APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN THE ROAD SECTOR

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APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN
THE ROAD SECTOR
F.B. Kuljano 1, A.Kh. U ako 2
Independen Resea che a Tashken S a e T anspo Uni e si y1
P o esso a Tashken S a e T anspo Uni e si y, DSc2
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17311465
Abs ac . This a icle analyzes he ad an ages, echnological solu ions, and e iciency o
In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS) applied on highways in de eloped coun ies such as he USA,
Japan, Ge many, and Sou h Ko ea. In elligen T anspo Sys ems se e o imp o e oad sa e y,
educe conges ion, and minimize en i onmen al impac h ough he collec ion and analysis o
eal- ime da a and decision-making based on hem. The a icle also p esen s p oposals ega ding
he possibili ies o implemen ing hese sys ems in Uzbekis an, in as uc u al p epa edness, and
al e na i e solu ions. The esul s o he esea ch can se e as a scien i ic and p ac ical basis o
he in oduc ion o ITS in de eloping coun ies.
Keywo ds: digi al in as uc u e, In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS), anspo
managemen , expe ience o de eloped coun ies, highways, oad a ic sa e y, eal- ime
moni o ing, inno a i e echnologies.
In oduc ion. In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS) ep esen he applica ion o mode n
in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies in anspo managemen , aimed a ensu ing sa e and
e icien o ganiza ion o a ic on oads. ITS includes a ious senso s, so wa e-ha dwa e ools,
and communica ion sys ems – o example, using special senso s o au oma ically adjus he
ope a ion o a ic ligh s in eal- ime. In de eloped coun ies, anspo managemen agencies a e
ac i ely implemen ing ITS solu ions o add ess p oblems o conges ion and acciden s.
Acco ding o su ey da a om 2020, he main ypes o ITS echnologies ha e been widely
applied in many la ge ci ies: o ins ance, elec onic dynamic in o ma ion boa ds (p o iding
d i e s wi h upda es on oad condi ions), a ic low senso s (con inuously moni o ing conges ion
le els), and a ic ligh p io i iza ion o eme gency ehicles (au oma ically gi ing a g een ligh
o app oaching ambulances o i e ucks) ha e been implemen ed by mos agencies. Howe e ,
some ad anced solu ions, such as adap i e a ic ligh managemen o amp me e s a eeway
en y poin s, a e s ill ela i ely less common (in ewe han 30% o a eas).
The expe ience o de eloped coun ies shows ha ITS enables anspo sys ems o become
mo e “in elligen ,” hus sa ing ime and esou ces while enhancing sa e y. Below, he p ac ical
applica ion o ITS echnologies on highways, achie ed esul s, and encoun e ed challenges a e
analyzed h ough examples om coun ies such as he USA, Japan, Ge many, Sou h Ko ea, and
he Uni ed Kingdom. The analysis co e s a eas such as educing conges ion, imp o ing a ic
sa e y, elec onic paymen s, au oma ed and connec ed anspo in eg a ion, sma highways, and
ba ie s o ITS implemen a ion. This in e na ional expe ience and li e a u e-based analysis a e
suppo ed by ables, examples, and s a is ical da a.
ITS Technologies o Reducing Road T a ic Conges ion
One o he main objec i es o In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS) is o mi iga e conges ion
in ci ies and on highways. In pa icula , adap i e a ic signal con ol sys ems a e being
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implemen ed as an e ec i e solu ion agains a ic jams. Unlike adi ional a ic ligh s, which
ope a e on ixed ime in e als, adap i e a ic ligh s au oma ically adjus hei phases based on
eal- ime da a collec ed om oad a ic senso s. As a esul , a ic low is dynamically managed,
unnecessa y wai ing and s ops a e educed. S udies ha e shown ha adap i e con ol can imp o e
a e age a el ime by a leas 10%, and in a eas wi h ou da ed signal se ings, imp o emen s o
up o 50% ha e been obse ed. In some cases, a e adap i e a ic signals we e in oduced on
ci y s ee s, d i e s’ a el imes dec eased by up o 30%. By smoo hing a ic low, adap i e
sys ems also educe uel consump ion and ha m ul gas emissions – ewe s ops a in e sec ions
lead o signi ican ly lowe uel usage and CO2 emissions in ci ies.
Fo example, he ci y o De oi in he Uni ed S a es con e ed mo e han 600 a ic ligh s
o adap i e con ol, which signi ican ly educed conges ion and e en imp o ed he esponse imes
o eme gency ehicles. Adap i e a ic signals also posi i ely impac oad sa e y: smoo he lows
educe ed-ligh unning and sudden b aking, which lowe s he likelihood o c ashes a
in e sec ions [9]. Fo his eason, adap i e con ol sys ems a e being widely deployed a
in e sec ions in de eloped coun ies, o ming a solid ounda ion o he u u e ope a ion o
au onomous ehicles.
