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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 1 o 11
An anno a ed checklis o endemic
plan s om Ha e i Dis ic ,
Ka na aka
Ninga aj S Makanu *, Ko esha K
ABSTRACT
The Ha e i dis ic is a ga eway o he no he n dis ic s o Ka na aka. The p esen
documen a ion e eals a o al o 46 endemic axa belonging o 24 amilies, we e
enlis ed along wi h hei bo anical name, amily, habi , phenology, and IUCN s a us.
Dis ibu ional analysis showed ha Wes e n Gha s (WG) elemen s we e dominan
(40%) wi h 18 axa, ollowed by, Indian endemics (16), Sou he n India (6) and
Peninsula India (3) and 3 axa na owly endemic o Ka na aka. The amily
Acan haceae ha bou s he maximum (6) endemic axa. C i ically Endange ed (CR)
species Ce opegia bha ii S.R.Yada & Shendage, ind i s ex ended dis ibu ional eco d
nex o i s ype locali y. Hence he o es s o he dis ic s need special a en ion o
conse a ion.
Keywo ds: Endemic lo a; Th ea ened plan s; Ex ended dis ibu ion, Conse a ion,
Di e si y, Ka na aka
1. INTRODUCTION
Endemic species a e comple ely dependen on a unique geog aphical a ea o hei
su i al and a e mos ulne able o hei es ic ed anges (Mye s, 1988). Globally
‘bo anically in e es ing’ a eas a e ich in endemics (Richa dson, 1978). The endemism
in he lo a o a coun y o geog aphical egion p o ides an impo an insigh in o
ha egion's biogeog aphy and he cen es o di e si y and adap i e e olu ion o he
lo is ic componen s o ha egion (Naya , 1996). Regions wi h high concen a ions o
endemic species a e classi ied as ‘Biodi e si y Ho spo s’ by he Conse a ional
In e na ional (CI). Ou o he 34 global ho spo s, he ollowing ou ho spo s ( iz, 1.
Indo-Bu ma, 2. Himalaya, 3. The Wes e n Gha s, and 4. The Sundaland) all wi hin
he Indian poli ical bounda ies (Mi e meie e al., 2004).
India possesses abundan biodi e si y owing o i s la ge clima ic and
opog aphic g adien . Indian o es s co e 22.5% o he coun y’s geog aphical a ea
Chi ale e al., (2014), ep esen ing 11% o he wo ld’s lo a in abou 2.4% o he global
land mass. An ea ly epo by accoun ed o abou 20,074 axa o angiospe ms om
India, app oxima ely 5752 (29%) o he o al Indian lo a and 33% o angiospe ms
occu ing in he coun y a e endemic (Naya , 1996; I win and Na asimhan, 2011).
Roy e al., (2013) obse ed ha highly agmen ed o es s ac oss he Indian landscape
Species
To Ci e:
Makanu NS, Ko esha K. An anno a ed checklis o endemic plan s
om Ha e i Dis ic , Ka na aka. Species 2024; 25: e21s1659
doi: h ps://doi.o g/10.54905/disssi. 25i75.e21s1659
Au ho A ilia ion:
Taxonomy and Flo is ic Labo a o y, Depa men o UG, PG and
Resea ch in Bo any, Ka na ak Uni e si y’s, Ka na ak Science
College, Dha wad- 580001, Ka na aka, India
*Co esponding Au ho
Taxonomy and Flo is ic Labo a o y, Depa men o UG, PG and
Resea ch in Bo any, Ka na ak Uni e si y’s, Ka na ak Science
College, Dha wad- 580001, Ka na aka,
India
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Pee -Re iew His o y
Recei ed: 20 Feb ua y 2024
Re iewed & Re ised: 24/Feb ua y/2024 o 29/Ap il/2024
Accep ed: 02 May 2024
Published: 09 May 2024
Pee -Re iew Model
Ex e nal pee - e iew was done h ough double-blind me hod.
Species
pISSN 2319–5746; eISSN 2319–5754
© The Au ho (s) 2024. Open Access. This a icle is licensed unde a
C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)., which pe mi s use,
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DISCOVERY
SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 2 o 11
ha bou a numbe o endemic species, which need o be conse ed. Highe a es o human popula ion g ow h in India pu hese
eco egions a isk o ex inc ion due o o e -inc easing human in e e ence, agmen a ion, de o es a ion, and expansion o ag icul u al
lands in he o es ed landscapes (Cinco a e al., 2000).
