Co esponding au ho : Ek a Kouamé TANO.
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Compa a i e s udy o oil palm seedlings mo phological de elopmen o om h ee
s ages o ge mina ed seed di e en ia ion
Ek a Kouamé TANO *, Jean-Noël KONAN, Hau e se Assiénin N’GUESSAN and Léonce Gilles NIAMKETCHI
Na ional Cen e o Ag onomic Resea ch (CNRA), Oil palm p og am, La Me S a ion, 13 BP 989 Abidjan 13, I o y Coas .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 20 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 09 May 2025; accep ed on 11 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.0669
Abs ac
The oil palm p e-nu se y co esponds o he cul i a ion o young plan s du ing he ou (4) mon hs ollowing seed
ge mina ion. Be o e ansplan ing, he p e-ge mina ed seeds we e subjec ed o quali y con ol. The con ol made i
possible o elimina e anomalous o undi e en ia ed sp ou ed seeds by using well-de ined so ing c i e ia. Ne e heless,
hese c i e ia a e some imes poo ly known o he so ing ope a o and p o ide oil palm p oduce s wi h seeds wi h
insu icien de elopmen o allow ansplan a ion, leading o a low eme gence pe cen age in he p e-nu se y.This s udy
e alua ed he mo phological de elopmen o oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 1760) ob ained om he h ee (3) s ages
o di e en ia ion o sp ou ed seed di e en ia ion. These we e long di e en ia ed seeds (DL), medium di e en ia ed
seeds (MD), and undi e en ia ed seeds (ND). O his s udy, i appea s ha undi e en ia ed seeds (ND) and medium
di e en ia ed seeds (MD) eco ded he highes numbe o dead seedlings wi h 111.00 ± 10.13 and 102.75 ± 38.93 dead
seedlings, espec i ely. The long-di e en ia ed seeds (DL) ha e gi en Seedlings longe and highe esh weigh wi h
43.55 ± 9.34 cm and 25.05 ± 11.18 g, espec i ely. The mode a ely di e en ia ed (MD) seeds p oduced seedlings wi h
a c own diame e o 0.75 ± 0.32 cm, la ge and a oo sys em 26.17 ± 7.75 cm mo e de eloped han he undi e en ia ed
and long di e en ia ed seeds. Howe e , no di e ence was obse ed be ween he numbe o lea es emi ed om he
seedlings and he oo sys em wi h ega d o he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o he sp ou ed seeds.
Keywo ds: Oil Palm; Sp ou ed Seeds; Nu se y; Di e en ia ion; Seedling
1. In oduc ion
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a s ic c oss-pollina ed pe ennial plan g own o i s oleaginous ui s in
app oxima ely 20 coun ies and ep esen s he wo ld's leading sou ce o ege able oil, wi h 39 % ege able oil
p oduc ion [1]. The su ace a ea o oil palm on he I o y Coas co e s app oxima ely 250,000 ha di ided be ween he
indus ial sec o (29%) and he illage sec o (71%). The annual p oduc ion is es ima ed o be mo e han 550,000 ons
o c ude palm oil [2]. The I oi y Coas is a leading expo e o palm oil in A ica. The oil palm sec o p o ides a li ing o
app oxima ely 2 million people wi h 200,000 egula jobs in I o y Coas and gene a es an a e age o nea ly 500 billion
u no e s [3]. Imp o emen in he p oduc i i y o oil palm, an allogamous pe ennial plan , has been made possible by
adap ing since 1957, he ecip ocal ecu en selec ion scheme (SRR) [4] applied o maize by [5]. In his diag am, he
wo (2) g oups o popula ions wi h complemen a y cha ac e is ics a e imp o ed ela i e o each o he . These a e he
popula ions o g oup A, consis ing o palms wi h a small numbe o big bunches, mainly o igina ing om Sou heas Asia,
and he popula ions o g oup B, cha ac e ized by palms wi h a la ge numbe o small bunches, mainly palms o A ican
o igin. O e all, he e alua ion o he ag o-mo phological and echnological cha ac e is ics o he p ogenies o he wo
g oups o pa en s led o he selec ion o a ew eli e palm ees ha we e used o he p oduc ion o hyb id seeds o he
Tene a a ie y [6]. This impo an place occupied by he oil palm is due no only o he ex ensions o he a eas plan ed
wi h oil palm, bu also mainly because o he ema kable gains in p oduc i i y o he imp o ed plan ma e ial pu in
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
1706
place by ag onomic esea ch and dis ibu ed since 1960 o plan e s in he o m o ge mina ed seeds [6]. The ge mina ed
seeds be o e deli e y o ansplan ing unde wen igo ous so ing o elimina e hose p esen ing anomalies ha a e
no ye di e en ia ed. This elimina ion is pe o med by a so ing ope a o wi h well-de ined c i e ia [7]. Howe e , hese
c i e ia a e some imes poo ly known o he so ing ope a o and make a ailable o oil palm p oduce seeds wi h unge m
insu icien ly de eloped o allow hei ansplan ing, leading o a low success a e o seedlings in he p e-nu se y despi e
he di e en subs a es p o ided o en ich he po ing soil [8]. The objec i e o his s udy was o e alua e he
mo phological de elopmen o oil palm seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) due o he h ee s ages o di e en ia ion o
he ge mina ed seeds.