Ano he e ec i e ITS solu ion o ackling conges ion is con inuous a ic low
moni o ing and managemen . Video su eillance came as and senso s ins alled along oads
cons an ly ack ehicle speed and densi y. Based on his da a, a ic managemen cen e s can
e alua e conges ion le els in eal ime and, i necessa y, display wa nings on in o ma ion boa ds
o sugges al e na i e ou es. Fo ins ance, in he U.S., mos highways a e equipped wi h dynamic
message signs ha no i y d i e s o acciden s, oadwo ks, o a ic jams ahead, encou aging hem
o change hei ou e in ime. Such elec onic ale sys ems enable p oac i e a ic egula ion: in
Ge many, a iable speed limi signs ins alled on mo o ways au oma ically educe he speed limi
when conges ion inc eases and, in c i ical cases, wa n d i e s abou upcoming bo lenecks, u ging
hem o slow down. These me hods help p e en ehicles om en e ing al eady jammed a ic
and cu b he sp ead o “shockwa e” conges ion. Sma a ic cen e s equipped wi h a i icial
in elligence can also de ec oad inciden s, p omp ly no i y ele an se ices, and edi ec a ic
acco dingly.
Ano he solu ion o educe conges ion on highways is he ins alla ion o a ic signals a
en y amps, known as amp me e ing sys ems. These sys ems ha e been in oduced in he Uni ed
S a es, Canada, Aus alia, and se e al Eu opean coun ies. Thei essence lies in egula ing and
con olling he low o ehicles me ging on o highways: ehicles app oaching om side oads a e
b ie ly held a en y amps and hen eleased on o he mo o way indi idually a speci ied in e als.
This way, clus e s o ehicles a e b oken up in o smalle g oups, educing sudden b aking and
s op-and-go condi ions when joining he main low. Nume ous s udies con i m he e ec i eness
o amp me e ing: o example, a e i s implemen a ion on a highway nea Sea le, a e age a el
ime dec eased by up o 50%. Simila ly, in Long Island, New Yo k S a e, a el ime d opped by
a ound 20%. Ramp me e ing no only inc eased a e age speed bu also imp o ed a ic low
s abili y – daily a el ime a iabili y dec eased, and o e all oad capaci y inc eased.
F om a sa e y pe spec i e, amp me e ing p e en s dange ous si ua ions in which oo many
ehicles en e he highway simul aneously, which o en leads o collisions. In many a eas, he
in oduc ion o amp me e ing has signi ican ly educed acciden s. Fo ins ance, du ing an
expe imen in Minneapolis–S . Paul (USA), when he sys em was empo a ily shu o , acciden
a es ose, bu once i was eac i a ed, acciden s declined again (con i ming ha amp me e ing
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helps educe c ashes). While amp me e s may cause sligh delays o d i e s a en y amps,
o e all jou ney imes a e s ill educed because highways emain unconges ed and allow s eady
mo emen . In e ms o cos -e ec i eness, amp me e ing is also highly e icien : in Minneso a,
U.S. calcula ions showed a bene i -cos a io o 15:1, meaning he socie al bene i s ou weighed
cos s i een old.
Thanks o he applica ion o hese ITS measu es, a ic conges ion le els in many la ge
ci ies o de eloped coun ies ha e s abilized o slowed in ecen yea s. Fo example, megaci ies
such as London, New Yo k, and Seoul ha e es ablished eal- ime a ic managemen cen e s ha
in eg a e adap i e a ic ligh s, in o ma ion boa ds, and ideo su eillance o main ain smoo he
lows. O cou se, wi h he numbe o ehicles con inuing o ise e e y yea (in he UK oad
ne wo k, o ins ance, a ic olumes a e p ojec ed o inc ease by ano he 59% by 2050), ITS
echnologies alone may no comple ely elimina e conges ion. Howe e , in e na ional expe ience
shows ha ITS can maximize he h oughpu o exis ing in as uc u e, educe was ed ime and
uel, and assis d i e s in making op imal decisions. Fo ins ance, h ough adap i e con ol and
o he ITS measu es, he U.S. has imp o ed pos -acciden clea ance imes (by e ou ing a ic and
clea ing oads as e ), he eby educing he occu ence o seconda y c ashes. O e all, ITS
echnologies a e inc easingly applied wo ldwide as cheape and as e - o-deploy al e na i es o
adi ional in as uc u e-based solu ions and ha e become an in eg al pa o a ic managemen .
