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F om Cul i a o s o Consume s:
Fa me s in he Age o Ag ibusiness Co po a ions
Sa aswa Sau a Ramkuma
Resea ch Schola , Depa men o Sociology, Aliga h Muslim Uni e si y, Aliga h, U a P adesh, India
ABSTRACT
The ans o ma ion o Indian ag icul u e since G een Re olu ion
h ough Libe aliza ion, P i a iza ion, and Globaliza ion (LPG) e a
has signi ican ly ede ined he ole o a me s. T adi ionally seen as
cul i a o s oo ed in indigenous knowledge and sel - elian p ac ices,
a me s a e inc easingly posi ioned as consume s o ag icul u al
knowledge and inpu s p oduced by ag ibusiness co po a ions. This
s udy analyses seconda y da a on ag icul u al p oduc ion made
a ailable by he Go e nmen o India o examine he shi ing ends
in c opping pa e ns, inpu usage, and he g owing in luence o
Ag ibusiness Co po a ions. The analysis e eals ha he a ea unde
cul i a ion has declined o se e al adi ional and less p o i able
c ops while expanding o high- alue, p o i -o ien ed c ops
concen a ed in i iga ed egions. The seeds and inpu s o hese c ops
a e la gely supplied by Ag ibusiness Co po a ions h ough ne wo ks
o Ag i-inpu deale s. The consump ion o e ilize s and plan
p o ec ion chemicals has isen sha ply, making India one o he
highes consume s pe hec a e globally, despi e i s yield emaining
below he wo ld a e age. Simul aneously, expo -o ien ed c opping
pa e ns ha e con ibu ed o en i onmen al challenges, including
inc eased me hane emissions and wo sening wa e s ess. C ops wi h
declining cul i a ion a eas a e inc easingly being impo ed, despi e
hei ecological sus ainabili y. The da a also highligh ha small and
ma ginal a me s, cons i u ing abou 86% o he o al a ming
popula ion, a e disp opo iona ely bu dened by he ising cos o
inpu s, leading o deepening indeb edness and ma ginaliza ion.
O e all, he indings illus a e how Ag ibusiness Co po a ions ha e
ans o med a ming in o a loss-making en u e and u ned
cul i a o s in o consume s o co po a e p oduc s and knowledge.
How o ci e his pape : Sa aswa Sau a
Ramkuma "F om Cul i a o s o
Consume s: Fa me s in he Age o
Ag ibusiness Co po a ions" Published in
In e na ional
Jou nal o T end in
Scien i ic Resea ch
and De elopmen
(ij s d), ISSN:
2456-6470,
Volume-9 | Issue-5,
Oc obe 2025,
pp.657-670, URL:
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KEYWORDS: Small and Ma ginal
Fa me s, Ag i-Inpu Deale s,
Co po a e Ag icul u e,
Commodi ica ion o Knowledge,
Inpu In ensi e Ag icul u e.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fa me s a e o en desc ibed as a "buil -in dep esso "
wi hin he ag a ian economy (Tho ne , 1976). This
phenomenon e lec s he imbalance be ween ising
inpu cos s, ma ke ola ili y, and sh inking ma gins
o a me s, who emain ulne able o luc ua ing
c op p ices and unp edic able wea he pa e ns. As a
esul , many a me s a e apped in cycles o deb and
economic insecu i y, s uggling o main ain
sus ainable li elihoods.
The G een Re olu ion, h ough HYV seeds,
e ilize s, pes icides, and i iga ion, aised ood g ain
ou pu bu emained echno-cen ic and capi al-
in ensi e (Goswami, Bezba uah, & Mandal, 2018, pp.
152-165). Pos -1991 LPG e o ms in eg a ed Indian
ag icul u e wi h global ma ke s, allowing
ansna ional co po a ions (TNCs) o domina e he
Ag i-inpu sec o h ough hyb id seeds, chemicals,
and machine y. This mode niza ion na a i e,
howe e , inc eased a me s’ cos ly dependence on
ex e nal inpu s o en unsui ed o smallholde s’
con ex s (Madeley, 1999, pp. 26-47).
To p oduce ood g ains, ege ables, ui s e c. a la ge
numbe o inpu s a e needed. These include seeds,
e ilize s, pes icides, ag icul u al implemen s
( ac o s, pump se s, e c.), ca le eed, poul y eed
(Ramkishen, 2004, p. 151). Ag i-inpu deale s a e
selle o hese ag icul u al inpu s such as seeds,
e ilize s, c op p o ec ion chemicals, a m equipmen
and machines, e e ina y p oduc s and animal eeds.