To achie e his gene al objec i e, wo (2) speci ic objec i es we e assigned o his s udy:
• De e mine he numbe o dead seedlings in he p e-nu se y;
• De e mine he mo phological pa ame e s o seedlings in he p e-nu se y.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. S udy si e
The s udy was conduc ed a he Na ional Ag onomic Resea ch Cen e (CNRA) La Mé S a ion. This s a ion is loca ed in
he no heas o he ci y o Abidjan, 27 km eas o Abidjan, in he egion o La Mé on he Abidjan-Alépé axis. I s
geog aphical coo dina es a e 5°26’ No h la i ude and 3°50’ Wes longi ude.
2.2. Plan ma e ial
The plan ma e ial used in his s udy consis ed o oil palm seedlings om seeds o ca ego y C1001 F, whose pa en al
o igin was he pa en DA115 D AF. The choice o hese hyb ids is based on hei ole ance o Fusa ium wil , and is
in ended o eplan ing. The e alua ion ocused on he pe cen age o seed success and de elopmen in he p e-nu se y
o 6000 ge mina ed seeds om h ee (3) di e en s ages o di e en ia ion. Two housand (2000) non-di e en ia ed
seeds (ND), 2000 medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD), and 2000 long di e en ia ed seeds (DL) we e used (Figu e 1).
Measu emen s we e made on seedlings aged 3 mon hs in he p e-nu se y.
2.3. Technical equipmen
The ma e ials used o de e mine he seedling de elopmen pa ame e s consis ed o he ollowing elemen s:
• A g adua ed ape and a g adua ed ule we e used o measu e he leng h o he seedlings and he longes oo .
• Elec onic scale o weighing he seedlings
• A calipe was used o measu e he diame e o he colla .
a. Non di e en ia ed seeds
b. Medium di e en ia ed seeds
c. Long di e en ia ed seeds
Figu e 1 Di e en di e en ia ion s ages o ge mina ed oil palm seeds
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
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3. Me hods
3.1. Expe imen al De ice
The de ice used was a comple ely andomized Fishe block wi h h ee (3) ea men s (di e en ia ion s ages) and ou
(4) epe i ions (Table 1). Each ea men was subdi ided in o 4 blocks o 500 ge mina ed seeds om he C1001F
ca ego y. A o al o 6 000 ge mina ed seeds we e andomly dis ibu ed in each eplica e. The subs a e was 100% po ed
soil. All seeds we e ansplan ed on he same da e in o p e-nu se y bins a he CNRA esea ch s a ion in La Me.
Table 1 To ally andomized Fishe block expe imen al design
Replica e 1
C1
C2
C3
Replica e 2
C3
C1
C2
Replica e 3
C2
C3
C1
Replica e 4
C3
C1
C2
3.1.1. E alua ion o mo phological pa ame e s
Obse a ions we e made on he a iables ela ed o he de elopmen and g ow h cha ac e is ics o six housand (6000)
oil palm seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seed di e en ia ion: undi e en ia ed
ge mina ed seeds, medium di e en ia ed seeds, and long di e en ia ed seeds.