The second key di ec ion o In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS) is ensu ing oad a ic
sa e y and mi iga ing he consequences o acciden s. On oads in de eloped coun ies, elec onic
sys ems ha p o ide d i e s wi h ea ly wa nings o dange a e being ac i ely in oduced. Fo
example, a iable message signs (VMS) on highways no i y d i e s abou haza ds ahead—such
as a s opped ehicle, a a ic acciden , o icy condi ions. Acco ding o U.S. a ic managemen
au ho i ies, ITS enables emo e inciden de ec ion and apid ale s, which in u n allow eme gency
se ices o each acciden si es as e and emo e disabled ehicles mo e quickly.
This signi ican ly educes seconda y collisions and minimizes conges ion esul ing om
acciden s. In many cases, addi ional c ashes used o occu a e an ini ial acciden due o ina en i e
d i e s in he same a ea—bu hanks o ITS-based apid wa ning sys ems, such inciden s ha e
dec eased conside ably. In addi ion, in some coun ies, oad wea he and en i onmen al senso s
immedia ely ale d i e s wi h ed signals and special wa nings when slippe y oads, hick og, o
icy laye s appea , u ging hem o exe cise cau ion. Resea ch in he Eu opean Union has shown ha
such elec onic wa nings signi ican ly lowe acciden isks on high-speed mo o ways.
Ano he impo an ITS solu ion is T a ic Signal P io i y (TSP) sys ems, which enhance
bo h sa e y and e iciency. These echnologies a e p ima ily designed o g an p io i y o
eme gency ehicles and public anspo . Fo example, in many U.S. and Canadian ci ies,
eme gency ehicle p eemp ion sys ems de ec app oaching ambulances, i e ucks, o police
ehicles and swi ch he a ic ligh s o g een in he equi ed di ec ion un il hey pass. As a esul ,
ambulance a el imes o hospi als ha e been educed by 15–50%, while c ashes in ol ing
eme gency ehicles a in e sec ions ha e allen by up o 70% [20]. Simila ly, i e igh e s a e now
able o each i e scenes se e al minu es as e han be o e, which can be c i ical in sa ing li es.
Today, such sys ems a e widely deployed ac oss majo U.S. ci ies: special de ices no i y a ic
ligh s o an eme gency ehicle’s app oach, au oma ically swi ching c oss a ic o ed.
Fu he mo e, a ic managemen cen e s o en coo dina e mul iple in e sec ions o c ea e a “g een
wa e” du ing eme gencies, enabling unin e up ed mo emen o ambulances and i e ucks along
en i e co ido s.
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Compa able ITS solu ions a e also being applied o public anspo , imp o ing no only
sa e y bu also se ice a ac i eness. T ansi Signal P io i y (TSP) sys ems allow buses and ams
o pass in e sec ions wi hou delay, helping main ain schedules. Fo example, a e TSP was
in oduced on majo bus ou es in Los Angeles, a e age bus a el ime dec eased by abou 7.5%,
while in Chicago, simila sys ems educed a el ime on some ou es by up o 15%. This no only
ensu es as e passenge a el bu also s abilizes ime able adhe ence, he eby imp o ing se ice
quali y. Impo an ly, in mos cases, al hough buses gained speed, no signi ican nega i e impac
was obse ed on gene al a ic lows—showing ha in elligen signal managemen bene i s all
oad use s.
One o he mos signi ican ITS ini ia i es o a ic sa e y is he eCall eme gency call
sys em. eCall au oma ically con ac s eme gency se ices in he e en o a se ious acciden and has
been widely implemen ed in he Eu opean Union. Since Ma ch 31, 2018, all newly manu ac u ed
passenge ca s and ligh comme cial ehicles in he EU a e legally equi ed o be equipped wi h
he 112-based eCall sys em. I s p inciple o ope a ion is simple: i a se e e collision occu s, ehicle
senso s de ec he impac , and he sys em au oma ically dials 112, ansmi ing a s anda dized da a
package—including he exac loca ion ( ia GPS), he ime o he c ash, he ehicle ype, and i s
iden i ica ion numbe . This ensu es ha e en i ic ims canno speak, escue s a e immedia ely
in o med o he exac acciden si e and can espond as e .