The Ag i-inpu deale s se e as he p ima y and mos
IJTSRD97570
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us ed sou ce o a m in o ma ion o he a ming
communi y. Beyond p o iding inpu s and c edi , hey
play a signi ican ole in ans e ing ag icul u al
echnology, a ole alued by a me s o hei
accessibili y and eliabili y (A gade, Sa ka , &
Mish a, 2015).
Howe e , i has been no ed ha Ag i-inpu indus ies
p omo e s anda dized p ac ices such as ixed e ilize
doses, p ophylac ic pes icide sp ays, and cos ly
hyb id seeds ega dless o c op o soil condi ions.
Lacking independen ex ension suppo , small a me s
ely on deale s’ ad ice, which is o en exploi a i e,
leading o highe cos s and equen c op ailu es
(Venugopal & Kaundinya, 2014). The educ ion in
cen al go e nmen suppo o s a es o ag icul u al
ex ension se ices has esul ed in he nea collapse o
he public ex ension in as uc u e. Consequen ly,
a me s a e inc easingly u ning o he p i a e sec o
o guidance (Rao, 2003). The wi hd awal o he s a e
om ag icul u al ex ension pos -1990s, he p i a e
sec o including inpu supplie s and ag i-business
co po a ions has illed he acuum. This shi has
comme cialized knowledge sys ems, making hem
p o i -d i en a he han a me -cen ic
(Venka eswa lu, 2022).
1.1. Re iew o Li e a u e
(Jain & Ra ho e, 2023) in hei s udy e ealed ha he
majo i y o esponden s ob ained in o ma ion abou
ag icul u al inpu s p ima ily h ough deale s and
e aile s. Ne e heless, pu chasing decisions we e
la gely made independen ly by he a me s.
Fu he mo e, mos esponden s epo ed pu chasing
seeds om local ma ke s, wi h a clea p e e ence o
ce i ied, high-quali y, and high-yielding a ie ies.
(Elakkiya & Asokhan, 2021) s udied he ole o Ag i-
inpu deale s in Thondamu hu and Madukka ai
blocks o Coimba o e dis ic , ocusing on hei
in e ac ion wi h a me s and hei in luence on inpu
use. The s udy highligh s Ag i-inpu deale s as cen al
in e media ies be ween a me s and ag i-business
i ms. Nea ly h ee- ou hs o a me s (73.34%)
isi ed shops in peak seasons and 63.34% in o -
seasons, elying on deale s no only o inpu s bu
also o c op- ela ed ad ice, mainly on b ands (90%),
chemicals (73.33%), and p oblem desc ip ions (60%).
Inpu use showed uni e sal pes icide adop ion
(100%), ollowed by seeds (80%), e ilize s (56%),
and o he inpu s (26.66%). O e hal o he deale s
(56.70%) depended on company ield assis an s o
pes icide ecommenda ions, unde sco ing hei
linkage wi h ag i-business ne wo ks. Deale s alued
companies o imely deli e y, c edi , and suppo ,
while also ad ising a me s on seed a es, sowing,
and ag ochemical use, o en in collabo a ion wi h
esea che s. Mo e han hal o he a me s (56.66%)
applied pes icides p e en i ely, e lec ing deale s’
s ong in luence as us ed illage-le el knowledge
b oke s.
Pes icide consump ion is he highes in Maha ash a,
ollowed by U a P adesh, Punjab and Ha yana in
India. Ag icul u al Inpu Su ey da a show ha in
2011-12, pe cen a ea ea ed wi h pes icides was he
highes in co on (66.70%) ollowed by a ha
(64.74%), ju e (53.27%) and paddy (48.62%) and low
in maize (25.01%) in India (Subash, P em Chand,
Pa i h a, Balaji, & Su esh Pal, 2017).