3.1.2. Numbe o dead plan le s
In each block and in each subblock, h ee (3) mon hs a e sowing he ge mina ed seeds, a coun o dead seedlings was
made e e y wo weeks in o de o eco d he numbe o dead seedlings. The numbe o dead seedlings was g ouped by
seed di e en ia ion s age o compa e he eme gence a e o he h ee (3) ge mina ed seed di e en ia ion s ages. The
numbe o dead seedlings made i possible o e alua e he mo ali y a e as ollows:
Mo ali y a e (%) = (Sum o dead plan le s) / (To al numbe o seedlings)
3.1.3. Seedling leng h (cm)
In each block, h ee (3) mon hs a e eme gence, hi y (30) seedlings we e andomly chosen o measu emen o he
longes lea . Seedling leng h was measu ed om he colla o he ip o he longes lea using a g adua ed ape and a
g adua ed ule (Figu e 2). The a e age seedling leng h exp essed in cen ime e s (cm) was ob ained using he ollowing
ela ionship:
Seedling leng h (cm) = (Sum o seedlings measu emen s) / (To al numbe o seedlings).
3.1.4. Numbe o lea es
The numbe o lea es emi ed om he hi y (30) plan le s was coun ed. The a e age numbe o lea es was calcula ed
using he ollowing o mula:
Numbe o lea es = (To al numbe o lea es o he seedlings) / (To al numbe o seedlings)
3.1.5. F esh seedling weigh
The hi y (30) plan le s we e up oo ed, washed (Figu e 3), and weighed indi idually using an elec onic balance
(Figu e 4). The a e age weigh o he seedlings exp essed in g ams (g) was de e mined using he ollowing o mula:
A e age seedling weigh (g) = (To al seedling weigh ) / (To al numbe o seedlings)
3.1.6. Roo sys em o seedlings
The longes oo was measu ed using a g adua ed ule (Figu e 5). Measu emen s o he a e age oo sys em exp essed
in cen ime e s (cm) we e ob ained using he ollowing ela ionship:
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
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Roo sys em (cm) = (Sum o measu emen s ca ied ou on seedlings) / (To al numbe o seedlings)
3.1.7. Ci cum e ence a colla
The diame e a he colla was measu ed a he colla o he seedlings using a calipe (Figu e 6). The a e age colla d
diame e exp essed in cen ime e s (cm) was ob ained using he ollowing o mula:
Ci cum e ence a colla (cm) = (Sum o measu emen s aken on he seedlings) / (To al numbe o seedlings)
Figu e 2 Leng h Measu ing Me hod o
he plan le
Figu e 3 Roo inse
Figu e 4 Me hod o weighing he plan le
Figu e 5 Longes oo measu emen me hod
Figu e 6 Me hod o measu ing he diame e a colla
3.2. S a is ical da a analyzes
Desc ip i e analyses (mean, s anda d de ia ion, and coe icien s o a ia ion) [9] we e pe o med o desc ibe he
a ious a iables e alua ed. Le ene’s es was used o e i y he assump ions o no mali y and homogenei y o a iances
necessa y o he use o pa ame ic es s. An analysis o a iance (ANOVA) [10] ollowed by he Newman-Keuls mul iple
compa ison es o means a a isk o 5% [11] was applied o compa e he means o he measu ed a iables o he h ee
(3) s ages o de elopmen o ge mina ed oil palm seeds. A co espondence ac o analysis (CFA) was ca ied ou o
es ablish simila i ies be ween seed di e en ia ion s ages and o g oup a iables acco ding o di e en ia ion s age. All
analyses we e ca ied ou using STATISTICA 7.1 and XLSTAT 2016.02 so wa e.