Singh e al., (2015) based on hei ex ensi e li e a u e su ey and in e p e a ion o he ba ium da a es ima ed a o al o 4303 species
o angiospe ms a e s ic endemics in India. The la es es ima e o Plan di e si y in India s ands a 55387 axa, including 22108
angiospe ms. I accoun s o abou 40 pe cen o he o al Plan species known om India. Sanjappa and S ingeswa a, (2019)
enume a ed a o al o 5009 species belonging o 1535 gene a and 191 amilies. I includes 116 species ha a e na owly endemic o he
s a e o Ka na aka. The la es epo by enlis ed a o al o 6771 angiospe ms including wild and cul i a ed belonging o 213 amilies,
including 1491 endemic axa om he Ka na aka s a e.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
S udy a ea
Ha e i dis ic is si ua ed in he cen al pa o Ka na aka s a e and loca ed be ween No h la i udes 14 16’ 52” o 1521’ 01” and Eas
longi udes 75 0’35” o 75 49’23” which co e s a o al geog aphical a ea o 4848 km2. I is su ounded by Dha wad in he No h, Gadag
in he No h-Eas , Bella y in he Eas , Da anage e in he Sou h, Shimoga in he Sou h-Eas and U a a Kannada in he Wes -No h-Wes
posi ion. I had 8 alukas such as Byadagi, Hangal, Ha e i, Hi eke u , Ranebennu , Ra ihalli, Sa anu and Shiggaon. A map o he
s udy a ea was p ocu ed by (Nayak and Jamakhandi, 2020) (Figu e 1). The landmass o he dis ic is si ua ed be ween he ele a ions o
515 m o 732 m abo e MSL. As pe he classi ica ion o Indian Fo es s by Champion and Se h, (1968), he o es s o Ha e i Di ision i
in o he ollowing ypes o o es s, Sou he n d y mixed deciduous (5A/C3), Sou he n Tho n Fo es s (6A/CI) and Seconda y D y
Deciduous Fo es (5/DS1).
Figu e 1 Map o he Ha e i dis ic
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 3 o 11
Field wo k and da a collec ion
The plan specimens we e collec ed om di e en locali ies in he s udy a ea and om di e en habi a s om Decembe 2019 o
Augus 2023. Du ing he ield isi on he spo , some no able obse a ions we e eco ded in he ield no ebook (Jain and Rao, 1977).
Pho og aphs we e made wi h Canon EOS 200 D II and on mobile. All he collec ed specimens we e iden i ied and con i med wi h he
aid o p e iously published li e a u e and lo a Hooke , (1872-1897), Cooke, (1958), Saldanha and Nicolson, (1976), Sha ma e al., (1984),
Saldanha, (1984), Saldanha, (1996), Bha , (2014), Sanjappa and S ingeshwa a, (2019) Online nomencla u e da abases we e also
consul ed.
Conse a ion s a us o he plan s as p o ided in he In e na ional Union Conse a ion o Na u e (IUCN, 2023). The endemic s a us and
dis ibu ion o he species we e checked by e e ing o Endemic Vascula Plan s o India (Singh e al., 2015). All species we e labelled
wi h ecen ly accep ed names and hei amilies as pe he ecen classi ica ion o angiospe ms APG IV (Chase e al., 2016). The
collec ed plan specimens we e p essed and p epa ed he ba ium ollowed by he d y me hod o (Jain and Rao, 1977). The ouche
specimens we e submi ed o he He ba ium o Bo any Depa men , Ka na ak Science College, Dha wad (HKCD).
3. RESULTS
The p esen s udy esul ed in he documen a ion o a o al o 46 endemic axa belonging o 43 gene a unde 24 amilies om he Ha e i
dis ic o Ka na aka (Table 1; Figu es 5, 6 & 7). This is almos 5% o he o al lo a o he dis ic . Ou o 46 enlis ed endemic axa, 80%
we e dico yledons (37 species), and 20% we e monoco yledons (9 species). The amily Acan haceae is dominan wi h 6 endemic species,
i con ibu es 13% o o al lo a ollowed by he amily As e aceae wi h 5 species, Fabaceae and O chidaceae wi h 4 species each.