Acco ding o he Eu opean Commission, eCall can educe eme gency esponse imes by
40% in u ban a eas and by 50% in u al a eas. This, in u n, is es ima ed o sa e up o 2,500 li es
pe yea . The sys em is expec ed no only o cu oad a ali ies by a ound 4% bu also o educe
se ious inju ies by abou 6%. Based on he “golden hou ” p inciple—which emphasizes ha
medical assis ance wi hin he i s hou a e a c ash signi ican ly inc eases su i al chances—
eCall se es o sho en his c i ical ime. The EU an icipa es ha by 2035, nea ly 100% o ehicles
on i s oads will be equipped wi h eCall. Simila eme gency call unc ions exis in he Uni ed
S a es and o he de eloped coun ies (such as Gene al Mo o s’ OnS a sys em), hough manda o y
na ionwide implemen a ion has no ye been obse ed. Ne e heless, many new ehicle models
a e inc easingly being equipped wi h in eg a ed eme gency call sys ems ha au oma ically ac i a e
in c ashes, elimina ing delays caused by human ac o s.
Road sa e y ini ia i es unde ITS in Eu ope and o he egions a e no limi ed o he eCall
sys em. In elligen Speed Assis ance (ISA) echnologies, o example, a e inc easingly being
deployed. These sys ems ale d i e s when hey exceed he legal speed limi and, in some cases,
au oma ically es ic ehicle speed. In he Uni ed Kingdom, se e al ci ies ha e olun a ily
ins alled ISA de ices on buses and municipal se ice ehicles, which has educed ins ances o
speeding iola ions. Simila ly, in as uc u e-based sa e y senso s—such as heigh de ec o s a
b idge and unnel en ances o a alanche senso s in moun ainous a eas—issue ea ly wa nings o
d i e s, he eby p e en ing po en ial haza ds.
The in eg a ion o hese ad anced ale and con ol sys ems wi hin ITS amewo ks has
con ibu ed o a s eady decline in acciden a es ac oss de eloped coun ies. In Japan, o ins ance,
highways equipped wi h ITS echnologies (such as emo e ada sys ems and V2X communica ion
ne wo ks) ha e demons a ed lowe acciden a es compa ed o con en ional oads. In summa y,
ITS de ices enable d i e s o “see mo e and eac as e ,” he eby mi iga ing human e o and
os e ing a sa e a ic en i onmen .
Elec onic Toll Collec ion Sys ems and Thei E iciency
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Elec onic Toll Collec ion (ETC) sys ems ep esen one o he mos success ul applica ions
o ITS on highways. Thei p ima y pu pose is o au oma e and accele a e oll collec ion, he eby
educing delays, conges ion, and uel was age. T adi ionally, d i e s had o s op a oll boo hs and
make paymen s in cash o by ca d—an ine icien p ocess ha o en caused long queues. By
con as , ETC allows olls o be collec ed while ehicles emain in mo ion.
This is achie ed by equipping ehicles wi h dedica ed ansponde s ha can be ead ia
sho - ange adio communica ion, o by using au oma ic license pla e ecogni ion (ALPR) came as
o deduc olls om he use ’s accoun . Mode n ETC echnologies ha e d ama ically inc eased he
h oughpu o oll s a ions. Fo example, while a manual oll boo h can p ocess only abou 350
ehicles pe hou , a ully elec onic olling sys em (AET – All-Elec onic Tolling) can
accommoda e up o 1,800 ehicles pe hou [31].
The ollowing able illus a es he pe o mance di e ences ac oss a ious oll collec ion
me hods:
Paymen me hod
Th oughpu
( ehicles/hou )
Manual ( ia ope a o )
350 eh/h
Au oma ic oll boo h (coin accep o )
500 eh/h
Semi-elec onic (RFID eading a plaza)
1 200 eh/h
Fully elec onic oll collec ion (ETC, non-s op)
1 800 eh/h
The able shows ha a ully elec onic oll ga e can p ocess i e imes mo e ehicles
compa ed o a manual oll boo h. Thanks o his echnology, he p oblem o d i e conges ion a
oll plazas is elimina ed, esul ing in a sha p dec ease in a ic jams and delays. Fo example, a e
he implemen a ion o ETC on he New Je sey Tu npike in he Uni ed S a es, ehicle wai ing imes
a oll poin s we e educed by 85%, and i was calcula ed ha a o al o 2.1 million hou s o d i e s’
ime was sa ed in a single yea . In Flo ida, when one oll plaza was con e ed om a semi-
elec onic mode o a ully elec onic mode, he wai ing ime o cash-paying d i e s dec eased by
50%, o coin-machine use s by 55%, while o e all a el speed inc eased by 57%. Ano he
example is Japan, whe e he ETC sys em in oduced in 2001 has now been implemen ed on nea ly
all exp essways, and as o 2024, 95% o ehicles na ionwide a e using his sys em. This means
ha nea ly all oll paymen s on Japanese exp essways a e made in a seamless, au oma ed manne .