(Shi a, 2016) in he amous wo k ‘The Violence o
G een e olu ion’ e ealed ha o millennia, a me s
p ese ed and sha ed seeds as a common esou ce,
sus aining biodi e si y and ood secu i y, bu he
G een Re olu ion dis up ed his by eplacing
adi ional di e se a ming wi h co po a e-owned
HYVs and monocul u es. Seeds became pa en ed
commodi ies, making a me s dependen on
pu chases and loans, while ecological balance e oded
h ough loss o gene ic di e si y, pes ou b eaks, soil
nu ien deple ion, and decline o adi ional p ac ices
like pulse-based ni ogen ixa ion. Though HYVs
boos ed yields ini ially, hey ul ima ely en enched
inpu -in ensi e, co po a e-con olled ag icul u e a he
cos o sus ainabili y and ood secu i y.
(Venka eswa lu, 2022) a gues ha GM c ops a e
designed o lock a me s in o p op ie a y inpu
sys ems, inc easing hei dependence on seed
companies like Monsan o. He si ua es G een
Re olu ion-II (GM C ops) wi hin he global
in ellec ual p ope y egime (TRIPS) unde he WTO,
which unde mines adi ional knowledge and local
seed so e eign y. I c i ically e alua es biosa e y
conce ns, con amina ion o na i e ge mplasm, and
a me s’ lack o in o med consen .
(Venka esh & Ni hyash ee, 2014) e ealed ha
p i a e sec o concen a ed mainly on c oss-pollina ed
and hyb id domina ed c ops (sun lowe , 97 %; co on,
96 %; maize, 95 %; and baj a, 90%), indica ing
p o i abili y o be he majo ac o which could
in luence he selec ion o c ops as a as p i a e sec o
was conce ned. The emaining high olume and low-
alue c ops (pulses, 70%; and g oundnu , 65%) we e
le wi h he public sec o .
The big Ag i-business co po a ions en e s coun ies
h ough join en u es, lobbying, and pa en s, hen
consolida es con ol o e seeds and ag icul u e by
c iminalizing seed sa ing, monopolizing ma ke s, and
shaping egula o y decisions. While ini ially
p omo ed as ools o eed he wo ld, Monsan o’s
gene ically modi ied c ops and chemical packages
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o en deepen a me dependency, inc ease deb , e ode
biodi e si y, and c ea e new ecological p oblems such
as pes esis ance and he bicide- esis an weeds. This
e eals a business model d i en mo e by monopoly
and p o i han by sus ainabili y o a me wel a e
(Robin, 2010).
P i a e ag icul u al R&D has expanded unde
s eng hened in ellec ual p ope y egimes, enabling
co po a e dominance in seeds, ai s, and c op
p o ec ion. While public-p i a e collabo a ions and
pa en s os e inno a ion, hey also in ensi y a me
dependency on co po a ions, concen a ing powe and
na owing au onomy in u al communi ies. The shi
p i ileges echnologies aligned wi h p o i abili y such
as he bicide- ole an c ops o e ag o-ecological
sus ainabili y, ein o cing inpu -in ensi e
monocul u es (Kalai zandonakes & Zah inge , 2018).
1.2. Objec i es
1. To analyse he changing ends in c opping
pa e ns, inpu usage since G een Re olu ion
(1970s onwa ds) h ough LPG e o ms (pos
1990s).
2. To compa e he sou ces o ag icul u al inpu s in
India; he sha e o go e nmen and p i a e sec o
agencies in he supply and dis ibu ion o
ag icul u al inpu s.
2. Resea ch Design
The s udy adop s a desc ip i e and analy ical esea ch
design based on seconda y da a d awn om All India
Repo on Inpu Su ey (2016-17), 2021, ICAR
Ag icul u al Resea ch Da a Book, 2022 and
Ag icul u al S a is ics a a Glance, 2023 (Depa men
o Ag icul u e, 2024) o unde s and he pa e n and
use o inpu s in ag icul u al p oduc ion among Indian
Fa me s. The analysis employs end analysis and
compa a i e assessmen o iden i y empo al shi s in
c opping pa e ns (Food-g ains), inpu usage in
ag icul u al p oduc ion since G een Re olu ion
h ough LPG e o ms.
3. Resul s and Discussions
3.1. C opping Pa e n (Food-g ains)
All India A ea unde p oduc ion in 1970-71 was
124.32 million hec a e wi h 24.11% a ea unde
i iga ion, which inc eased o 129.80 million hec a es
a ea unde p oduc ion wi h 58.99% unde i iga ion
(Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024).
3.1.1. Shi in C opping Pa e n
The Figu e 1 and Figu e 2 illus a es he change in he
c opping pa e n o India be ween he yea s 1970–71
and 2020–21, along wi h he a ea unde i iga ion o
majo c ops such as ice, whea , baj a, and pulses.