Bignoniaceae (3), Comb e aceae, Commelinaceae, Eupho biaceae, Gen ianaceae and Lamiaceae a e ep esen ed wi h 2 species each
(Figu e 2). A single species ep esen ed he emaining 14 amilies.
Figu e 2 Dominan amilies o endemic axa in Ha e i dis ic
Analysis o Habi -wise dis ibu ion o he enume a ed axa showed ha he baceous lo a was dominan wi h 28 species and sha es
mo e han hal o he o al endemics (61%), ollowed by ees 9 (20%), sh ubs 7 (15%) and climbe s 2 (4%) (Figu e 3). Habi a s udy
showed ha Helican hes elas ica (Des .) Danse (Lo an haceae) was he only pa asi ic axa documen ed om he su ey commonly
obse ed on he Mangi e a indica L. as a hos . Ae ides maculosa Lindl. and Dend obium o a um (L.) K aenzl. (O chidaceae) we e he
epiphy ic axa commonly g own on hos s like Mangi e a indica L., Te minalia anogeissiana Ge e & Boa w . and Tama indus indica L.
654 4 322222
Numbe o Species
Families
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 4 o 11
Figu e 3 Habi -wise dis ibu ion o endemic axa.
Ou o collec ed 46 species, 7 species we e wi h ube ous oo s ock Ce opegia bha ii S.R.Yada & Shendage, Habena ia
g andi lo i o mis Bla e & McCann, D imia polyan ha (Bla . & McCann) S ea n, Iphigenia pallida Bake , Cyano is ube osa (Roxb.) Schul . &
Schul . ., Geodo um laxi lo um G i ., and Cu cuma ka na akensis Amal aj, Velay. & Mu al. 2 species namely, Homonoia e usa (G aham ex
Wigh ) Müll.A g. and Phyllan hus lawii J.G aham we e es ic ed o only ipa ian ege a ion in he s udy a ea. Based on he
dis ibu ional a ea o endemic axa, hey we e classi ied in o 5 di e en ca ego ies, Wes e n Gha s (WG) elemen s we e dominan wi h
18 axa, ollowed by, Indian endemics (16), Sou he n India (6) and Peninsula India (3) (Figu e 4).
Geodo um laxi lo um G i . was o me ly epo ed om Assam, Chha isga h, Guja a , Odisha, Jha khand, Maha ash a, Telangana
and Wes Bengal s a e ecen ly i was epo ed as a new addi ion o he lo a o Ka na aka om he Ha e i dis ic (Makanu and
Ko esha, 2022a). 3 axa a e na owly endemic o Ka na aka s a e namely, Dyscho is e agans (Wigh ) O. K ze. was es ic ed o Belaga i,
Chama ajanaga , Chikkamangalu u and Chi adu ga dis ic s. Cu cuma ka na akensis Amal aj, Velay. & Mu al. endemic o Belaga i,
Chi adu ga, Dha wad, and U a a Kannada dis ic s (Sanjappa and S ingeshwa a, 2019). Ce opegia bha ii Yada and Shendage, (2010)
epo ed o he i s ime nex o i s ype locali y Da ange e-Malebennu Gha .
Figu e 4 Rep esen a ion o he numbe o endemic axa based on geog aphic dis ibu ion in Ha e i Dis ic
61%
20%
15%
4%
He b T ee Sh ub Climbe
16
3
6
18
3
India Peninsula India Sou he n India Wes e n Gha s Ka na aka
Numbe o Endemic axa
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 5 o 11
Figu e 5 A. Acalypha malaba ica Müll.A g.; B. Acilepis dendigulensis (DC.) H.Rob.; C. Ae ides maculosa Lindl.; D. A gy eia cunea a (Willd.)
Ke Gawl.; E. Aspidop e ys co da a (Wall.) A.Juss.; F. Blepha ispe mum subsessile DC.; G. Cansco a pe olia a Lam.; H. Ce opegia
bha ii S.R.Yada & Shendage; I. Cu cuma ka na akensis Amal aj, Velay. & Mu al.; J. Cyano is ube osa (Roxb.) Schul . & Schul . .; K.