4. Resul s
4.1. Seedling mo ali y acco ding o he s age o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds
Undi e en ia ed (ND) and medium di e en ia ed (MD) seeds eco ded on a e age he highes numbe s o dead
seedlings wi h 111.00 ± 10.13 and 102.75 ± 38.93 dead seedlings, espec i ely. Howe e , he coe icien o a ia ion o
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
1709
non-di e en ia ed seeds (ND) was low (9.13%), indica ing low a iabili y wi hin hem, unlike medium di e en ia ed
sp ou ed seeds (MD), whe e he CV was la ge (37.89%). A low numbe o dead seedlings was obse ed a he le el o
long di e en ia ed (DL) ge mina ed seeds (61.50 ± 14.84 dead seedlings) o a espec i e coe icien o a ia ion o
24.13%. Signi ican di e ences we e obse ed be ween he numbe o dead seedlings eco ded wi h ega d o he h ee
(3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seed di e en ia ion (P = 0.04 < 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2 Compa ison o he mo ali y o seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds
S age o di e en ia ion
Numbe o seeds ansplan ed
Dead plan le s
CV (%)
Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL)
2000
61.50 ± 14.84 a
24.13
Medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD)
2000
102.75 ± 38.93 b
37.89
Non di e en ia ed seeds (ND)
2000
111.00 ± 10.13 b
09.13
CV = Coe icien o a ia ion; Means wi h he same le e in he same column a e no signi ican ly di e en
4.2. E ec o di e en ia ion s age o ge mina ed seeds on seedling leng h
Long di e en ia ed (LD) seeds p oduced signi ican ly g ea e plan le s wi h an a e age leng h o 43.55 ± 9.34 cm o a
coe icien o a ia ion o 21.45%. The leng h o he seedlings om medium di e en ia ed (MD) seeds was in e media e
(41.12 ± 9.71 cm and CV (23.61%). Undi e en ia ed (ND) seeds p oduced seedlings wi h a smalle a e age leng h o
33.35 ± 7.85 cm o a coe icien o a ia ion 23.54%. Signi ican di e ences we e epo ed be ween he leng hs o
seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds (P = 0.001 < 0.05) (Table 3).
Table 3 Compa ison o he leng h o seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds
S age o di e en ia ion
Numbe o plan le s
Seedling leng h (cm)
CV (%)
Non di e en ia ed seeds (ND)
120
33.35 ± 7.85 a
23.54
Medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD)
120
41.12 ± 9.71b
23.61
Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL)
120
43.55 ± 9.34 c
21.45
CV = Coe icien o a ia ion; Means wi h he same le e in he same column a e no signi ican ly di e en
4.3. E ec o di e en ia ion s age o ge mina ed seeds on he numbe o lea es emi ed om seedlings
Medium di e en ia ed (MD) seeds eco ded on a e age he highes numbe o lea es wi h 7.00 ± 1.22 lea es o a
coe icien o a ia ion equal o 17.43%. They a e ollowed by undi e en ia ed seeds which ga e 6.84 ± 1.30 lea es wi h
a coe icien o a ia ion o 19.01%. Long di e en ia ed (DL) seeds p o ided on a e age he lowes numbe o lea es
wi h 6.55 ± 1.04 lea es o a coe icien o a ia ion equal o 15.88%. The coe icien o a ia ion was low o he h ee
(3) di e en ia ion s ages, indica ing educed a ia ion wi hin hem (Table 4). Howe e , no signi ican di e ence was
obse ed be ween he lea es emi ed om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds (P = 0.3 > 0.05).
Table 4 Compa ison o he numbe o lea es emi ed om seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o
ge mina ed seeds
S age o di e en ia ion
Numbe o plan le s
Numbe o shee s ou pu
CV (%)
Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL)
120
6.55 ± 1.04 a
15.88
Non di e en ia ed seeds (ND)
120
6.84 ± 1.30 a
19.01
Medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD)
120
7.00 ± 1.22 a
17.43
CV = Coe icien o a ia ion; Means wi h he same le e in he same column a e no signi ican ly di e en
4.4. E ec o di e en ia ion s age o ge mina ed seeds on esh weigh o seedlings
The di e en ia ed mean (MD) seeds eco ded on a e age he highes esh weigh seedlings wi h 25.05 ± 11.18 g, o a
coe icien o a ia ion equal o 44.63%, ollowed by he long di e en ia ed (DL) seeds wi h 23.06 ± 10.25 g o a
coe icien o a ia ion o 44.45%. Undi e en ia ed seeds (ND) ga e seedlings o smalle esh weigh wi h 18.98 ± 9.21
g o a coe icien o a ia ion equal o 48.52%. The coe icien s o a ia ion we e high, indica ing la ge a ia ion
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
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be ween he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds o his ai (Table 5). Signi ican di e ences we e
obse ed be ween he esh weigh s o he seedlings ob ained om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o he
ge mina ed seeds (P = 0.01<0.05).
