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GLOBAL RESEARCH TRENDS IN AGE ESTIMATION FROM
CRANIOFACIAL AND DENTAL STRUCTURES: A
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS (1976–2024)
B. Ka ip1, F. Ok2, F. Temizsoy Ko kmaz3
Depa men o Ana omy, Hamidiye Facul y o Medicine, Uni e si y o Heal h Sciences,
Is anbul, Tü kiye1,2,3
Council o Fo ensic Medicine, Minis y o Jus ice, Is anbul, Tü kiye1
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17313226
Abs ac . Age es ima ion om c anio acial and den al s uc u es is a c i ical componen
in o ensic science, an h opology, and legal medicine, p o iding essen ial in o ma ion o human
iden i ica ion and medico-legal in es iga ions. This s udy aimed o map global esea ch ends,
iden i y key con ibu o s, and explo e hema ic de elopmen s in age es ima ion om c anio acial
and den al s uc u es using bibliome ic analysis. A comp ehensi e sea ch o he PubMed
da abase was conduc ed in Augus 2025 using a Boolean que y combining e ms ela ed o age
es ima ion, c anio acial and den al s uc u es, and o ensic sciences. Re ie ed eco ds we e
expo ed in CSV o ma and cleaned o emo e duplica es and s anda dize me ada a. Bibliome ic
analyses we e pe o med using Py hon o examine publica ion ends, p oli ic au ho s, leading
jou nals, collabo a ion pa e ns, and keywo d co-occu ence ne wo ks. A o al o 71 publica ions
we e iden i ied, wi h he ea lies eco d om 1976 and a no able inc ease a e 2015, peaking in
2024. The mos p oduc i e au ho s included Galić I, F ied ich RE, and Scheue HA. Collabo a ion
ne wo k analysis e ealed well-connec ed clus e s, pa icula ly among Eu opean esea che s.
Keywo d co-occu ence mapping iden i ied wo main hema ic clus e s: (1) me hodological
app oaches o age es ima ion and alida ion, and (2) ana omical s udies ocused on c anio acial
and den al ea u es, no ably he mandible and hi d mola s. The ield o age es ima ion om
c anio acial and den al s uc u es has expe ienced g owing scien i ic a en ion, wi h inc easing
in e na ional collabo a ion and me hodological di e si ica ion. This s udy p o ides aluable
insigh s o esea che s and p ac i ione s, iden i ying hema ic gaps and collabo a ion
oppo uni ies o suppo he de elopmen o mo e s anda dized and alida ed age es ima ion
echniques
Keywo ds: age Es ima ion, C anio acial S uc u es, Den al S uc u es, Fo ensic
Odon ology, Bibliome ic Analysis.
In oduc ion
Age es ima ion is a co ne s one o o ensic science, playing a i al ole in human
iden i ica ion, medico-legal in es iga ions, and an h opological esea ch. This p ocess con ibu es
o he c ea ion o a biological p o ile ha includes sex, age, popula ion a ini y, and s a u e—
in o ma ion ha can g ea ly assis law en o cemen and medicolegal au ho i ies in na owing
in es iga i e scope and iden i ying unknown indi iduals (Bailey & Vidoli, 2023). In bo h clinical
and legal con ex s, he e alua ion o ee h and bone de elopmen se es as a key indica o o age,
suppo ing g ow h assessmen , ea men planning, and he p o ision o e idence in judicial
p oceedings. This is especially impo an in cases in ol ing uniden i ied deceased indi iduals o
biological aces, whe e p ecise age de e mina ion can yield c ucial leads o ongoing
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in es iga ions (Wang e al., 2022). His o ically, o ensic an h opology has elied hea ily on
skele al and den al analyses o age es ima ion (Ubelake & Khos owshahi, 2019). O e ecen
decades, nume ous me hods ha e been in oduced, wi h he expanding body o li e a u e e lec ing
ad ancemen s in o ensic odon ology, an h opology, and imaging echnologies. While his
me hodological di e si y unde sco es he ield’s dynamism, i also in oduces challenges due o
a ia ions in sampling s a egies, analy ical echniques, and s a is ical app oaches, highligh ing he
need o s anda dized pa ame e s o ensu e me hod alida ion (Co on e al., 2018). Despi e
no able p og ess, a uni e sally accep ed, highly accu a e me hod o age es ima ion has ye o be
es ablished, mainly due o inhe en biological a iabili y and he in luence o en i onmen al
ac o s (Ma can e e al., 2025). Mo eo e , while ch onological age ep esen s he ac ual ime
elapsed since bi h, biological age—o en assessed h ough skele al and den al de elopmen —
o e s a mo e e ined pe spec i e on an indi idual’s physiological ma u i y (Kaledze a e al.,
2023).