When he ETC sys em in Japan empo a ily mal unc ioned ecen ly, d i e s exp essed signi ican
dissa is ac ion, as hey had al eady become accus omed o his con enience — a ac which
demons a es how c ucial he elec onic oll sys em has become as in as uc u e.
The ad an ages o elec onic olling a e no limi ed o ime sa ings. Economically, such
sys ems educe he cos s o building and ope a ing oll plazas. Fo ins ance, s udies in se e al U.S.
s a es ha e shown ha a e he in oduc ion o ETC, up o $135,000 pe oll ga e was sa ed
annually in ope a ing expenses. The eason is ha each lane no longe equi es a sepa a e human
ope a o , no a e he e expenses associa ed wi h cash handling and money ci cula ion. F om an
en i onmen al pe spec i e, signi ican e iciency gains a e also achie ed: since ehicles no longe
s op and s a , uel consump ion dec eases, and exhaus emissions a e educed. Fo example, a
s udy conduc ed a h ee majo oll plazas in Ma yland demons a ed ha a e ETC
implemen a ion, hyd oca bon and CO emissions dec eased by 40–63%, while NOx emissions ell
by app oxima ely 16%. On a egional scale, se e al s udies ha e no ed ha hanks o ETC,
housands o ons o ha m ul gases a e p e en ed om being eleased in o he a mosphe e annually.

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Mo eo e , he educ ion o s op-and-go a ic a oll plazas dec eases d i e s ess le els,
posi i ely con ibu ing o o e all oad sa e y.
Al hough elec onic olling sys ems a e in oduced unde di e en names and wi h a ying
echnologies ac oss coun ies, hei basic p inciple o ope a ion is simila . In Eu ope, DSRC
ansponde s ins alled in ehicles o ANPR (au oma ic numbe pla e ecogni ion) sys ems a e
widely used o deduc paymen s. Fo example, in coun ies such as F ance and I aly, he adi ional
sys em o ecei ing a icke upon en y and paying a exi is g adually being eplaced wi h
elec onic e sions — d i e s egis e in ad ance, ins all a small de ice (badge) in hei ca s, and
pass h ough oll ga es wi hou s opping, while he paymen is au oma ically deduc ed om hei
bank accoun . In he Uni ed S a es, a uni ied ansponde sys em known as E-ZPass has been
in oduced ac oss mo e han 17 s a es (mos ly along he Eas Coas ). D i e s use dedica ed E-
ZPass lanes, whe e olls a e deduc ed ia adio communica ion, o , wi h he la es echnology, hei
license pla es a e ecognized by came as o billing. Coun ies like Sou h Ko ea and Singapo e a e
planning o le e age 5G echnologies o enable eal- ime oll paymen s. Fo ins ance, Singapo e
has implemen ed an elec onic oad p icing (ERP) sys em a en y and exi poin s o he ci y cen e ,
which collec s conges ion cha ges o educe a ic densi y wi hin u ban a eas.
In gene al, elec onic olling sys ems wi hin ITS no only ensu e he inancial sus ainabili y
o anspo in as uc u e (i.e., collec ing unds o oad main enance and de elopmen ) bu also
c ea e g ea con enience o d i e s. In de eloped coun ies, he cul u e o using oll oads has
been shaped h ough elec onic sys ems, whe e d i e s pass h ough special oll ga es almos
seamlessly, wi hou eeling he need o s op. These echnologies no only elimina e conges ion bu
also imp o e uel e iciency and educe nega i e en i onmen al impac s. A he same ime, eal-
ime a ic da a collec ed (e.g., he numbe o ehicles passing h ough speci ic poin s) also assis s
anspo planne s in op imizing he oad ne wo k and guiding in es men s o whe e hey a e mos
needed.
In eg a ion o Au oma ed and Connec ed Vehicles in o Road Ne wo ks
In ecen yea s, de eloped coun ies ha e launched a numbe o pilo p ojec s o in eg a e
au oma ed (sel -d i ing) and connec ed ehicles (Connec ed & Au onomous Vehicles, CAV) in o
oad in as uc u e. This di ec ion ep esen s he nex s age o ITS de elopmen , which en isions
eal- ime communica ion be ween ehicles and in as uc u e (V2I – ehicle- o-in as uc u e), as
well as be ween ehicles hemsel es (V2V – ehicle- o- ehicle). Connec ed ehicles a e
au omobiles capable o exchanging in o ma ion wi h each o he and wi h oad in as uc u e
h ough dedica ed sho - ange communica ion (DSRC) o cellula ne wo ks (such as 5G). They
con inuously ansmi signals abou hei condi ion (loca ion coo dina es, speed, d i ing di ec ion,
b aking) and can wa n nea by ehicles o po en ial collision isks o ecei e special ins uc ions
om in elligen oadside de ices (such as a ic ligh s o a iable message signs). Acco ding o
he U.S. Na ional Highway T a ic Sa e y Adminis a ion (NHTSA), he ull deploymen o V2V
echnology could po en ially p e en up o 80% o c ashes in ol ing wo o mo e ehicles. This is
because connec ed ehicles main ain 360° si ua ional awa eness and can de ec “in isible”
haza ds, wa ning he d i e o e en applying he b akes au oma ically. Fo ins ance, a V2V-
enabled ca can “see” ano he ehicle app oaching an in e sec ion be o e i en e s he d i e ’s line
o sigh and p o ide an ale . Consequen ly, U.S. and Eu opean anspo au ho i ies a e
conside ing manda ing he ins alla ion o V2V communica ion modules in u u e ehicles.
