
, espec i ely, o ma ch
he ex . Please check.
Q32: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "This allowed be e unde s anding o wha PIs ..." ha e p ese ed you
meaning.
Q33: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "Looking ca e ully a Figu e 8 ..." ha e p ese ed you meaning.
Q34: The meaning o “ he PIs unde lined in fi wi hin he holis ic ision on sys em pe o mance”is unclea . Please amend he
sen ence o cla i y.
Q35: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "In addi ion o Tables 5 and 6, Figu e 9 summa ises ..." ha e p ese ed you
meaning.
Q36: Please check he defini ions p o ided o MEMS, GPR, and AE, abb e ia ions ound in Figu e 8.
Q37: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "Indeed, new echnological solu ions a e becoming so powe ul ..." ha e
p ese ed you meaning.
Q38: Please check ha changes in he sen ence "In such a scena io, i is highly ecommended ..." ha e p ese ed you
meaning.
Q39: Please p o ide page nos. o pape no. o And iejauskas e al. (2013).
Q40: Publica ion i le in Bakke e al. (2010) was modified. Please check.
Q41: Please p o ide issue no. and DOI o Bas, Apaydin, Ilki and Ca bas (2018), Pines and Ak an (2002), Sousa, Félix, Ben o
and Figuei as (2011) S auss, Wan-Wendne , Vido ic e al. (2017b), Ugwu, Kuma aswamy, Wong and Ng (2006), Va danega,
Webb, Fidle and Middle on (2016), Wong (2007), Xu (2018), Zambon, Vido ic, S auss, Ma os and Amado (2017) and
Zon a D, Glisic and Ad iaenssens (2014).
Q42: Please p o ide page nos. o pape no. o Cas illo e al. (2016).
Q43: Please p o ide DOI o Chang, Yee and Lee (2009), Ge ásio and Da Sil a (2013), Ku ačićand Ju ić(2005).
Q44: Please p o ide page nos. o Cos Ac ion 345 (2004).
Q45: Please p o ide page numbe s o Cos Ac ions TU 1406 and TU 1402 (2017) and e i y ha he p o ided publishe
de ails a e co ec .
Q46: The au ho lis o Gonzalez e al. (2009) (o iginally A ches (2009)) was changed. Please check.
Q47: Please p o ide page nos. o pape no. o Jacob and O’B ien (2005).
Q48: Please amend “MISSION, S. R. O. T.-S. T. S.” o he co ec edi o name/lis and p o ide book i le and page nos. o
Skokandić(2016).
Q49: De ails o Skokandiće al. (2017) ha e been modified. Please check. Please p o ide also page nos. o his e e ence.
Q50: Please p o ide page nos. o pape no. o Sousa and San os (2016).
Q51: De ails o S auss e al. (2017a) ha e been modified. Please check. Please p o ide also page nos. o his e e ence.
Q52: The en y o Vejdi ek o a e (2004) was dele ed as i was he same as DRD (2004). Please check.