Bibliome ic analysis o e s a sys ema ic app oach o mapping he esea ch landscape,
iden i ying in luen ial publica ions, eme ging ends, and gaps in he ield o age es ima ion. Such
analyses p o ide aluable insigh s o esea che s and p ac i ione s, guiding u u e s udies and
enhancing he applica ion o age es ima ion me hods in bo h clinical and o ensic se ings. This
me hodology, oo ed in quan i a i e and quali a i e e alua ion o esea ch ends o e ime,
le e ages li e a u e da abases and me ological cha ac e is ics o p o ide a comp ehensi e
o e iew o schola ly ou pu wi hin a speci ic domain (Xie e al., 2020; He e a-F anco e al.,
2021). This app oach is c ucial o unde s anding he his o ical de elopmen o a ield, disce ning
i s cu en in ellec ual s uc u e, and o ecas ing po en ial u u e di ec ions o esea ch (Xu e al.,
2024). Mo eo e , bibliome ic s udies acili a e he iden i ica ion o key au ho s, ins i u ions, and
collabo a ions, he eby illumina ing he ounda ional in ellec ual con ibu ions and collabo a i e
ne wo ks ha d i e ad ancemen s in he discipline (Ellegaa d & Wallin, 2015). Bibliome ic
analysis, a me hod coined by P i cha d in 1969, sys ema ically quan i ies and s uc u es
bibliome ic in o ma ion o delinea e he ac o s cons i u ing scien i ic esea ch wi hin a speci ic
ield, encompassing co-au ho ship, co-occu ence, ci a ion, co-ci a ion, and bibliog aphic coupling
analyses (Ho & Luong, 2022).
Al hough many echniques ha e been de eloped o es ima ing age om c anio acial and
den al s uc u es, no single me hod has gained uni e sal accep ance o accu acy and eliabili y.
Va ia ions in skele al and den al de elopmen , in luenced by bo h biological and en i onmen al
ac o s, pose inhe en challenges o s anda diza ion. Each me hod o e s speci ic ad an ages and
limi a ions, and many expe s ecommend using mul iple complemen a y app oaches, along wi h
epea ed measu emen s, o imp o e accu acy and consis ency. Despi e signi ican p og ess in
ecen decades, he li e a u e highligh s he need o u he e inemen o hese echniques o apply
hem in clinical and o ensic se ings be e . The e o e, e alua ing he scope, ends, and hemes in
he scien i ic li e a u e is c ucial o unde s anding p og ess in he ield. Acco dingly, his s udy
conduc s a bibliome ic analysis o global esea ch on age es ima ion om c anio acial and den al
s uc u es, aiming o iden i y publica ion ends, key con ibu o s, and hema ic de elopmen s o e
ime. han 40 wo ds, hen i should be w i en wi hou using “” as a sepa a e pa ag aph, inden ed
and in 8,5 on s.
Me hod
Sea ch S a egy and Da a Collec ion
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A ho ough bibliog aphic sea ch was conduc ed in he PubMed da abase o ind
publica ions ela ed o age es ima ion om c anio acial and den al s uc u es in o ensic con ex s.
The sea ch s a egy used Boolean ope a o s o combine keywo ds conce ning age es ima ion,
c anio acial ana omical s uc u es, den al ea u es, and o ensic sciences.
The i s domain encompassed e ms e e ing o he p ocess o age assessmen , including
age es ima ion, age de e mina ion, ch onological age, den al age, skele al age, biological age, and
ma u i y es ima ion. The second domain add essed c anio acial ana omical s uc u es,
inco po a ing keywo ds such as c anio acial, c anial, acial, skull, mandible, maxilla, sphenoid,
zygoma ic, o bi al, empo al bone, c anial su u e, and o amen.
The hi d domain ocused on den al ana omy and de elopmen al ma ke s, ep esen ed by
e ms including den al, oo h, ee h, den i ion, mola , canine, inciso , hi d mola , pulp/ oo h a io,
cemen um annula ion, e up ion s age, and mine aliza ion s age. Finally, he o ensic con ex was
add essed h ough e ms such as o ensic, o ensic medicine, o ensic an h opology, o ensic
odon ology, and legal medicine. This s uc u ed combina ion o concep s was applied o ensu e a
comp ehensi e e ie al o ele an li e a u e o he bibliome ic analysis.