Table 5 Compa ison o esh weigh o seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds
S age o di e en ia ion
Numbe o plan le s
F esh weigh o plan le s (g)
CV (%)
Non di e en ia ed seeds (ND)
120
18.98 ± 9.21 a
48.52
Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL)
120
23.06 ± 10,25 b
44.45
Medium di e en ia ed (MD)
120
25.05 ± 11.18 b
44.63
CV = Coe icien o a ia ion, g = g am; Means wi h he same le e in he same column a e no signi ican ly di e en
4.5. E ec o he s age o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds on he de elopmen o he oo sys em o seedlings
The medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD) eco ded on a e age seedlings wi h a mos de eloped oo sys em wi h 26.17 ±
7.75 cm, o a coe icien o a ia ion equal o 29.61%. The non-di e en ia ed seeds (ND) eco ded an in e media e oo
sys em wi h 24.02 ± 8.70 cm wi h a coe icien o a ia ion o 36.22%. Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL) ga e on a e age a
weak oo sys em equal o 22.59 ± 8.60 cm o a coe icien o a ia ion o 38.07%. S a is ical analyses e ealed ha no
signi ican di e ence exis ed be ween he de elopmen o he oo sys ems o seedlings om he h ee (3) di e en
s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds (P = 0.06 > 0.05). The coe icien o a ia ion was high o he h ee (3)
s ages o di e en ia ion, which explains he s ong a ia ion wi hin hem (Table 6).
Table 6 Compa ison o he de elopmen o he oo sys em o seedlings esul ing om he h ee (3) s ages o
di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds
S age o di e en ia ion
Numbe o plan le s
Roo sys em (cm)
CV (%)
Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL)
120
22.59 ± 8.60 a
38.07
Non di e en ia ed seeds (ND)
120
24.02 ± 8.70 a
36.22
Medium Di e en ia ed (MD)
120
26.17 ± 7.75 a
29.61
CV = Coe icien o a ia ion; Means wi h he same le e in he same column a e no signi ican ly di e en
4.6. E ec o he di e en ia ion s age o ge mina ed seeds on he diame e a he colla o he seedlings
The mode a ely di e en ia ed (MD) seeds p oduced on a e age seedlings had a la ge colla diame e (0.75 ± 0.32 cm,
wi h a coe icien o a ia ion o 42.67%. A he le el o undi e en ia ed seeds (ND), he colla diame e o he seedlings
p oduced was a e age wi h 0.61 ± 0.39 cm and a CV o 63.93%. The long di e en ia ed (DL) seeds, o hei pa , made
i possible o p oduce seedlings wi h a small diame e a he colla (0.49 ± 0.27 cm) and an a e age CV o 55.10%.
Signi ican di e ences we e epo ed be ween he diame e a he colla o seedlings om he h ee (3) di e en s ages
o ge mina ed seed di e en ia ion (P = 0.001<0.05). The a iabili ies ob ained o colla diame e we e e y s ong
wi hin he seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o seed di e en ia ion (Table 7).
