∗ Co esponding au ho : Lan e Adeba a
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Modelling he causes and e ec s o single pa en hood on academic pe o mance o
s uden s in sou hwes e n pa o Nige ia
Lan e Adeba a *, Folashade Adeola Bola inwa and Bamidele Ajayi
Depa men o S a is ics, Fede al Poly echnic Ado-Eki i, Eki i S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1731-1738
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 21 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 06 May 2025; accep ed on 09 May 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1560
Abs ac
This pape examines modelling he causes and e ec o single pa en hood on academic pe o mance o s uden s in
sou hwes e n pa o Nige ia. Ques ionnai e was adminis e ed o 500 esponden s in bo h uni e si y and poly echnic
in h ee s a es o sou hwes e n pa o Nige ia o da a collec ion. Fou po en ial causes (po e y, dea h o spouse,
ma i al iolence (di o ce and sepa a ion), and ex a ma i al p egnancy) and e ec s (low commi men , lack o a en ion
o child en, poo inancial s eng h and low impac on he wellbeing o s uden s) o single pa en hood we e conside ed
o modelling. Challenges ha single pa en ing s uden s encoun e ed on hei academic pe o mance we e examined
such as single pa en s do no ha e enough ime o show commi men o hei child en’s school academic ac i i ies,
s uden s om single pa en s easily d op ou om school, s uden s om single pa en pe o m less academically han
s uden s om bo h pa en s, coming om single pa en ing home psychologically may pu challenges on academic
pe o mance o s uden s and single pa en s lack inancial s eng h in p o iding o hei child en’s academic ac i i ies.
S uden s om single pa en ca ego y ha e he highes pe cen age o esponden s om Eki i and Ondo s a e while
s uden s om bo h pa en ca ego y ha e he highes pe cen age o esponden in Osun s a e. Mul iple eg ession is used
o he analysis o de e mine he causes and e ec s o single pa en ing on he academic pe o mance o he s uden s
and conclusi ely he esul s shows ha dea h and low impac on he wellbeing o he s uden s a e he p ima y cause
and e ec o single pa en on academic pe o mance o s uden s in sou hwes e n s a es in Nige ia.
Keywo ds: Modelling; Single pa en hood; Mul iple eg ession; Causes; E ec s
1. In oduc ion
S a is ical modeling is he use o ma hema ical models and s a is ical assump ions o gene a e sample da a and make
p edic ions abou he eal wo ld. A s a is ical model is a collec ion o p obabili y dis ibu ions on a se o all possible
ou comes o an expe imen .
Single pa en ing is he p ac ice o suppo ing a kid solely ia one's own means, including money, physical ca e,
psychological suppo , and emo ional suppo . This means ha you mus ea n he majo i y o he e enue and manage
he home expenses on you own. I ’s also impo an o emphasize ha all b oken o dys unc ional amilies ha e a single
pa en , e en hough no all dys unc ional amilies ha e. Building and main aining he pilla s ha suppo he amily, a
as ins i u ion, is wha pa en ing is all abou . Pa en s ha e a esponsibili y o each hei child en abou social
s anda ds and alues in addi ion o o e seeing hei psychological and emo ional de elopmen . In ou socie y, being a
single pa en is no pa icula ly accep ed. Child en aised by single pa en s and hei pa en s a e s igma ized by social
g oups. Mabuza e al (2014).Being a single pa en is no gene ally accep ed in ou socie y. Pa en s ha e a big impac on
a child's beha io , pe sonali y, and heal h. Polanin, e al., (2021). The eali y ha ca ing o a child in ol es less labo
bu he same amoun o wo k. I anmanesh and associa es (2020). A single pa en has o ake ca e o he house and
p o ide inancial assis ance o hei amily a he same ime. Howe e , single pa en s seldom e e spen ime wi h hei
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1731-1738
1732
kids because hey we e a emp ing o main ain hei s abili y. The physical, social, and emo ional de elopmen o kids
has become a g owing issue in educa ion. Acco ding o Sackey e al. (2022), child en o single-pa en households
commonly deal wi h classma es who lack con idence and s uggle o es ablish iends in he school. The mos equen
eason o he inc ease in single-pa en amilies a ew decades ago was he spouse's dea h.