The sea ch was conduc ed in Augus 2025 wi hou es ic ions on he yea o publica ion.
All e ie ed eco ds we e expo ed in CSV o ma , con aining me ada a ields such as i le,
au ho s, jou nal, publica ion yea , and DOI.
Inclusion and Exclusion C i e ia
Only a icles di ec ly add essing age es ima ion om c anio acial and/o den al s uc u es
in o ensic con ex s we e included. Eligible publica ions encompassed o iginal esea ch a icles,
e iews, and case s udies. Non-English language publica ions, con e ence abs ac s wi hou ull
ex , edi o ial ma e ials, and s udies ou side he scope o o ensic applica ions (e.g., pu ely
a chaeological o clinical wi hou o ensic ele ance) we e excluded. Duplica es we e iden i ied
and emo ed be o e analysis.
Da a P ocessing and Analysis
The e ie ed da ase was cleaned o emo e duplica e en ies and s anda dize au ho and
jou nal names o ensu e consis ency. Bibliome ic analyses we e pe o med using Py hon,
employing he pandas, ma plo lib, and ne wo kx lib a ies. The analyses included:
1. Annual publica ion ends – de e mina ion o he o al numbe o publica ions pe
yea .
2. P oduc i i y analysis – iden i ica ion o he mos p oli ic au ho s, jou nals, and
coun ies.
3. Collabo a ion ne wo ks – co-au ho ship analysis based on sha ed au ho names.
4. Keywo d co-occu ence analysis – ex ac ion o keywo ds om a icle i les o
iden i y p e ailing esea ch hemes.
Visualiza ion
Ne wo k maps ep esen ing co-au ho ship ela ionships and keywo d co-occu ence
pa e ns we e gene a ed using a o ce-di ec ed layou algo i hm. These isualiza ions allowed o
he iden i ica ion o collabo a i e clus e s among au ho s and hema ic connec ions be ween
esea ch opics.
Resul s
Publica ion T ends
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A o al o 71 publica ions we e e ie ed om PubMed (Table 1). The ea lies eco d da es
back o 1976, wi h a g adual inc ease in publica ions o e he yea s. A no able su ge in esea ch
ou pu was obse ed a e 2015, eaching i s peak in 2024 wi h 10 publica ions (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1: Annual dis ibu ion o publica ions on age es ima ion om c anio acial and den al
s uc u es in o ensic con ex s (1976–2025), based on PubMed sea ch esul s.
Mos P oduc i e Au ho s and Jou nals
The mos p oli ic con ibu o s we e Galić I (3 publica ions), F ied ich RE (3 publica ions),
and Scheue HA. (3 publica ions) (Figu e 2).
Figu e 2: Top con ibu ing au ho s in he ield o o ensic c anio acial and den al age
es ima ion
The dis ibu ion o publica ions among jou nals indica ed ha he In e na ional Jou nal o
Legal Medicine (n = 9) and Fo ensic Science In e na ional (n = 8) we e he mos p oli ic ou le s
o s udies in his domain. These we e ollowed by he Jou nal o Fo ensic and Legal Medicine (n
= 4) and Cu eus (n = 4). Se e al o he jou nals, including Jou nal o Fo ensic Sciences and
A chi es o K iminology, con ibu ed be ween h ee and ou publica ions each (Figu e 3).
Collabo a ion Ne wo k
The co-au ho ship ne wo k e ealed se e al well-connec ed clus e s, indica ing s ong
collabo a ion pa e ns, pa icula ly among Eu opean esea ch g oups. Co-au ho ship ne wo k
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analysis o he 50 mos ac i e au ho s e ealed dis inc collabo a i e clus e s wi h s ong in a-
g oup connec ions. Asian esea ch eams—pa icula ly om China— o med a igh ly connec ed
ne wo k, while Eu opean and Sou h Asian clus e s also displayed high collabo a ion densi y. Key
connec ing au ho s, such as Willems G, The issen P, and Galic I, linked mul iple clus e s,
indica ing hei in luen ial ole in b idging esea ch communi ies (Figu e 4).