Table 7 Compa ison o he diame e a he colla o seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed
seeds
S age o di e en ia ion
Numbe o
plan le s
Diame e a he colla o he seedlings
(cm)
CV (%)
Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL)
120
0.49 ± 0.27 a
55.10
Non di e en ia ed seeds (ND)
120
0.61 ± 0.39 b
63.93
Medium di e en ia ed seeds
(MD)
120
0.75 ± 0.32 c
42.67
CV Coe icien o a ia ion, cm = cen ime e ;Means wi h he same le e in he same column a e no signi ican ly di e en
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
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4.7. Link be ween he ege a i e pa ame e s o seedlings and he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o
ge mina ed oil palm seeds
The esul s o he ac o ial co espondence analysis (AFC) e ealed wo main axes exp essing 100% o he o al
a iabili y acco ding o he eigen alues (Table 8; Figu e 7). The co ela ion ci cle made i possible o di e en ia e
be ween he wo g oups o a iables based on he ege a i e de elopmen o seedlings. The 1s g oup con aining he
leng h o he seedlings, he numbe o lea es, he esh weigh , he oo sys em, and he dead seedlings, s ongly
co ela ed wi h he F1 axis (98.86% o he o al a iabili y) wi h espec i e con ibu ions o 0.373 0.009, 0.133, 0.022,
and 0.464 and espec i e squa ed cosines ending owa ds 1 (0.996, 0.797, 0.952, 0.994, and 1). The 2nd g oup was
s ongly linked o he F2 axis (1.14% o o al a iabili y). I includes he diame e a he colla , which con ibu es 0.088
o he o ma ion o his axis F2, wi h a squa e cosine o 0.977. Rega ding he obse a ions, he AFC shows ha he non-
di e en ia ed seeds (ND), medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD), and long di e en ia ed seeds (DL) a e s ongly co ela ed
o he F1 axis because hey ha e high espec i e con ibu ions o 0.376, 0.008, and 0.616 o he o al ine ia and he
espec i e squa ed cosines o 0.992, 0.537, and 0.998, espec i ely.
The p ojec ion o he obse a ions in he ac o ial plan (F1, F2) made i possible o ca ego ize he h ee (3) s ages o
di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds based on he ege a i e g ow h o he seedlings. Indeed, long-di e en ia ed seeds
(ND) a e cha ac e ized by a high a e o dead seedlings. Medium-di e en ia ed seeds (MD) p oduced seedlings wi h
la ge colla diame e s. Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL) we e dis inguished by seedlings o la ge size and esh weigh .
In con as , he numbe o lea es emi ed om he seedlings and oo sys em was no in luenced by he s ages o
di e en ia ion o he ge mina ed seeds. This explains why he e was no signi ican di e ence be ween he numbe o
lea es emi ed and be ween he oo sys ems wi h ega d o he di e en s ages o GG di e en ia ion (Figu e 8).
Table 8 Fo ma ion o axes acco ding o a iables and obse a ions
Long plan ule: Plan le leng h; Nb e: Numbe ; Sys : Sys em
Figu e 7 P ojec ion o seedling ege a i e de elopmen a iables on o he co ela ion ci cle in he plane (1; 2)
F1
F2
Eigen alue
0.022
0.00
Ine ness (%)
98.62
1.13
% cumula i e
98.86
100.00
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
1712
Long. Plan ule : Plan le leng h; Nb e : Numbe ; Sys : Sys em
Figu e 8 P ojec ion o he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds in he ac o ial plan (1; 2).
5. Discussion
Seedlings p oduced in oil palm p e-nu se ies we e ob ained om he selec ed seeds. To ob ain good quali y seedlings,
he ge mina ed seeds mus unde go quali y con ol by elimina ing hose p esen ing anomalies be o e being
ansplan ed in o bags, whe e hey emain o ou (4) mon hs be o e being ans e ed o he nu se y. This ope a ion
is pe o med by so ing ope a o s acco ding o well-de ined selec ion c i e ia. The esul s ob ained on seed su i al
showed ha undi e en ia ed seeds (ND) had a signi ican ly highe mo ali y a e in he p e-nu se y han medium
di e en ia ed seeds (MD) and long di e en ia ed seeds (DL). The low success a e o undi e en ia ed seeds could be
due o he poo ansplan ing o hese seeds no ha ing pe ec ly di e en ia ed ge ms ha can dis inguish he s em om
he adicle [7]. Indeed, he selec ion o a no mal ge mina ed seed is pe o med by obse ing long di e en ia ed seeds
(DL) and medium di e en ia ed seeds (DM). The selec ed ge mina ed seeds mus necessa ily ha e a well-di e en ia ed
s em and adicle, whose o al leng h mus be be ween 8 and 15 mm, a s em and a adicle opposi e, and e y s aigh .