Howe e , addi ional causes o single pa en hood a e on he ise hese days, including pa en al sepa a ion o di o ce,
unin ended p egnancies, and he decision o become a single pa en h ough dono insemina ion o adop ion. N ondwe
(2024), Bha and Pa il (2019), Ali and Sooma (2019), and Bha a (1988) all add ess he a ious causes o single
pa en hood. Ce ain si ua ions, like di o ce, adop ion, a i icial insemina ion, and su oga e mo he hood, a e choices,
while o he si ua ions a e he consequence o un o eseen ci cums ances, like a dea h, child abuse, neglec , o
abandonmen by one o he biological pa en s, o an unma ied woman o eenage gi l ge ing p egnan a e a b ie
Acco ding o Salami and Alamode (2000), "single pa en ing lea es he ole in he hands o a single pa en and esul s
om di o ce, sepa a ion o a ious kinds, ha ing child en om wedlock o dea h o one spouse. “Abudu and Fuseini
(2014) wen one s ep u he and s a ed ha "a child would lose he suppo ha would ha e emana ed om ha pa en
when one o he pa en s is absen om hei li e, c ea ing a gap."
Since in ac amilies a e essen ial o child en's socializa ion, single pa en hood has a signi ican e ec on academic
esul s. A child's academic pe o mance (AP) is signi ican ly impac ed by ha ing bo h pa en s li ing a home. Acco ding
o Zhou (2014) and Uzuki and Sue omi (2015), E e y coun y places a high alue on educa ion, which is discussed,
planned, and p ocessed a all le els o go e nmen as well as in he amily and communi y. In his pape , we model he
causes (po e y, dea h o spouse (di o ce and sepa a ion), ma i al iolence and ex a ma i al p egnancy) and e ec s
(low commi men , lack o a en ion o child en, poo inancial s eng h and low impac on he wellbeing o s uden s)
o single pa en hood and examine he ype o challenges aced by single pa en s on academic pe o mance o in h ee
s a es (Ondo, Eki i, Osun) o sou hwes e n pa o Nige ia.
Aim and Objec i es
The aim o his s udy is o in es iga e he causes and e ec s posed by single pa en ing on he academics o s uden s.
2. Gene al Objec i es
This is o examine he causes and e ec s o single pa en hood on academic pe o mance o e ia y ins i u ion s uden s
in sou hwes e n pa o Nige ia
3. Special Objec i es
• To iden i y and model causes and e ec s o single pa en ing
• To examine he ype o challenges aced by single pa en s” s uden s on academic pe o mance
• In e ia y ins i u ion in sou h wes e n pa o Nige ia
4. Ma e ial and me hods
Mul iple eg ession is used o he analysis o de e mine he causes and e ec s o single pa en ing on he academic
pe o mance o he s uden s.
The ollowing is he equa ion o mul iple linea eg ession:
Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + ... + βnXn + ε
X1, X2, and Xn a e he independen a iables in his equa ion. The in e cep is deno ed by β0, he dependen a iable is Y.
The e o e m is ep esen ed by ε, whe eas he coe icien s o slopes o each independen a iable a e deno ed by β1,
β2…. βn.
When o he a iables a e held cons an in mul iple eg ession, he coe icien s (β1, β2... βn) measu e he e ec o each
independen a iable on he dependen a iable. A posi i e co ela ion deno es a a o able associa ion, whils a
nega i e co ela ion poin s o an un a o able one. The change in
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1731-1738
1733
he dependen a iable co esponding o a one-uni change in he co esponding independen a iable is ep esen ed
by he coe icien 's magni ude.