To es he eal-wo ld applica ion o connec ed and au oma ed ehicles, many coun ies
ha e ini ia ed pilo p og ams. The U.S. Depa men o T anspo a ion unded h ee la ge
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Connec ed Vehicle Pilo p ojec s: u ban s ee s in New Yo k Ci y, a highway in Tampa (Flo ida),
and an in e na ional eigh co ido in Wyoming. Thousands o ehicles we e equipped wi h V2V
de ices, and V2I communica ion was es ablished wi h a ic ligh s and oadside uni s. Sa e y
applica ions es ed included in e sec ion collision wa nings, ale s abou ed-ligh iola ions, and
no i ica ions o oncoming ains a unp o ec ed ail c ossings. In Tampa, ehicles exchanged
wea he senso da a, wa ning o he s o we o slippe y oads; in Wyoming, hea y ucks we e
ale ed o slow-mo ing ehicles o s a iona y obs acles ahead. These pilo s gene a ed aluable
insigh s on in e ope abili y ac oss de ices om di e en endo s, message deli e y delays, and
sys em eliabili y.
In Eu ope, se e al c oss-bo de coope a i e p ojec s and s anda ds ha e been launched.
Unde he EU’s C-Roads pla o m, coun ies such as Ge many, he Ne he lands, and Aus ia a e
de eloping connec ed anspo co ido s. Along he Ro e dam–F ank u –Vienna mo o way,
coope a i e ITS in as uc u e has been deployed o p o ide s anda dized se ices such as acciden
wa nings ahead, ale s on speed limi changes, no i ica ions abou oadwo ks, and in o ma ion
abou s a iona y ehicles. These messages a e ansmi ed di ec ly o he ehicle’s onboa d display
o o he d i e ’s sma phone, enabling d i e s o eac be o e haza ds become isible o de ec able
h ough na iga ion sys ems. Since 2015, Ge many and o he Eu opean s a es ha e also es ed
T uck Pla ooning, whe e hea y ucks d i e in close o ma ion wi h elec onic assis ance. In 2016,
Daimle conduc ed a success ul es in Ge many showing ha uck pla oons on mo o ways could
educe uel consump ion by app oxima ely 10%. Building on hese ials, he EU app o ed
common echnical s anda ds o uck pla ooning in 2022, pa ing he way o in e ope abili y
ac oss di e en manu ac u e s’ ehicles.
Japan is a global leade in he in eg a ion o au oma ed anspo . In 2018, he Japanese
go e nmen commissioned he wo ld’s i s la ge-scale au onomous uck pla ooning ial on he
Shin-Tomei Exp essway. Fou majo uck manu ac u e s join ly es ed Coope a i e Adap i e
C uise Con ol (CACC), enabling con oys o 3–4 ucks o main ain minimal spacing. Only he
lead uck was manually d i en, while he ollowing ucks we e synch onized ia adio
communica ion ( hough sa e y d i e s we e p esen in each). The ials s udied how su ounding
d i e s in e ac ed wi h pla oons, he sa e y o o e aking, and con oy esponses o eme gency
b aking. Japan expec s signi ican bene i s om such p ojec s, pa icula ly as he ucking indus y
aces labo sho ages and an aging wo k o ce. By enabling one d i e o e ec i ely supe ise
mul iple ucks, pla ooning could mi iga e wo k o ce issues. Mo eo e , close o ma ion d i ing
educes ae odynamic d ag, he eby enhancing uel e iciency — es s showed no able uel sa ings
when in e - ehicle dis ances we e educed o 10 me e s o less. In 2021, Japan became one o he
i s coun ies o o icially ce i y Le el 3 (condi ional au oma ion) ehicles, beginning wi h he
Honda Legend.