Figu e 3: Top 15 jou nals publishing on age es ima ion om c anio acial and den al
s uc u es. The In e na ional Jou nal o Legal Medicine anked i s wi h nine publica ions,
ollowed closely by Fo ensic Science In e na ional (eigh publica ions) and he Jou nal o
Fo ensic and Legal Medicine (six publica ions).
Figu e 4: The op 30 mos equen ly occu ing keywo ds ex ac ed om a icle i les in he
ield o age es ima ion om c anio acial and den al s uc u es. The ho izon al ba s ep esen
keywo d equencies, highligh ing "es ima ion," "den al," and " o ensic" as he mos
p e alen e ms, indica ing he dominan esea ch ocus a eas wi hin he li e a u e.
Keywo d Co-occu ence
Ti le-based keywo d ex ac ion iden i ied “es ima ion” (n = 22), “den al” (n = 20), and
“ o ensic” (n = 16) as he mos equen ly used e ms, e lec ing he me hodological and
disciplina y ocus o he li e a u e. O he high- equency e ms included “child en” (n = 14),
“ hi d” (n = 12), and “popula ion” (n = 10), highligh ing he equen emphasis on pedia ic and
hi d mola -based age es ima ion app oaches. Keywo ds ela ed o me hodology (“assessmen ,”
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“me hod,” “ adiog aphic”) and ana omical ocus (“mola ,” “mandibula ,” “skele al”) we e also
p e alen (Figu e 5). The keywo d co-occu ence ne wo k displayed wo majo hema ic clus e s:
Me hodological ocus – echniques o age es ima ion and alida ion s udies.
Ana omical ocus – s udies on c anio acial and den al s uc u es, especially he mandible
and hi d mola s.
Discussion
This bibliome ic analysis p o ides a comp ehensi e o e iew o global esea ch ends,
in luen ial con ibu o s, and hema ic de elopmen s in he ield o age es ima ion om c anio acial
and den al s uc u es, o e ing aluable insigh s in o he e olu ion, collabo a i e pa e ns, and
eme ging ocuses o his mul idisciplina y domain. The assessmen o age, pa icula ly in sub-
adul s, is a c i ical componen wi hin o ensic an h opology, necessi a ing obus and s anda dized
me hodologies o ensu e accu acy and compa abili y ac oss di e se s udies (Co on e al., 2018).
While nume ous me hods exis o age es ima ion, he assessmen o den al and skele al ma u i y
s ands ou as an excep ionally eliable biological indica o o ch onological age in child en and
adolescen s [12]. The u ili y o den al and skele al ma u i y in age es ima ion is p edica ed on hei
p edic able de elopmen al sequences, o e ing a mo e p ecise measu e han ch onological age
alone, especially gi en he a iabili y in oduced by gene ic and en i onmen al ac o s [13]. This
comp ehensi e app oach is essen ial o na owing in es iga i e scopes and p o iding c ucial
demog aphic in o ma ion o iden i ica ion pu poses in o ensic con ex s (Wang e al., 2022). In
his s udy, di e en s udies using di e en me hods we e e alua ed.
Ou analysis e ealed ha he In e na ional Jou nal o Legal Medicine and Fo ensic
Science In e na ional we e he leading publica ion enues in age es ima ion esea ch om
c anio acial and den al s uc u es, each p oducing a subs an ial numbe o a icles o e he s udy
pe iod. These jou nals ha e long-s anding epu a ions in o ensic science and a e indexed in majo
da abases, which may explain hei high publica ion coun s. The s ong ep esen a ion o Jou nal
o Fo ensic and Legal Medicine and Cu eus highligh s he ele ance o bo h adi ional o ensic
pla o ms and eme ging open-access jou nals in dissemina ing ecen indings. This dis ibu ion
sugges s ha esea ch dissemina ion occu s h ough bo h highly specialized o ensic jou nals and
b oade in e disciplina y ou le s, po en ially inc easing he each and impac o s udies in his ield.