Table 1 The able below shows he equency o he esponden by Le el
Le el
F equency
Pe cen
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Yea 1/NDI
75
83
90
15.0
16.6
18.0
Yea 2/NDII
118
115
90
23.6
23.0
18.0
Yea 3/HNDI
103
69
122
20.6
13.8
24.4
Yea 4/HNDII
131
120
124
26.2
24.0
24.8
Yea 5 and Abo e
73
113
74
14.6
22.6
14.8
To al
500
500
500
100
100
100
Table 2 The able below shows he equency o he esponden by G ade
G ade
F equency
Pe cen
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
3 d Class/Pass
87
65
53
17.4
13.0
10.6
2nd Class Lowe /Lowe C edi
137
154
151
27.4
30.8
30.2
2nd Class Uppe /Uppe C edi
170
218
182
34.0
43.6
36.4
1s Class/Dis inc ion
106
63
114
21.2
12.6
22.8
Table 3 The able below shows he equency o he esponden by ca ego y o pa en
Ca ego y o
Pa en
F equency
Pe cen
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Single Pa en
333
270
204
66.6
54.0
40.8
Bo h Pa en
167
230
296
33.4
46.0
59.2
To al
500
500
500
100.0
100.0
100.0
Table 4 The able showing he F equency o Responses o he causes o Single Pa en hood in Eki i Ondo Osun S a e
Causes
S ongly ag ee
Ag ee
Disag ee
S ongly Disag ee
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Po e y
151
81
107
191
131
136
118
210
160
40
78
97
Dea h o spouse
180
121
146
209
223
199
75
125
83
36
31
72
Ma i al Violence
194
149
143
207
208
211
65
107
78
34
36
68
Ex a Ma i al P egnancy
188
120
126
218
204
200
60
123
98
34
53
76
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1731-1738
1734
Table 5 Reg ession o he Causes o Single Pa en hood on academic pe o mance o Eki i Ondo Osun
Model
Uns anda dized Coe icien s
S anda dized Coe icien s
B
S d. E o
Be a
Sig.
Eki i
Ond
o
Osu
n
Eki
i
Ond
o
Osu
n
Eki
i
Ond
o
Osu
n
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki
i
Ond
o
Osu
n
(cons an )
3.65
1
1.82
8
1.08
0
.238
.166
.107
15.35
8
10.99
1
10.12
7
.000
.000
.000
Po e y
-.087
.008
.032
.051
.044
.053
-
.080
.008
.035
-1.693
.171
.601
.091
.864
.548
Dea h o
spouse
-
.097
.173
.166
.056
.056
.078
-
.086
.171
.178
-1.745
3.079
2.126
.082
.002
.034
Ma i al
Violence
-
.060
.004
.397
.053
.054
.085
-
.053
.004
.417
-1.139
.077
4.654
.255
.939
.000
Ex ama i a
l P egnancy
-.104
.077
-.018
.056
.050
.074
-
.089
.083
-.019
-1.850
1.555
-.242
.065
.121
.809
• Model 1: To model he causes o single pa en ing on he academic pe o mance o he s uden s.
Y = G ade
X1 = Po e y
X2 = Dea h
X3 =Ma i al Violence (Di o ce and Sepa a ion)
X4 =Ex a Ma i al P egnancy.
E = E o
Eki i S a e
Eki i S a e
4321 104.0060.0097.0087.0651.3 XXXXY −−−−=
• In e p e a ion: A uni change in he g ade o he s uden s is de e mined by 0.087 dec ease o po e y, 0.097
dec ease o dea h, 0.060 dec ease o ma i al iolence and 0.104 dec ease o ex a ma i al p egnancy.
Ondo S a e
• In e p e a ion: A uni change in he g ade o he s uden s is de e mined by 0.008 inc ease o po e y, 0.173
dec ease o dea h, 0.004 inc ease o ma i al iolence and 0.077 inc ease o ex a ma i al p egnancy.
Osun S a e
Y = 1.080 + 0.032x1+ 0.166x2 + 0.397x3 - 0.018x4 + ε
In e p e a ion: A uni change in g ade o s uden is de e mined by 0.032 inc ease in po e y, 0.166 inc ease in dea h
and 0.397 inc ease in ma i al iolence and 0.018 dec ease o ex a ma i al p egnancy.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1731-1738
1735
Table 6 The able below shows he F equency o Responses o he E ec s o Single Pa en hood. on Academic
Pe o mance in Eki i Ondo Osun
E ec s
S ongly ag ee
Ag ee
Disag ee
S ongly Disag ee
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Low Commi men
151
135
140
191
205
177
118
118
128
40
42
97
Lack o A en ion
180
116
98
209
154
163
75
198
175
36
32
72
Poo Financial S eng h
194
135
117
207
177
186
65
147
135
34
41
68
Low Impac on he
Wellbeing o Child en
161
125
92
207
189
177
99
152
146
33
34
76
Table 7 Reg ession o he e ec o Single Pa en hood on academic pe o mance
Model
Uns anda dized
Coe icien s
S anda dized Coe icien s
B
S d. E o
Be a
Sig.
