ISSN : 2349-4743
Jou nal o
T ibal, Folk
and
Subal e n S udies
(An In e na ional Re e eed Resea ch Jou nal)
Volume II • Issue I • Augus 2015
(Special Issue on Women)
Edi o -in-Chie
DR. VIPIN K. SINGH
Edi o s
DR. PRIYANKA SINGH
DR. BASANTA K. MOHANTA
ISSN : 2349-4743
JOURNAL OF TRIBAL, FOLK AND SUBALTERN STUDIES
(An In e na ional Re e eed Resea ch Jou nal)
(Volume II; Issue 1; Augus 2015)
Edi o -in-Chie : DR. VIPIN K. SINGH
Edi o s : DR. PRIYANKA SINGH & DR. BASANTA K. MOHANTA
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
• DR VICKY SUE GILPIN, Dep . o English, Millikin Uni e si y, Illinois, USA
• DR MONICA GUIDOLIN, Social An h opology and E hnology, Pa is.
• PROF. R K SINGH, Dep . o English & Mode n Eu opean Languages, UP.
• PROF. KISHOR K BASA, Depa men o An h opology, U kal Uni. Bhubaneswa ,
Odisha, India.
• FARIDEH POURGIV, Associa e P o . o English Li e a u e Shi az Uni,I an.
• DR DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH, Dep . o English, Lucknow Uni, UP. India.
• PROF. T. NAGESHWAR RAO, Head, Dep . o English Li e a u e o
Commonweal h Coun ies, EFLU, Hyde abad, India.
• PROF. JAGANNATH DAS, Dep . o An h opology, U kal Uni. Odisha, India.
• PROF. M. ZULFIQUAR ALI ISLAM, Dep . o Sociology, Uni e si y o Rajshahi,
Bangladesh.
• DR. GAUTAM BERA, An h opological Su ey o India No h-Eas e n Regional
Cen e Mawblei, Madan i ing, Shillong, India.
• DR R.K. MOHANTY, Dep . o A chaeology, Deccan College, Pune, India.
• DR. N. K. DAS, 56, Russa Road, Fi s Lane, Tollygunge, Kolka a.
• DR SHWETA SINGH, 6 Ca land Close, Reading, Uni ed Kingdom.
• DR. SUDHANSHU SHEKHAR MAHATO, Lec u e , Dep . O Humani ies,
G.H.Raisoni College o Enginee ing, Nagpu .
Wo ldwide Ci cula ion h ough Au ho sp ess Global Ne wo k
Published 2015
by
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opinions, policies, copy igh in ingemen , legal ac ion, penal y o loss o any
kind ega ding hei a icles. Nei he he publishe no he edi o will be
esponsible o any penal y o loss o any kind i claimed in u u e.
Con ibu ing au ho s ha e no igh o demand any oyal y amoun o hei
a icles.
Con en s
Edi o ial 5
Resea ch Pape s:
1. Ima Kei hel: The T adi ional Ma ke o Women in
Manipu 7
N. SHAKMACHA SINGH AND PROF. K.K. BASA
2. A S udy o Sexual Violence, Gende
Disc imina ion and T auma in Bapsi Sidhwa’s
The Ice-Candy-Man 20
DR. DEEPAK KUMAR SINGH
3. Socio-Poli ical Role o Su i Women in he
Ho n o A ica (Wi h special Re e ence o
Si i Alwiyya o E i ea)
DR. SHAMSHAD ALI 36
4. Ta oo: A Cul u al Exp ession o he Baiga Women
(A S udy o he Ta oo Cul u e o he Baiga
Women o Madhya P adesh) 52
MANASH PRATIM GOSWAMI
5. Ka nad’s The Fi e and he Rain:
A Tale o Subal e n Women 65
DR. R.P. YADAV
6. Women in Ancien Li e a u e 75
DR. MOHAN LAL CHADHAR
7. P ac ices and P e en ions o Female Geni al Mu ila ion
in A ica: A Medical An h opological Analysis 99
BASANTA KUMAR MOHANTA
Page 4 Jou nal o T ibal, Folk and Subal e n S udies
8. Violence Agains Women in India: Punjab Un eiled 117
SARABJEET SINGH
9. En ep eneu ial Oppo uni ies o T ibal Women in
Tou ism Sec o :A S udy on Scheduled A eas o
Madhya P adesh 132
DR. A. RAGHU & DR. PRASHANT KUMAR SINGH
10. Woman, Ma iage and Mo he hood: Simone’s
Response 147
DR PRIYANKA SINGH
11. Ma iage, Dow y and Female Subo dina ion:
A Shakespea ean Canon 160
DR VIPIN K SINGH
12. Women Leade s o Odisha in he Na ionalis
Mo emen 175
MANAS KUMAR DAS
13. My hologies Re ealing he Hidden Consciousness