Dend obium o a um (L.) K aenzl.; L. Diclip e a cunea a Nees.
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 6 o 11
Figu e 6 A. Dolichand one alca a (Wall. ex DC.) Seem; B. D imia polyan ha (Bla . & McCann) S ea n; C. Dyscho is e agans (Wigh ) O.
K ze.; D. E an hemum oseum (Vahl) R.B .; E. Exacum lawi C. B. Cla ke; F. Ga denia gummi e a L. .; G. Geodo um laxi lo um G i .; H.
Habena ia g andi lo i o mis Bla e & McCann; I. Helican hes elas ica (Des .) Danse ; J. Homonoia e usa (G aham ex Wigh ) Müll.A g.; K.
Iphigenia pallida Bake ; L. Jus icia wynaadensis (Nees) T. Ande son
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 7 o 11
Figu e 7 A. Kalanchoe oli acea Dalzell; B. La andula bipinna a O.Kun ze; C. Moulla a spica a (Dalzell) Nicolson; D. Neu acan hus ine ius
Wigh ; E. Phyllan hus lawii J.G aham; F. Polyca paea au ea (Wigh ) Wigh & A n. ex B.D.Jacks.; G. Pulica ia wigh iana (DC.) C.B.Cla ke;m
H. Rade mache a xyloca pa (Roxb.) K.Schum.; I. Te minalia belli ica (Gae n.) Roxb.; J. Te minalia panicula a Ro h; K. Thunbe gia
haw ayneana Wall.; L. T icholepis adicans (Roxb.) DC.
Analysis o he IUCN s a us o enume a ed species showed ha Ce opegia bha ii S.R.Yada & Shendage comes unde he C i ically
Endange ed (CR) ca ego y (Makanu and Ko esha, 2024), Habena ia g andi lo i o mis Bla e & McCann belongs o Nea Th ea ened
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 8 o 11
(NT) ca ego y, Ga cinia indica (Dupe i -Thoua s) Choisy comes unde he Vulne able (VU) and E an hemum oseum (Vahl) R.B .,
Te minalia belli ica (Gae n.) Roxb., Homonoia e usa (G aham ex Wigh ) Müll.A g., Ha dwickia bina a Roxb., La andula bipinna a O.
Kun ze and Ga denia gummi e a L. . belonged o Leas Conce n (LC) ca ego y. The conse a ion s a us o he emaining 37 species was
no s udied hey come unde he No Applicable (NA) ca ego y.
Table 1 Lis o endemic species collec ed om he Ha e i Dis ic .
Bo anical name
Family
Habi
Phenology
Dis ibu ion
IUCN
S a us
Accession
Acalypha
malaba ica Müll.A g.
Eupho biaceae
H
Aug-No
WG
NA
20340
Acilepis dendigulensis (DC.)
H.Rob.
As e aceae
H
Aug-Feb
PI
NA
20642; 643
Ae ides maculosa Lindl.
O chidaceae
H
May-Oc
I
NA
20611; 833
A gy eia cunea a (Willd.)
Ke Gawl.
Con ol ulaceae
S
Aug-Feb
WG
NA
-
Aspidop e ys co da a (Wall.)
A.Juss.
Malpighiaceae
C
Aug-Jan
SI
NA
20447
Blepha ispe mum
subsessile DC.
As e aceae
H
Aug-Jan
I
NA
20876; 877
Blumea e ian ha DC.
As e aceae
H
No -May
I
NA
20970
Cansco a pe olia a Lam.
Gen ianaceae
H
Oc -Ap
WG
NA
20746
Cappa is g andi lo a Wall. ex
Hook. . & Thomson
Cappa aceae
S
Ma -Ap
WG
NA
20334
Ce opegia bha ii S.R.Yada &
Shendage
Apocynaceae
C
Sep-No
K
CR
20907; 908
C o ala ia pusilla Heyne ex
Ro h
Fabaceae
H
Jul-Jan
I
NA
20656
C o ala ia es i a Bake
Fabaceae
H
No -Feb
I
NA
20603; 604
Cu cuma
ka na akensis Amal aj,
Velay. & Mu al.
Zingibe aceae
H
Aug-Dec
K
NA
20442
Cyano is ube osa (Roxb.)
Schul . & Schul . .