Sou h Ko ea is also ac i ely ad ancing CAV in eg a ion. In 2022, he coun y launched he
“Au onomous D i ing Ac 2.0,” aiming o comme cialize a leas one Le el 4 (high au oma ion)
ehicle by 2027 and ensu e ha by 2035, hal o all new ehicles sold will be Le el 4 o Le el 5
au onomous. Plans also include deploying au onomous ci y buses by 2025, designa ing dedica ed
mo o way lanes o au onomous ehicles om 2023, and comple ing na ionwide 5G
communica ion in as uc u e. By 2030, all majo Ko ean oads a e expec ed o ha e high-
de ini ion digi al maps upda ed in eal ime, enabling p ecise na iga ion o au oma ed ehicles.
Seoul and o he ci ies al eady hos se en special au onomous d i ing es zones, whe e companies
and uni e si ies ial sel -d i ing ca s unde eal-wo ld condi ions.
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Na u ally, he in eg a ion o connec ed and au oma ed ehicles places echnical and
o ganiza ional demands on in as uc u e. These include ins alling oadside uni s (RSUs),
equipping a ic ligh s wi h communica ion capabili ies, imp o ing lane ma kings, ensu ing
cybe secu i y, and c ea ing legal amewo ks o au onomous d i ing. Expe iences in de eloped
coun ies show ha in eg a ion is ad ancing g adually. In he U.S. and Eu ope, new a ic ligh s
and oad signs a e al eady being ins alled wi h V2X connec i i y in mind. Special es beds (e.g.,
Au o a in Finland and K-Ci y in Sou h Ko ea) simula e di e se scena ios, om icy win e oads
o pedes ian-hea y u ban s ee s. In his in eg a ion p ocess, ITS managemen cen e s will play a
key ole by agg ega ing da a lows and coo dina ing oad a ic almos as a “single o ganism.”
Fo example, coope a i e adap i e c uise con ol (CACC) allows connec ed au onomous ehicles
o a el in close con oys du ing conges ion, maximizing oad capaci y and enabling smoo he
lows. Es ima es sugges ha i all ehicles we e connec ed and able o sa ely educe ollowing
dis ances by 40%, exis ing mo o ways could accommoda e nea ly wice as many ehicles wi hou
he need o new cons uc ion. While his emains la gely a he ial s age, de eloped na ions a e
aking he lead in shaping global s anda ds o he u u e o oad anspo .
Sma Mo o ways: Expe iences, Achie emen s, and Challenges
The e m sma mo o ways is mainly used in he UK con ex , e e ing o p ojec s aimed a
inc easing mo o way capaci y and ensu ing sa e y h ough speci ic echnologies. T adi ional
mo o ways ypically ha e 3–4 lanes wi h a ha d shoulde designed only o eme gency s ops. To
add ess conges ion, he UK es ed he “Managed Mo o ways” concep in he ea ly 2000s. In 2005,
o he i s ime on he M42 mo o way, a dynamic ha d shoulde and a iable speed limi s we e
in oduced. Du ing peak conges ion, he eme gency shoulde was empo a ily opened o d i e s,
wi h no i ica ions displayed on elec onic boa ds, and special Eme gency Re uge A eas (ERAs)
we e ins alled e e y 500–800 me e s. This solu ion c ea ed addi ional capaci y wi hou he cos ly
and ime-consuming need o oad widening. La e , his sys em became known as he sma
mo o way, and h ee ypes we e deployed ac oss England:
1. Dynamic Ha d Shoulde (DHS) – he shoulde is empo a ily opened du ing conges ion.
2. All Lane Running (ALR) – he shoulde is pe manen ly con e ed in o a unning lane,
wi h eme gency s ops allowed only in designa ed ERAs.
3. Con olled Mo o way – he shoulde emains in ac , bu he oad is managed wi h
au oma ed a iable speed limi s and elec onic signs.
By 2020, 7.2% o he English mo o way ne wo k was Con olled, 3.3% DHS, and 8.8%
ALR. Sma mo o ways p ima ily con ibu ed o inc easing capaci y. Acco ding o he UK
Depa men o T anspo , hei implemen a ion boos ed capaci y on he busies mo o ways by up
o one- hi d. Fo example, on pa s o he M25, he sys em enabled an addi ional 11,000 ehicle
jou neys pe day. On he M6 (junc ions 16–19), he scheme educed weekly commu ing ime o
local esiden s by 40 minu es and made jou ney imes mo e eliable. The key echnologies included
manda o y a iable speed limi s (e.g., educed om 70 mph o 50–60 mph du ing conges ion), he
ed “X” symbol (indica ing a closed lane a e an inciden ), and eal- ime managed came as.