The da a highligh s how India’s ag icul u al
landscape has e ol ed o e i e decades due o
echnological, economic, and policy changes.
Figu e 1: Dis ibu ion o c ops unde p oduc ion o he yea s 1970-71 & 2020-21
Sou ce: Ag icul u al S a is ics a Glance 2023 (Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024, p. 45-75)
The Figu e 1 compa e he pe cen age sha e o majo c ops in he o al c opped a ea o he yea s 1970–71 and
2020–21. In 1970–71, he majo c ops unde p oduc ion we e: Rice: 30%, Whea : 15%, Pulses: 18%, Baj a:
10%, and O he s: 27%. By 2020–21, he c opping pa e n had signi ican ly shi ed: Rice: 35%, Whea : 24%,
Pulses: 22%, Baj a: 6%, and O he s: 13% (Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024).
This shi e eals a clea dominance o ice and whea cul i a ion, indica ing he success o he G een Re olu ion
and he subsequen policy ocus on ood g ain sel -su iciency. The a ea unde coa se ce eals like baj a and
miscellaneous c ops (o he s) has declined subs an ially, e lec ing a educ ion in c op di e si y.Meanwhile, he
sha e o pulses inc eased modes ly.
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A ea in Million Hec a es
14.41
30.51
9.84
29.57
0.51 1.38
1.97
7.97
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1970-71 2020-21
Rice
Whea
Baj a
Pulses
Figu e 2: All India A ea unde I iga ion (C op wise)
Sou ce: Ag icul u al S a is ics a Glance 2023 (Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024, p. 45-75)
The Figu e 2 compa es he i iga ed a ea (in million hec a es) o key c ops du ing 1970–71 and 2020–21. The
a ea o ice cul i a ion unde i iga ion expanded om 14.41 o 30.51 million hec a es, o whea om 9.8 o
29.57 million heac a es, o baj a om 0.51 o 1.38 million hec a es and o pulses om 1.97 o 7.97 million
hec a es (Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024).
The da a clea ly shows a ema kable expansion o i iga ed a ea, especially o ice and whea , which almos
doubled o ipled o e he pe iod. Rice inc eased om 14.41 o 30.51 million hec a es, e lec ing he c op’s
hea y dependence on wa e and go e nmen in es men in i iga ion in as uc u e. Whea saw a simila ise,
om 9.84 o 29.57 million hec a es. Pulses and baj a con inue o ha e ela i ely low i iga ed a eas, hough hey
also eco ded sligh imp o emen s.
This pa e n indica es a s ong i iga ion bias owa d ice and whea , leading o highe p oduc i i y in hese c ops
bu also esul ing in wa e s ess and esou ce imbalance in se e al egions. O e all, he igu e demons a es a
signi ican s uc u al ans o ma ion in Indian ag icul u e: he sha e o ice and whea in he c opping pa e n
inc eased subs an ially, e lec ing ood secu i y-d i en policies. The a ea unde i iga ion expanded d ama ically,
showing echnological p og ess h ough canal i iga ion, ube wells, and g oundwa e ex ac ion. Howe e , he
decline in coa se ce eals and c op di e si y may pose long- e m sus ainabili y conce ns, including nu i ional
imbalance, soil deg ada ion, and g oundwa e deple ion.
3.2. Inpu In ensi e Ag icul u al P oduc ion
3.2.1. A ea T ea ed wi h Chemical Fe ilize s and Plan P o ec ion Chemicals (Pes icides)
Jenni e Chai includes Plan P o ec ion Chemicals such as insec icide, he bicide, ungicide o any o he
chemical subs ance used o con ol pes s unde one name i.e. pes icides (Venugopal & Kaundinya, 2014).
Table No. 1: Pe cen age o I iga ed and Un-i iga ed A eas T ea ed wi h Chemical Fe ilize s and
Pes icides o ‘All C ops’
Size G oups % o I iga ed a ea ea ed wi h
% o Un-i iga ed a ea ea ed wi h
Chemical Fe ilize s
Pes icides
Chemical Fe ilize s Pes icides
Ma ginal (below 1.0 ha.) 81.3 37.3 63.8 38.7
Small (1.0 - 1.99 ha.) 92.6 38.9 68.6 40
Semi-medium (2.0 - 3.99 ha.)