The inclusion o jou nals like Cu eus also unde sco es a g owing end owa ds open-access
publishing wi hin o ensic sciences, acili a ing wide accessibili y o esea ch indings beyond
adi ional subsc ip ion models. This accessibili y is c i ical o p ac i ione s and esea che s
globally, pa icula ly in a eas whe e con en ional jou nal subsc ip ions a e cos -p ohibi i e,
os e ing a mo e equi able and apid exchange o scien i ic ad ancemen s in o ensic odon ology
and an h opology (Hanso i e al., 2016). This e ol ing landscape o schola ly communica ion,
ma ked by a blend o es ablished and open-access pla o ms, c i ically in luences he speed and
b ead h wi h which no el me hodologies and indings in age es ima ion a e in eg a ed in o o ensic
p ac ice, ul ima ely enhancing he eliabili y and scien i ic ounda ion o expe es imonies in
legal p oceedings (Palmela Pe ei a, 2014).. This shi owa ds open access, while bene icial o
dissemina ion, necessi a es igo ous pee e iew p ocesses o main ain he scien i ic in eg i y and
me hodological s anda diza ion c ucial o o ensic alida ion (Co on e al., 2018).
The au ho collabo a ion ne wo k showed dis inc clus e s, indica ing s ong in a-g oup
collabo a ion bu limi ed in e -g oup connec i i y. Chinese esea ch eams, as ep esen ed by
au ho s such as Ma JW and Yu HX, o med dense collabo a ion clus e s, likely e lec ing
cen alized ins i u ional p ojec s o na ional unding ini ia i es. Simila ly, Eu opean clus e s,
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including con ibu o s like Galic I and Came ie e R, demons a ed high connec i i y wi hin hei
ne wo ks, consis en wi h he adi ion o mul i-cen e s udies in o ensic odon ology. The
ela i ely spa se connec ions be ween clus e s sugges po en ial oppo uni ies o os e ing c oss-
egional collabo a ions, which could enhance me hodological di e si y and b oaden popula ion
co e age in age es ima ion s udies. This u he unde sco es he c i ical ole o in e -ins i u ional
and in e na ional pa ne ships in ad ancing he igo and gene alizabili y o o ensic esea ch,
pa icula ly in ields such as age es ima ion, whe e demog aphic a iabili y is a signi ican ac o .
Such collabo a ions, despi e hei ime-consuming na u e, a e pi o al o di using ideas and
p oducing impac ul science by in eg a ing di e se pe spec i es and enhancing he po en ial o
disco e y (Fu e al., 2022). These obus collabo a i e ne wo ks a e no me ely condui s o
in o ma ion exchange bu also se e as ounda ional s uc u es o he eme gence o "supe social
ies," cha ac e ized by p o ound us and sha ed commi men , which signi ican ly ampli y
esea ch p oduc i i y and impac (Pe e sen, 2015). This phenomenon is pa icula ly e iden in he
inc easing p obabili y o p oducing highly ci ed publica ions when eams exhibi g ea e di e si y,
such as a wide ep esen a ion o ins i u ions (Yuxiao e al., 2018). This ins i u ional di e si y no
only en iches he scien i ic discou se h ough a ied app oaches bu also mi iga es inhe en biases
ha migh a ise om localized esea ch pe spec i es. This unde sco es he p inciple ha b oade
geog aphic and ins i u ional collabo a ion can signi ican ly enhance he impac and ci a ion
po en ial o scien i ic endea o s, as di e se inpu s om mul iple loca ions a e associa ed wi h
highe -impac publica ions (F eeman & Huang, 2015).
The mos equen keywo ds ex ac ed om a icle i les—es ima ion, den al, o ensic,
child en, and hi d—clea ly indica e he dominance o den al ma u i y and hi d mola
de elopmen as ocal poin s in he li e a u e. High- equency e ms such as popula ion and
assessmen e lec he emphasis on alida ing age es ima ion me hods ac oss di e se demog aphic
g oups. In e es ingly, he appea ance o e ms like Demi jian and Came ie e highligh s he
con inued ele ance o es ablished me hods while also poin ing o he impo ance o
me hodological compa ison in cu en esea ch. The ela i ely high occu ence o adiog aphic
and pano amic u he con i ms ha imaging-based app oaches emain he p ima y ool o da a
acquisi ion in his ield. This unde sco es a c i ical need o igo ous me hodological
s anda diza ion, pa icula ly gi en he acknowledged dispa i ies in sampling and s a is ical
app oaches ac oss nume ous publica ions ha can lead o di icul ies in me hod de ini ion,
applica ion, and compa ison (Co on e al., 2018). Such disc epancies necessi a e a mo e e ined
unde s anding o popula ion-speci ic a ia ions in den al de elopmen , as e idenced by s udies
examining di e se popula ions o imp o e he accu acy and applicabili y o hese es ima ion
echniques (Moze & Robe s, 2012). This ocus on popula ion-speci ic a ia ions is c ucial, gi en
ha he accu acy o me hods like Demi jian's can di e signi ican ly be ween sexes and age
g oups, some imes o e es ima ing o unde es ima ing ac ual age (Tomás e al., 2014).