Measu emen s showed ha ehicles mo ed in s eadie lows, educing s op-and-go d i ing,
minimizing gaps, and inc easing oad capaci y u iliza ion by 20–35%. Repo s indica ed ha in
some co ido s, sma mo o ways could ca y abou 1,600 ex a ehicles pe hou . Consequen ly,
he UK go e nmen p e e ed sma echnologies o e adi ional oad widening, since DHS
schemes, o example, we e signi ican ly cheape .
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F om a sa e y pe spec i e, ini ial analyses assumed sma mo o ways would be a leas as
sa e as con en ional ones. The main idea was ha smoo he a ic and apid inciden de ec ion
would educe acciden s. Va iable speed limi s equalized speed di e ences be ween as and slow
lows, educing sha p b aking and o e aking. Came as and senso s e e y 1–2 km allowed quick
inciden de ec ion, displaying ale s ins an ly. Acco ding o he Depa men o T anspo , sma
mo o way sec ions eco ded ewe se ious-inju y collisions and signi ican ly ewe a al c ashes
han con en ional oads. Be ween 2014–2017, only 8% o mo o way a ali ies occu ed on sma
mo o ways, a lowe sha e han hei a ic p opo ion. Some schemes e en saw educ ions in
pe sonal-inju y collisions compa ed o con en ional oads.
Howe e , no all aspec s we e posi i e. ALR and DHS mo o ways, which lack pe manen
shoulde s, aised isks o collisions wi h b oken-down ehicles. Al hough s a is ically a e, such
c ashes ended o be mo e se e e because s anded ehicles could no always mo e ou o he
unning lane. Public conce n g ew a e in es iga i e epo s claimed ha in i e yea s, 38 a ali ies
occu ed on sma mo o ways and “nea misses” inc eased wen y- old in some s e ches. In
esponse, he go e nmen launched e o ms in 2020: phasing ou he con using DHS model,
accele a ing he ollou o S opped Vehicle De ec ion (SVD) ada on all ALR oads (comple ed
by 2022–2023), and in es ing £900 million in building 150 addi ional ERAs. SVD de ec s s opped
ehicles wi hin 20 seconds, ins an ly wa ns d i e s ia signs, and ale s con ol cen e s. Public-
awa eness campaigns, s ic e moni o ing, and d i e educa ion p og ams we e also launched.
By Ap il 2023, he go e nmen announced a hal o all new sma mo o way p ojec s due
o sa e y conce ns, public mis us , and inancial p essu es. Planned ALR schemes o 2025–2030
and 11 paused p ojec s we e cancelled. Exis ing sma mo o ways emain, bu wi h enhanced
sa e y upg ades. O icials emphasized ha , while s a is ically sa e o sa e han adi ional
mo o ways, he lack o public us made u u e expansion un easible. Some MPs and expe s e en
called o eins a ing con inuous ha d shoulde s on exis ing ALR oads. The UK expe ience hus
highligh ed no only echnical bu also psychological and us - ela ed ac o s in in as uc u e
adop ion.
Simila concep s exis wo ldwide. Ge many uses empo a y shoulde unning
( e keh sabhängige Sei ens ei en), while he Ne he lands has had dynamische luch s ook o
yea s. In he US, some u ban eeways use “Peak Use Lanes.” Many coun ies employ a iable
speed limi s and ed-X lane closu e signals. Thus, sma mo o way elemen s a e sp eading
globally, o en as indi idual ITS componen s a he han a uni ied concep . Fo ins ance,
Ge many’s A9 “Digi al Mo o way” p ojec in eg a es au onomous ucks wi h adap i e signage,
while F ance’s MAGDALENA p og am is building sma au obahn in as uc u e. The b oade
lesson is ha , p o ided sa e y is ensu ed, ITS echnologies can g ea ly imp o e a ic low and
oad capaci y u iliza ion.
Ins i u ional, Financial, and Technological Challenges in ITS In eg a ion
De eloped coun ies aced se e al o ganiza ional, inancial, and echnical ba ie s in
implemen ing ITS solu ions.
Ins i u ional challenges included in e -agency coo dina ion. Success ul ITS deploymen
equi es collabo a ion be ween anspo , oad managemen , law en o cemen , IT, and e en ene gy
sec o s. O en, di e en depa men s used incompa ible sys ems, making in eg a ion di icul . Fo
example, a GAO epo in he US no ed ha local agencies some imes had o un mul iple
unconnec ed compu e sys ems, complica ing ITS ope a ions. Upg ading ou da ed equipmen was
ano he issue: some ci ies, wi h limi ed unding, s ill elied on decade-old a ic-signal ha dwa e,