93.8 39.4 67.7 38
Medium (4.0 - 9.99 ha.) 93.1 38.8 60.1 31.4
La ge (10.0 ha. and abo e) 90.5 42 40.9 23.7
Sou ce: All India Repo on Inpu Su ey 2016-17 (Inpu Su ey, 2021, p. 24)
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The able p esen s he pe cen age o i iga ed and un-i iga ed a ea ea ed wi h chemical e ilize s and
pes icides ac oss di e en a m size g oups in India. In i iga ed a eas he use o e ilize s is high ac oss all a m
sizes, anging om 81.3% among ma ginal a me s o 93.8% among semi-medium a me s. The highes usage is
seen in semi-medium a ms (93.8%), indica ing ha a ms o mode a e size a e mos in ensi e in e ilize use.
Pes icide applica ion in i iga ed a eas anges be ween 37.3% and 42%. La ge a ms show he highes pes icide
use (42%), while ma ginal and medium a ms ha e ela i ely lowe a es (~38%) (Inpu Su ey, 2021).
In un-i iga ed a eas e ilize usage is lowe compa ed o i iga ed a eas, declining om 63.8% (ma ginal) o
40.9% (la ge a ms). Smalle a ms (ma ginal and small) show highe e ilize use han la ge a ms, sugges ing
ha smallholde s in es mo e in inpu s e en in ain- ed condi ions. Pes icide use in un-i iga ed a eas is
conside ably lowe o e all, anging om 23.7% o 40%. The highes usage appea s among small a ms (40%),
while la ge a ms use he leas (23.7%) (Inpu Su ey, 2021).
I iga ion posi i ely in luences he use o chemical inpu s, wi h i iga ed lands showing highe ea men a es
o bo h e ilize s and pes icides. Smalle and semi-medium a ms end o use chemical inpu s mo e in ensi ely
han la ge a ms. The pa e n sugges s ha inpu adop ion is mo e widesp ead among smallholde s, possibly due
o he d i e o maximize yield om limi ed land.
Ou o 105904 no. o holdings which adop ed pes con ol me hod, 56876 no. o holdings op ed o Chemical
me hods which cons i u e a ound 54% o he no. o holdings which adop ed pes con ol me hods (Inpu Su ey,
2021, p. 62). Thus, majo i y o he a me s a e elying on Pes icides o con ol pes a acks in c ops. The da a is
shown in Figu e 3 below:
Numbe in ‘000 Uni s
56876,
54%
49028,
46%
METHODS OF PEST CONTROL
Chemical Me hod
O he Me hods
Figu e 3: Usual Me hods o Pes Con ol
Sou ce: All India Repo on Inpu Su ey 2016-17 (Go e nmen o India, 2021, p. 62)
3.2.2 Ra e o Applica ion o Chemical Fe ilize s as pe Size o Holdings (All C ops)
Fe ilize applica ion was consis en ly highe in i iga ed a eas han in un-i iga ed a eas. Fo ni ogen, he
a e age use was 122.6 kg/ha in i iga ed and 72.5 kg/ha in un-i iga ed a eas, wi h ma ginal holdings applying
he mos (151.1 and 89.0 kg/ha, espec i ely) and la ge holdings he leas (90.6 and 48.2 kg/ha). Phospho us use
ollowed a simila end, a e aging 57.3 kg/ha in i iga ed and 36.5 kg/ha in un-i iga ed a eas, wi h ma ginal
holdings again eco ding he highes a es (70.3 and 42.7 kg/ha). Po ash consump ion was lowe o e all 18.6
kg/ha in i iga ed and 9.6 kg/ha in un-i iga ed a eas and declined s eadily wi h inc easing a m size. O e all, he
da a indica e ha smalle holdings end o apply highe le els o N, P, and K e ilize s compa ed o la ge
holdings (Inpu Su ey, 2021). The da a is shown in below men ion Figu e 4 & 5:
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Kgs/hec a e
151.1
117.7 119 110.9 90.6
70.3
54.6 47.9 62.5
40.4
29.8
18.8 17.8 11.1
5.8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Ma ginal (below 1.0 ha.) Small (1.0 - 1.99 ha.) Semi-medium (2.0 -
3.99 ha.)