o he Baigas: A Feminis Reading 195
DR VIPIN K SINGH
14. T ibal Women’s Wo ld: Re ealing he
Reali ies h ough Baiga Folklo e 213
DR PRIYANKA SINGH
Book Re iews:
1. Lips Ha e No hing To Say 222
DR VIPIN K SINGH
2. E hnog aphic Museum (A Pic og aphic Ca alogue
o he E hnog aphic Museum o Indi a Gandhi
Na ional T ibal Uni e si y, Ama kan ak, M.P.) 225
DR. GAURI SHANKAR MAHAPATRA
3. Con empo a y Issues in Pos colonial Theo y 229
DR VIPIN K SINGH
9
En ep eneu ial Oppo uni ies o
T ibal Women in Tou ism Sec o :
A S udy on Scheduled A eas o
Madhya P adesh
DR. A. RAGHU* & DR. PRASHANT KUMAR SINGH**
*Ass .P o esso , Indi a Gandhi Na ional T ibal Uni e si y, MP
**Ass . P o esso , Indi a Gandhi Na ional T ibal Uni e si y, MP
Abs ac
The explici de elopmen o ma ginalized communi ies is e y
impo an o a de eloping coun y. In o de o ca alyze hei
g ow h, sel -employmen is he bes op ion. Bu , i is no
possible o s a business wi hou a sys ema ic in es iga ion. So
his s udy is conduc ed o in es iga e he sui able en ep eneu ial
oppo uni ies in ou ism sec o , o ibal women esiding in he
s a e o Madhya P adesh. To ealize he objec i es o p esen
s udy un-s uc u ed in e iews and pa icipa e obse a ion
me hod is adop ed. Implemen able sugges ions and
ecommenda ions a e concei ed ou o his esea ch s udy.
Key wo ds: T ibal Women, En ep eneu ship, T aining,
Handic a s, Scheduled a eas.
In oduc ion
“You can ell he condi ion o a na ion by looking a he s a us
o i s women” —Jawaha lal Neh u
An a emp o w i e a esea ch pape on he scope o c ea ing
en ep eneu ial oppo uni ies o ibal women is one o he
En ep eneu ial Oppo uni ies o T ibal Women Page 133
mos impo an social conce ns. P og ess o ma ginalized
communi ies is ea ed as impo an g ow h indica o and
necessa y o a de eloping coun y like India. P o iding
employmen oppo uni ies o all populace o his coun y,
whe he i is Go e nmen , non-go e nmen o p i a e, is no
possible. Hence, helping hem o ake up en ep eneu ial
ac i i y is bes possible al e na i e a ailable wi h he
Go e nmen . T ibal communi ies a e democ a ic and house
hold esponsibili y is sha ed equally be ween emale and
male membe s, so i gi es ui ul esul s i he ibal women
a e bes owed wi h he ea ning oppo uni ies.
Gende based inequali ies a e scien i ically esea ched
by a social wa ch. I is in ol ed in he collec ion o da a and
analysis is done by adop ing, sys ema ic me hodology o
p epa a ion o gende equi y index. I is used o ca ego ize
di e en coun ies. Thi d wo ld coun ies a e no signi ican ly
con ibu ed o he undamen al knowledge o
en ep eneu ship heo ies, when compa ed wi h de eloped
na ions. I any such s udy is conduc ed i is con ined o
speci ic sec o s o g oups only. Ac ion and applied esea ch
has o be ca ied ou by he educa ional ins i u es, social
o ganiza ions and in e na ional agencies o help he ibal
women o make success ul ca ee in sel -employmen . The
esul s concei ed ou o such se ious esea ch s udies should
be ans o med in o heo ies and hose can be used o
guiding women en ep eneu s in gene al and ibal women
in speci ic. Jyo i Y. depic ed Indian women as homely, so ,
non-agg essi e, in o e and aced c uel beha iou om he
day one o he bi h o e en he days be o e. They a e also
acing iolence agains hem, gende inequali y, compa a i e
low ea men s in he sec o s like educa ion, employmen ,
ea nings, e c. despi e all hese p oblems in he socie y and
wi hin he amily, hey a e in ol ed in na ion building.