Ek
i i
On
do
Os
un
Ek
i i
On
do
Osu
n
Ek
i i
On
do
Osu
n
Eki
i
On
do
Os
un
Ek
i i
On
do
Os
un
(cons an )
3.6
41
2.0
86
0.9
70
.2
35
.16
5
.10
9
15.
516
12.
611
8.9
03
.0
00
.00
0
.00
0
Low Commi men
-
.02
2
.15
5
-
.04
8
.0
54
.05
1
.05
5
-
.0
20
.16
1
-
.05
0
-
.40
4
3.0
31
-
.87
3
.6
87
.00
3
.38
3
Lack_O _A en ion_Fo _C
hild en
-
.11
8
-
.05
8
.14
4
.0
53
.05
0
.06
8
-
.1
08
-
.06
0
.14
5
-
2.2
15
-
1.1
65
2.1
20
.0
27
.24
5
.03
5
Poo _Financial_S eng h
-
.09
2
.01
3
.30
0
.0
56
.05
0
.05
7
-
.0
76
.01
4
.30
8
-
1.6
39
.26
3
5.2
83
.1
02
.79
3
.00
0
Low_Impac _on_ he_Well
being_o _s uden s
-
.10
9
.05
3
.27
1
.0
56
.05
1
.05
4
-
.0
94
.05
4
.28
3
-
1.9
40
1.0
41
5.0
00
.0
53
.29
8
.80
9
Model 2: To know he e ec o he single pa en ing on he academic pe o mance o he s uden s.
+++++= 443322110 XXXXY
Y = G ade
X1 = Low Commi men
X2 = Lack o a en ion o he child en
X3 =Poo inancial s eng h
X4 =Low impac on he wellbeing o he child en
E = E o
Eki i S a e
4321 109.0092.0118.0022.0641.3 XXXXY −−−−=
• In e p e a ion: A uni change in he g ade o s uden s is de e mined by 0.022 dec ease o low commi men ,
0.118 dec ease o lack o a en ion o he child en, 0.092 dec ease o poo inancial s eng h and 0.109 dec ease
o low impac on he well-being o he s uden s.
Ondo S a e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1731-1738
1736
• In e p e a ion: In his model, a uni change in he g ade o s uden s is de e mined by 0.155 inc ease o low
commi men , -0.058 dec ease o lack o a en ion o he child en, 0.013 inc ease o poo inancial s eng h and
0.053 inc ease o low impac on he wellbeing o he s uden s.
Osun S a e
Y= 0.970 - 0.048x1+ 0.144x2 + 0.300x3 + 0.271x4 + ε
• In e p e a ion: In his model, a uni change in g ade o s uden caused by0.048 dec ease in low commi men ,
0.144 inc ease in lack o a en ion o child en, 0.300 poo inancial s eng h and 0.271 inc ease in low impac
on he wellbeing o he s uden s.
Table 8 Challenges aced by single pa en s” s uden s on academic pe o mance
QUESTIONS
SA
A
D
SD
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Eki i
Ondo
Osun
Single pa en s do no ha e enough
ime o show commi men o hei
child en’s school academic
ac i i ies
188
135
140
208
206
177
65
118
128
39
41
55
S uden s om single pa en s easily
d op ou om school
143
81
84
196
148
137
112
201
184
49
70
95
S uden s om single pa en
pe o m less academically han
S uden s om bo h pa en s
161
161
118
172
172
163
127
127
143
40
40
76
Coming om single pa en ing
home psychologically may pu
challenges on academic
pe o mance o s uden s
160
160
90
198
198
195
109
109
160
33
33
55
Single pa en s lack inancial
s eng h in p o iding o hei
child en’s academic ac i i ies
194
135
117
210
178
186
72
146
135
24
41
62
5. Resul and Discussion
I is disco e ed om he able 1 ha Yea 4 /Hnd II le el has highes pe cen age o esponden s by le el and om able
2, second (2nd) class uppe /uppe c edi unde esponden by g ade has he highes pe cen age o esponden in all
he h ee s a es (Eki i, Ondo,, Osun), also om able 3 s uden s om single pa en ca ego y ha e he highes pe cen age
o esponden om Eki i and Ondo s a e and s uden s om bo h pa en ca ego y ha e he highes pe cen age o
esponden in Osun s a e.