The keywo d co-occu ence ne wo k e ealed in e connec ed hema ic clus e s, wi h
es ima ion and den al ac ing as cen al nodes linking o he high- equency e ms. This sugges s
ha mos s udies ame hei esea ch explici ly wi hin he o ensic con ex ( o ensic,
iden i ica ion, human) while simul aneously g ounding hei me hodology in speci ic ana omical
and de elopmen al pa ame e s ( hi d mola , skele al, mine aliza ion). The p ominence o e ms
ela ed o popula ion g oups (adolescen s, child en) indica es ha age es ima ion is p edominan ly
s udied in younge coho s, whe e ch onological age de e mina ion has c i ical implica ions o
bo h clinical ea men planning and legal judgmen s. Mo eo e , he in e connec ions be ween
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me hod, compa ison, and de elopmen sugges an ongoing emphasis on e alua ing he accu acy,
applicabili y, and limi a ions o di e en age es ima ion app oaches. Fu he analysis o he
ne wo k opology could elucida e speci ic esea ch gaps o o e sa u a ed a eas wi hin o ensic age
es ima ion, he eby guiding u u e in es iga i e e o s.
Limi a ions
This bibliome ic analysis is subjec o se e al limi a ions ha should be conside ed when
in e p e ing he indings. Fi s , he sea ch was es ic ed o he PubMed da abase, which, while
comp ehensi e o biomedical and o ensic li e a u e, may ha e excluded ele an s udies indexed
in o he da abases such as Scopus o Web o Science. As a esul , he da ase may no ully cap u e
esea ch published in non-indexed o egional jou nals. Second, only a icles con aining speci ic
sea ch e ms in he i le o abs ac we e included, po en ially omi ing s udies ha add essed age
es ima ion om c anio acial and den al s uc u es bu used di e en e minology. Thi d,
bibliome ic indica o s such as publica ion coun s, co-au ho ship ne wo ks, and keywo d
equencies e lec esea ch ac i i y and collabo a ion pa e ns bu do no di ec ly assess he
me hodological quali y o scien i ic impac o indi idual s udies.
Conclusion and Implica ions
This bibliome ic analysis p o ides a de ailed o e iew o global esea ch ends,
collabo a i e ne wo ks, and hema ic de elopmen s in age es ima ion om c anio acial and den al
s uc u es wi hin o ensic con ex s. The indings highligh a g owing esea ch in e es o e ecen
decades, wi h a ma ked inc ease in publica ions a e 2015 and s ong con ibu ions om bo h
es ablished o ensic jou nals and open-access pla o ms. Co-au ho ship and keywo d analyses
e ealed dis inc me hodological and ana omical esea ch clus e s, unde sco ing he
mul idisciplina y na u e o his ield. Despi e me hodological di e si y, he consis en ocus on
c anio acial and den al indica o s ein o ces hei cen al ole in accu a e age es ima ion,
pa icula ly in medico-legal and an h opological applica ions. These insigh s can guide u u e
esea ch by iden i ying collabo a ion oppo uni ies, hema ic gaps, and eme ging ends, ul ima ely
suppo ing he de elopmen o mo e s anda dized, alida ed, and globally applicable age
es ima ion me hodologies.
Decla a ions
Acknowledgmen s: The au ho s used language suppo ools (Cha GPT 4.0® by OpenAI,
San F ancisco, USA, and G amma ly®) o assis in language checks, g amma e inemen , and
s yle consis ency du ing manusc ip p epa a ion.
Au ho s’ con ibu ions: All au ho s we e esponsible o all aspec s o he wo k, including:
Concep ualiza ion, Da a cu a ion, Fo mal analysis, In es iga ion, Me hodology, P ojec
adminis a ion, Resou ces, So wa e, Supe ision, Valida ion, Visualiza ion, W i ing – o iginal
d a , and W i ing – e iew & edi ing.
Compe ing in e es s: The au ho (s) decla ed no po en ial con lic s o in e es wi h espec
o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle.
Funding: This esea ch did no ecei e any speci ic g an om unding agencies in he
public, comme cial, o no - o -p o i sec o s.
E hics app o al and consen o pa icipa e: No Applicable
Publishe ’s no e: Ad anced Resea ch Jou nal emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional
claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.
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