Medium (4.0 - 9.99 ha.) La ge (10.0 ha. and
abo e)
N P K
Figu e 4: Ra e o applica ion o Chemical e ilize s in I iga ed A eas
Sou ce: All India Repo on Inpu Su ey 2016-17 (Inpu Su ey, 2021, p. 25)
Kgs/hec a e
89 71.8 71.2 60.7 48.2
42.7
39.5 25.7 29.9
21.7
14.6
10.1
8.6 5.5
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Ma ginal (below 1.0
ha.)
Small (1.0 - 1.99 ha.) Semi-medium (2.0 -
3.99 ha.)
Medium (4.0 - 9.99
ha.)
La ge (10.0 ha. and
abo e)
N P K
Figu e 5: Ra e o applica ion o Chemical e ilize s in Un-i iga ed A eas
Sou ce: All India Repo on Inpu Su ey 2016-17 (Inpu Su ey, 2021, p. 25)
This da a e lec s ha small and ma ginal a me s use mo e e ilize s pe uni a ea han la ge landholde s. Wi h
limi ed land, small a me s s i e o maximum p oduc i i y pe hec a e, p omp ing o e use. O e use o
e ilize s among ma ginal and smallholde s inc eases inpu cos s.
3.3. T ends in Consump ion o Ag i-inpu s
3.3.1. Consump ion o Ce i ied/Quali y Seeds
Figu e 6 below, depic s he end in he use o ce i ied o quali y seeds in India om 1995–96 o 2020–21,
measu ed in lakh quin als. The da a shows a consis en and signi ican inc ease in he consump ion o ce i ied
seeds o e he yea s. In 1995–96, consump ion was 69.92 lakh quin als, which inc eased modes ly o 91.8 lakh
quin als in 2001–02 and 126.75 lakh quin als in 2005–06. A sha p ise is obse ed he ea e , eaching 277.34
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lakh quin als in 2010–11. By 2015–16, i u he aised o 304.04 lakh quin als, and in 2020–21, he consump ion
eached le el o 421.09 lakh quin als (ICAR, 2022).
(Lakh Quin als)
69.92 91.8 126.75
277.34 304.04
421.09
0
100
200
300
400
500
1995-96 2001-02 2005-06 2010-11 2015-16 2020-21
Consump ion o Ce i ied Seeds
Seeds
Figu e 6: Consump ion o Ce i ied/Quali y Seeds
Sou ce: ICAR Ag icul u al Resea ch Da a Book 2022 (ICAR, 2022, p. 41)
O e all, he g aph clea ly indica es a s eady upwa d end in he adop ion o ce i ied o quali y seeds pos LPG
e o ms. T adi ionally, a me s use o p ocu e seeds om hei own p oduce. Now a me s ha e o pu chase
seeds e e y yea o ag icul u al p oduc ion. These ce i ied/Hyb ids seeds boos ed yields ini ially bu hey
ul ima ely en enched inpu -in ensi e ag icul u al p oduc ion (Shi a, 2016).
3.3.2. Consump ion o Pes icides
Figu e 7 men ioned below, shows he end in pes icide usage in India om 2001–02 o 2020–21, measu ed in
onnes. The da a e lec s a luc ua ing ye o e all inc easing end in pes icide consump ion o e he wo
decades. In 2001–02, pes icide consump ion s ood a 47.02 onnes, i declined o 39.77 onnes in 2005–06,
indica ing a empo a y educ ion in usage. The ea e , consump ion inc eased sha ply o 55.54 onnes by 2010–
11, a sligh ise con inued in he subsequen yea s, wi h 56.72 onnes eco ded in 2015–16, and he highes
consump ion was obse ed in 2020–21, eaching 62.19 onnes (Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024).
(Tonnes)
47.02
39.77
55.54 56.72
62.19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2001-02 2005-06 2010-11 2015-16 2020-21
Consump ion o Pes icides
Pes icides
Figu e 7: Consump ion o Pes icides
Sou ce: Ag icul u al S a is ics a Glance 2023 (Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024, p. 287-288)
O e all, he g aph indica es a g adual upwa d ajec o y in he long e m. This inc ease e lec s he
in ensi ica ion o ag icul u e, g ea e eliance on chemical pes con ol me hods, and possibly he expansion o
cul i a ed a eas using mode n inpu s.