F om he eg ession model 1 ha model causes o single pa en ing on he academic pe o mance o he s uden s, a uni
change in he g ade o he s uden s is de e mined by 0.087 dec ease o po e y, 0.097 dec ease o dea h o spouse, 0.060
dec ease o ma i al iolence and 0.104 dec ease o ex a ma i al p egnancy in Eki i s a e, a uni change in he g ade o
he s uden s is de e mined by 0.008 inc ease o po e y, 0.173 dec ease o dea h o spouse, 0.004 inc ease o ma i al
iolence and 0.077 inc ease o ex a ma i al p egnancy in Ondo s a e, a uni change in g ade o s uden is de e mined
by 0.032 inc ease in po e y, 0.166 inc ease in dea h o spouse and 0.397 inc ease in ma i al iolence and 0.018
dec ease o ex a ma i al p egnancy in Osun s a e.
F om he eg ession model 2 ha model he e ec o he single pa en ing on he academic pe o mance o he s uden s,
a uni change in he g ade o he s uden s is de e mined by 0.022 dec ease o low commi men , 0.118 dec ease o lack
o a en ion o he child en, 0.092 dec ease o poo inancial s eng h and 0.109 dec ease o low impac on he well-
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1731-1738
1737
being o he child en in Eki i s a e, , a uni change in he g ade o he s uden s is de e mined by 0.155 inc ease o low
commi men , -0.058 dec ease o lack o a en ion o he child en, 0.013 inc ease o poo inancial s eng h and 0.053
inc ease o low impac on he wellbeing o he child en in Ondo s a e. A uni change in g ade o s uden caused by0.048
dec ease in low commi men , 0.144 inc ease in lack o a en ion o child en, 0.300 poo inancial s eng h and 0.271
inc ease in low impac on he wellbeing o he s uden s in Osun s a e. Also om able 8, i e eals ha esponden s om
he h ee s a es(Eki i,Ondo,Osun) ag eed ha single pa en s do no ha e enough ime o show commi men o hei
child en’s school academic ac i i ies, ha s uden s om single pa en pe o m less academically han S uden s om
bo h pa en s, ha coming om single pa en ing home psychologically may pu challenges on academic pe o mance o
s uden s, single pa en s lack inancial s eng h in p o iding o hei child en’s academic ac i i ies. Responden s om
Ondo and Osun s a es disag eed on he s a emen ha S uden s om single pa en s easily d op ou om school while
esponden s om Eki i s a e ag eed.
6. Conclusion
I is concluded ha single pa en s lack inancial s eng h o academic p o ision and ha e less ime o concen a ion on
hei wa ds academic ac i i ies which migh esul in ha psychologically pu challenges on academic pe o mance o
s uden s om such homes. Also, causes o single pa en ing a e ma i al iolence, ex a ma i al p egnancy and dea h o
spouse in Eki i, Ondo and Osun s a es espec i ely, and he e ec o he single pa en ing on he academic pe o mance
o he s uden s is low commi men o bo h Eki i and Ondo s a es while e ec in Osun s a e is low impac on he
wellbeing o he s uden s. The e o e dea h and low impac on he wellbeing o he s uden s a e he p ima y causes and
e ec s o single pa en on academic pe o mance o S uden s in sou hwes e n s a es in Nige ia.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s wish o exp ess hei g a i ude o TETFUND o hei suppo in his esea ch.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es o pe sonal ela ionship ha could ha e
appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Re e ences
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