Un o una ely, undi e en ia ed seeds (ND) a e also chosen o ansplan a ion, bu hei de elopmen is insu icien o
allow ansplan a ion. Thus, when ansplan ing hese undi e en ia ed seeds (ND), he u u e s em and he u u e
adicle can be con used and once he s em is placed downwa ds, his could lead o o ing o he seed and gene a e a
low success a e o seedlings in oil palm nu se ies [12]. Rega ding he leng h, g ow h, and esh weigh o he seedlings,
ou esul s e ealed ha long di e en ia ed seeds (DL), he so-called no mal seeds, ga e on a e age seedlings o
signi ican ly la ge size and esh weigh han seedlings ob ained om medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD) and non-
di e en ia ed seeds (ND). The good g ow h o seedlings om long-di e en ia ed seeds (DL) could be explained by he
ac ha he seeds al eady ha ing a well-di e en ia ed s em and adicle had no di icul y in con inuing hei g ow h in
he p e-nu se y. Indeed, [13], and [14]. Seed ge mina ion capaci y, speed o seedling eme gence, and abili y o es ablish
igo ous plan s a e ela ed o seed quali y. The e o e, a good seed is essen ial o educe he a e o loss in he p e-
nu se y and ensu e good igo o seedlings. Al hough he success a e in he p e-nu se y was lowe wi h non-
di e en ia ed seeds (ND) han wi h medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD) and long di e en ia ed seeds (DL), which
eco ded a highe success a e o seedlings, no di e ence was obse ed be ween he numbe o lea es emi ed by he
seedlings om he h ee (3) s ages o di e en ia ion o he ge mina ed seeds. This esul shows ha apa om he
eno mous losses eco ded in he p e-nu se y wi h non-di e en ia ed ge mina ed seeds (ND), he seedlings ob ained
om his ype o ge mina ed seeds also showed be e ege a i e de elopmen han seedlings om long di e en ia ed
seeds (DL) and medium di e en ia ed seeds (MD). Signi ican dispe sion was also obse ed wi hin he seedlings om
each s age o di e en ia ion o ge mina ed seeds o all cha ac e s e alua ed. This high a iabili y could be explained
by he exis ence o gene ically di e en indi iduals wi hin he same ca ego y, as shown by [15] and [16]. Indeed, he oil
palm is a plan wi h sexual ep oduc ion, whe e di e en geno ypes coexis wi hin he same o sp ing acco ding o he
homozygous o he e ozygous s a e o he genes in ol ed in a cha ac e , as well as hei numbe and he ela ionships
ha link hem. These esul s con i med hose o [17] on he de e mina ion o he sex a io a di e en ages in he Du a,
Pisi e a, and Tene a a ie ies o oil palm. The au ho s showed ha he a ia ions in he sex a io we e e y high be ween
di e en lines, bu also be ween palms o he same line.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1705-1714
1713
6. Conclusion
The esul s ob ained showed ha long di e en ia ed seeds (LD) ga e a high a e o dead seedlings. Medium
di e en ia ed seeds (MD) a e cha ac e ized by seedlings wi h a la ge colla diame e . Long di e en ia ed seeds (DL)
we e dis inguished by seedlings o la ge size and esh weigh . On he o he hand, he numbe o lea es emi ed om
he seedlings and he oo sys em we e no in luenced by he s ages o di e en ia ion o he ge mina ed seeds. This
eally jus i ies why he e was no signi ican di e ence be ween he numbe o lea es emi ed and be ween he oo
sys em wi h ega d o he di e en s ages o di e en ia ion o he ge mina ed seeds. This esul e eals ha a e seed
eme gence, he h ee (3) ypes o ge mina ed seeds e alua ed de elop no mally and a he same a e in he p e-nu se y.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s would like o hank he Cen e Na ional o Ag onomic Resea ch (CNRA), Oil palm Resea ch s a ion o La Mé,
Abidjan, Cô e d'I oi e o p o iding plan ma e ial (ge mina ed seeds) o his s udy. No unding was p o ided o his
esea ch.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha he e a e no con lic s o in e es .
Au ho s' con ibu ions
Concep , supe ision and w i ing, TANO Ek a Kouamé. and KONAN Jean Noël; s a is ical analysis and co ec ion o he
manusc ip , N’GUESSAN Assiénin Hau e se ; edi ing and ansla ion, NIAMKETCHI Gilles Léonce.
All au ho s ha e ead, accep ed and app o ed he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
All ables and igu es in he ex con ain he da a used in he cu en su ey.
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