Page 134 Jou nal o T ibal, Folk and Subal e n S udies
Mode n woman is no equal o men, bu hey a e mo e and
hey a e con iden , in elligen , inno a i e, alen ed, educa ed
and c ea i e. The abo e pa ag aph s ands alid only o ew
segmen s o class o women. An a emp is made in his
esea ch pape o unde s and he s a us o ibal women
inhabi ed in he scheduled a eas o Madhya P adesh. In he
abo e s a emen s a us is conce ned wi h hei empowe men .
Women en ep eneu ship also con ibu es subs an ially o
he economic g ow h, bu un o una ely, some people wi h
adi ional mind se a e no suppo ing hem. (Kumbha , V.
M. 2).
Aim and Objec i es
The aim o his esea ch pape is o in es iga e he mic o-
le el oppo uni ies in ou ism sec o , mainly he ac i i ies
sui able o ibal women, li ing in scheduled a eas o
Madhya P adesh. The measu able and a ainable objec i es
o he s udy a e o know he challenges aced by ibal women
in se ing up an en e p ise. he p esen pape a emp s o ma k
he Iden i ica ion o Tou is des ina ion in he scheduled a eas
o Madhya P adesh.
Re iew o Li e a u e
Knowledge is c ea ed h ough he con inuous e o made by
di e en indi iduals in he dynamic en i onmen . Acco ding
o Sinha, (76) women en e in o en ep eneu ac i i y by h ee
ype o easons, hese a e chance, o ce and c ea ed. Women
has he abili y o lea n as and cope up wi h he en i onmen
easily i he aining is p o ided o hem in a special
en i onmen , whe e only women pa icipan s a e he e. The
ailo made aining p og ammes yield be e esul s and hey
imbibe he skills like con idence, c edibili y and in e -
En ep eneu ial Oppo uni ies o T ibal Women Page 135
pe sonal skills com o ably (Vinnicombe and Singh 294-
396). The emale En ep eneu s ha e o wo k ha d ela i ely,
when compa ed o he male membe o con ince he
cus ome , supplie s and un he business success ully.
(Shabbi 1). Physical age o he women also play a i al ole
in di e si ying he business, besides his, she has o ake ca e
o he home, child en, amily, ela i es and business. I
women ecei es good and suppo i e amily membe s, he
pe o mance is ce ainly be e and she can play all he oles
equally good. I is ema kable ha he echnology helps ibal
women o display hei goods o po en ial cus ome s in he
physical and i ual ma ke s. Resea ch on a ious a eas o
women en ep eneu ship is essen ial in he con empo a y,
dynamic ma ke s. (De B uin, A., e al. 223-339). Women
always do hei wo k sys ema ically, wi h lo o pa ience and
commi men . Thei con ibu ion also coun s, so suppo om
he amily membe s, socie y and pee g oups ake hem o
new heigh s in hei business en u es. The su ey o
li e a u e on empi ical s udies in he a ea o women
en ep eneu ship e ealed ha ibal women a e s ill lagging
in he a eas o educa ion, heal h, ag icul u e, poli ical
leade ship, basic ameni ies, business, employmen , social
mobiliza ion. They should be exposed o sensi iza ion on
a ious, schemes, me hodologies, and scope o he
de elopmen . Shi a aj, B. M. C. G. H., and Dileepkuma ,
M. G. M. (2012). I is essen ial o know he ac o s
esponsible o boos ing and mo i a ing women o s a
business o hei own, hose ac o s a e leading beha ou ,
s ong de e mina ion and isk aking a i ude. Panda, S. S.
(2013). In o de o c ea e success ul en u es women should
ha e good educa ion, p o essional quali ica ions, manage ial
skills, passion, adian pe sonali y, independen , decision
making abili y, p oac i e and con iden . Kau , G., and Singh,
D. S. (2013).
Page 136 Jou nal o T ibal, Folk and Subal e n S udies
Me hodology
The me hod adop ed o ealize he objec i es o he s udy a e
a se ies o in-dep h in e iews wi h local ibal communi y
membe s, ou ism o icials and he same assump ions a e
adop ed o o he loca ions, because he a ge g oup is mo e
o less same a he all he loca ions, as unde s ood ha hey
a e women membe s o he ibal g oups esiding in he same
s a e. Pe sonal semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e conduc ed
wi h a sample o 25 women membe s in Anuppu Dis ic .