Commelinaceae
H
Aug-Dec
SI
NA
-
Dend obium o a um (L.)
K aenzl.
O chidaceae
H
Sep-Ma
I
NA
20662
Diclip e a cunea a Nees
Acan haceae
H
No -Feb
WG
NA
20682
Dolichand one
a o i ens (Ro h) Sp ague
Bignoniaceae
T
TY
WG
NA
20426
Dolichand one alca a (Wall.
ex DC.) Seem.
Bignoniaceae
T
TY
I
NA
20250
D imia polyan ha (Bla . &
McCann) S ea n
Aspa agaceae
H
Ma -Jul
WG
NA
20849
Dyscho is e agans (Wigh )
O. K ze.
Acan haceae
H
Jun-Feb
K
NA
20608; 699
E an hemum oseum (Vahl)
R.B .
Acan haceae
H
No -Jan
I
LC
20616
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Species 25, e21s1659 (2024) 9 o 11
Exacum lawi C. B. Cla ke
Gen ianaceae
H
Sep-No
WG
NA
20926; 927
Ga cinia indica (Dupe i -
Thoua s) Choisy
Clusiaceae
T
No -Aug
WG
VU
-
Ga denia gummi e a L. .
Rubiaceae
T
Dec-Aug
WG
LC
20635
Geodo um laxi lo um G i .
O chidaceae
H
Jun-Sep
I
NA
20889
Habena ia
g andi lo i o mis Bla e &
McCann
O chidaceae
H
Jun-No
WG
NT
20377
Ha dwickia bina a Roxb.
Fabaceae
T
Aug-Jan
I
LC
-
Helican hes elas ica (Des .)
Danse
Lo an haceae
H
Ap -Dec
WG
NA
20628; 629
Homonoia e usa (G aham ex
Wigh ) Müll.A g.
Eupho biaceae
S
Jan-Aug
WG
LC
20785
Iphigenia pallida Bake
Colchicaceae
H
Jul-Sep
SI
NA
20381
Jus icia wynaadensis (Nees)
T.Ande son
Acan haceae
S
No -Ma
WG
NA
20749
Kalanchoe oli acea Dalzell
C assulaceae
H
Jan-Ap
WG
NA
-
Lage s oemia mic oca pa
Wigh
Ly h aceae
T
Jun-Feb
WG
NA
20843; 844
La andula
bipinna a O.Kun ze
Lamiaceae
H
Sep-Feb
I
LC
20152
Leucas cla kei Hook. .
Lamiaceae
H
Sep-Jan
I
NA
-
Moulla a spica a (Dalzell)
Nicolson
Fabaceae
S
Oc -Ma
WG
NA
20591
Mu dannia dimo pha
(Dalzell) G.B ückn.
Commelinaceae
H
Jul-No
WG
NA
-
Neu acan hus
ine ius Wigh
Acan haceae
H
Dec-Ma
I
NA
20768
Phyllan hus lawii J.G aham
Phyllan haceae
S
Dec-May
I
NA
20638
Polyca paea au ea (Wigh )
Wigh & A n. ex B.D.Jacks.
Ca yophyllaceae
H
Aug-Feb
I
NA
20637
Pulica ia wigh iana (DC.)
C.B.Cla ke
As e aceae
H
Jul-Feb
PI
NA
20137
Rade mache a
xyloca pa (Roxb.) K.Schum.
Bignoniaceae
T
Feb-Ap
SI
NA
20980; 981
Te minalia belli ica (Gae n.)
Roxb.
Comb e aceae
T
Ma -Dec
I
LC
-
Te minalia panicula a Ro h
Comb e aceae
T
Aug-Jan
SI
NA
20573
Thunbe gia
haw ayneana Wall.
Acan haceae
S
TY
SI
NA
20736; 737
T icholepis adicans (Roxb.)
DC.
As e aceae
H
Aug-Feb
PI
NA
20947; 948
Abb e ia ions: C-Climbe ; H-He b; S-Sh ub; T-T ee; TY-Th oughou he yea ; I-India; PI-Peninsula India; SI-Sou he n India; WG-
Wes e n Gha s; CR- C i ically Endange ed; LC- Leas Conce n; NA-No applicable; NT-Nea Th ea ened; VU-Vulne able.