3.3.3. Consump ion o Fe ilize s (NPK)
Figu e 8 depic s he end in e ilize (NPK) consump ion in India om 1970–71 o 2020–21, measu ed in
kilog ams pe hec a e. Fe ilize use ose sha ply om 13.61 kg/ha in 1970–71 o 161.01 kg/ha in 2020–21. The
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g aph shows a consis en upwa d end, pa icula ly be ween 2000–01 and 2010–11, when consump ion
inc eased om 90.12 o 142.26 kg/ha (ICAR, 2022). This e lec s he g owing in ensi ica ion o ag icul u e and
dependence on chemical e ilize s o enhance c op p oduc i i y.
(Consump ion: Kg/hec a e)
Figu e 8: Consump ion o Fe ilize s (NPK)
Sou ce: ICAR Ag icul u al Resea ch Da a Book 2022 (ICAR, 2022, p. 96)
3.3.4. Consump ion o Fe ilize s (NPK) o selec ed Coun ies (2019)
Kg/hec a e
Figu e 9: Consump ion o Fe ilize s (NPK) o selec ed Coun ies (2019)
Sou ce: ICAR Ag icul u al Resea ch Da a Book 2022 (Go e nmen o India, 2022, p. 312)
Figu e 9 men ioned abo e compa es he use o e ilize s, speci ically ni ogen (N), phospho us (P), and
po assium (K) ac oss i e coun ies and he wo ld a e age, measu ed in kilog ams pe hec a e. The da a e eal
signi ican a ia ion in e ilize consump ion among coun ies wi h India eco ding he e ilize consump ion o
145.3 kg/ha, indica ing in ensi e use o chemical e ilize s in Indian ag icul u e. Indonesia wi h 102.1 kg/ha,
showing subs an ial e ilize applica ion, China wi h 86 kg/ha, e lec ing mode a e use compa ed o India. The
Uni ed S a es had a lowe consump ion le el o 50.2 kg/ha, sugges ing mo e e icien o sus ainable e ilize
p ac ices. The wo ld a e age was 40.2 kg/ha, much below India’s igu es (ICAR, 2022).
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3.3.5. Yield pe Hec a e o Selec ed Coun ies
Yield: on/hec a e
Figu e 10: Yield pe Hec a e o Selec ed Coun ies
Sou ce: ICAR Ag icul u al Resea ch Da a Book 2022 (ICAR, 2022, p. 314)
Figu e 10 compa es he yield pe hec a e o ce eals and pulses ac oss i e egions: India, China, USA, Indonesia,
and he Wo ld A e age. Fo ce eals, he yields a e: India: 3.4 /ha, China: 6.27 /ha, USA: 8.01 /ha, Indonesia:
5.21 /ha, Wo ld a e age: 4.11 /ha. India’s ce eal yield is well below he wo ld a e age and much lowe han
de eloped na ions like he USA. Fo pulses, he yields a e: India: 0.7 /ha, China: 1.79 /ha, USA: 1.97 /ha,
Indonesia: (no signi ican da a), Wo ld a e age: 0.95 /ha. India’s pulse yield emains below he global a e age
(ICAR, 2022).
O e all, Figu e 9 and Figu e 10 shows ha India’s e ilize consump ion a exceeds bo h he wo ld a e age and
ha o majo ag icul u al economies, highligh ing i s inpu -in ensi e ag icul u al p ac ices. This pa e n sugges s
e o s o maximize p oduc i i y, bu India’s yield is well below he wo ld a e age and much lowe han majo
ag icul u al economies. I also aises conce ns abou soil heal h, nu ien imbalance, and en i onmen al
sus ainabili y in he long un.
3.4. Sha e o Ag i-business Co po a ion in Supply Chains (Seeds, Fe ilize s, Chemicals)
Figu e 11 men ioned below illus a e he con ibu ion o public and p i a e sec o s o o al seed a ailabili y in
2022–23. Whea (143.54 lakh quin als) and ice (119.99 lakh quin als) domina e seed a ailabili y. The p i a e
sec o plays a majo ole, con ibu ing o e 70 lakh quin als o ice and 109.35 lakh quin als o whea , a
exceeding public supply. Fo pulses, public sec o (22.08 lakh quin als) con ibu ed mo e compa ing o he
p i a e sec o (19.84 lakh quin als). Baj a had he lowes seed a ailabili y (4.33 lakh quin als), p i a e sec o
playing majo ole con ibu ing 3.97 lakh quin als (Depa men o Ag icul u e, 2024).