Pa icipa o y di ec obse a ion me hod is ollowed o know
he daily ou ine o he women membe s, hei ole in ea ning
inancial esou ces o ake-ca e o hei amily. Fu he his
also p o ides scope o collec he p esen ou ism ela ed
ac i i ies a ailable a he des ina ion. Seconda y da a is
collec ed h ough he esea ch a icles, p oceedings o he
ibal wel a e depa men , esea ch p ojec s, whi e pape s,
unpublished hesis and he au hen ic documen s p o ided by
he en ep eneu ship de elopmen o ganiza ions.
S udy A ea
Madhya P adesh is loca ed in he cen al pa o he coun y,
i is o he wise called “Hea o India”. The s a e is bes owed
wi h ich cul u al and he i age esou ces, monumen s, o es s,
moun ain anges, hill s a ions, wild li e sanc ua ies and
spi i ual des ina ions. In 1950, o me B i ish Cen al
P o ince, Be a , p incely s a e o Maka ai and Chha isga h
was o med in o 3 new s a es, hey a e Bhopal, Vindhya
P adesh and Chha isga h. Due o he eo ganiza ion o s a es,
hese h ee egions me ged in o Madhya P adesh, in 1956.
I was o iginally he bigges s a e in India wi h 61 dis ic s
un il 1s No embe , 2000 and hus di ided in o Madhya
P adesh and Chha isga h a e ha . Now i is he second
la ges s a e in India and he physical a eas o his s a e
En ep eneu ial Oppo uni ies o T ibal Women Page 143
skills, so ha , hey can design inno a i e p oduc s. Sa ma,
G. (2014). The social and cul u al ba ie s like aboos,
supe s i ions, cus oms, gende , cas e, occupa ion, and class
a e no allowing hem o gain inancial eedom. In o de o
o e come all hese p oblems, hey should be p o ided wi h
basic educa ion and equi ed skills, (Sindhi, M. S. 2012). A
majo shi in adi ional a i ude and mind se o he people
in he socie y can only elimina e he obs acles o ibal
women and help hem o es ablish success ul en e p ises.
Mahajan, S. (2013). Whe he men o women, hei wo k
always helps o he na ion building, i also helps hei amily,
in p esen e a o compe i ion women a e also willing o ake
up business ac i i ies, and hey should be ained in s a egic
managemen and isk managemen . Jyo hi, P. N. (2014).
India has al eady expe ienced he con ibu ion o women
en ep eneu s o he g ow h o economy, women om u al
and ibal communi ies should be ained o u ilize he edge
o echnology, impo and expo p ocedu es, (Venugopal, R.
K., & Konchada, S. 2014). T aining and skill de elopmen
p og ammes o ibal women make hem o eligible o
se ing up o hei own business en u es. Educa ion, libe al
hinking, make hem adian and economically independen ,
(Pushpanadham, K., & Sindhi, S. 2014).
T ibal women should use he schemes and incen i es
p o ided by he go e nmen o aise he unds, non-
go e nmen al o ganiza ions should help hem in
dissemina ion o go e nmen policies and a ious bodies
om ime o ime, which a e ela ed o en ep eneu ship.
Conclusion
The e is a need o subs an ial esea ch in he ield o
en ep eneu ship oppo uni ies o ibal women. They a e
playing i al ole in con ibu ing inancial esou ces o
Page 144 Jou nal o T ibal, Folk and Subal e n S udies
main ain hei amily. Whe he ibal women o men, hey
a e acing lo o challenges in hei ou ine li e. T ibal women
a e acing heal h p oblems, lack o educa ion, sani a ion, sa e
d inking wa e and socie al p oblems. Some imes he aboos,
supe s i ions also make hem icky. As hey a e acing
di icul si ua ion o lead hei li elihood, i is he
esponsibili y o e e y pe son, Go e nmen and Non-
go e nmen al o ganiza ions o wo k o he p og ession o
he ibal communi ies. In o de o empowe he ibal women
aining should be impa ed in he ields o inance,
managemen , s a egy, book keeping, main enance o
accoun s, using echnology o op imum esul s, ma ke ing
and p oduc ion. A he same ime inancial suppo should
be p o ided o he ibal women o he es ablishmen o
en e p ises. Majo i y o he ibal popula ion esides in
scheduled a eas o he s a e. These a eas a e also ha ing good
ou is des ina ions, which a e ha ing ample oppo uni ies o
s a ibal dance o ou is consump ion. Handic a
p oduc ion and ma ke ing, adi ional ood s alls,
communica ion s alls, selling d inks and sou eni shops a e
some o he sui able and con enien oppo uni ies o ibal
women esiding in scheduled a eas o Madhya P adesh.
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