Numerical Analysis of Scale Effects on Resistance and Propulsion Performance of the K-SUPRAMAX in Low-Speed Condition

1
Nume ical Analysis o Scale E ec s on Resis ance and P opulsion
Pe o mance o he K-SUPRAMAX in Low-Speed Condi ion
Jae-Hyeon An1, Kwang-Jun Paik1,
*
, Myeong-Min Kim1, Seung-Hyun Hwang2
1 Depa men o Na al A chi ec u e and Ocean Enginee ing, Inha Uni e si y, Incheon, Sou h Ko ea
2 Ko ea Resea ch Ins i u e o Ships & Ocean enginee ing(KRISO), Daejeon, Sou h Ko ea
Abs ac . In his s udy, nume ical simula ions a ull-scale we e conduc ed o he 66K DWT K-SUPRAMAX
ship o pe o m a undamen al in es iga ion on esis ance and sel -p opulsion pe o mance unde low-speed
condi ions in calm wa e , aking scale e ec s in o accoun . Based on he ull-scale CFD analysis a a low speed
o 4 kno s, i was ound ha he esidua y esis ance coe icien dec eases compa ed o he model-scale due o
scale e ec s, he eby in luencing he e alua ion o ull-scale esis ance pe o mance. The P opelle open wa e
(POW) pe o mance was ound o be consis en wi h he ITTC-1978 ex apola ion esul s. In he ull-scale
analysis, i was con i med ha he e is no signi ican di e ence in POW pe o mance be ween he design and
low o a ional speeds due o he ully u bulen low. Acco dingly, he sel -p opulsion pe o mance a low speed
was e alua ed based on he design o a ional speed. In addi ion, he wake ac ion es ima ed using he ITTC-
1978 me hod ends o o e p edic he ull-scale 𝑊𝑛 as speed dec eases. Howe e , applying he 𝑊𝑇𝑆 ex ac ed
om ull-scale sel -p opulsion CFD analysis imp o es he ag eemen wi h he ac ual ull-scale 𝑊𝑛 alue. A
low speeds, compa ed o he design speed, he e ec i e wake ac ion inc eases and he h us deduc ion ac o
dec eases, esul ing in imp o ed hull e iciency. Ne e heless, a educ ion in p opelle o a ional speed leads
o a dec ease in open wa e e iciency
Keywo ds: Low speed, Full-scale, Scale e ec , K-SUPRAMAX, Calm wa e , Resis ance and P opulsion
1 In oduc ion
Due o he ecen accele a ion o global wa ming, e o s o egula e CO2 emissions ha e been con inuously
pu sued. The IMO (In e na ional Ma i ime O ganiza ion) in oduced he EEDI (Ene gy E iciency Design Index)
o enhance he ene gy e iciency o ships and he eby educe CO₂ emissions [1]. In line wi h his, en i onmen al
egula ions ha e been s eng hened h ough he p omo ion o high-e iciency shipbuilding and he implemen a ion
o ope a ional guidelines aimed a imp o ing na iga ional e iciency. High-e iciency shipbuilding includes he
de elopmen o eco- iendly hull o ms, high-pe o mance p opulsion sys ems, and ene gy eco e y de ices.
Ope a ional s a egies, such as ope a ing ships a a educed speed o abou 4 kno s, ha e p o en o be e ec i e
me hods o lowe ing CO₂ emissions and uel consump ion [2], [3], [4]. Mo eo e , i o e s he ad an age o
equi ing no e o i ing o exis ing ships.
To mee he EEDI equi emen s, educing ship speed has been adop ed as an e ec i e means o dec easing
CO₂ emissions. Acco dingly, accu a e es ima ion o he equi ed powe has become inc easingly impo an , and
CFD-based sel -p opulsion simula ions ha e eme ged as a use ul ool in his con ex . Howe e , unde low-speed
condi ions, unlike a he design speed, he dec ease in 𝜂𝑂 and he inc ease in 𝑊𝑇𝑆 may esul in de ia ions in sel -
p opulsion pe o mance. The e o e, i is necessa y o in es iga e changes in sel -p opulsion cha ac e is ics unde
low-speed condi ions. In gene al, ull-scale sel -p opulsion pe o mance is es ima ed by applying he ITTC-1978
me hod o model-scale esul s. Howe e , disc epancies may a ise because he 𝑡 and 𝜂𝑅 do no accoun o scale
e ec s. Thus, a undamen al s udy is equi ed o e alua e he applicabili y o he ITTC me hod unde low-speed
condi ions and o compa e sel -p opulsion pe o mance a design and low speeds, wi h he aim o imp o ing he
accu acy o ull-scale sel -p opulsion p edic ions.
As a p eceding s udy on ull-scale sel -p opulsion es ima ion, Calm wa e esis ance analyses we e conduc ed
o he KVLCC2 hull o m a ou di e en scales, and i was con i med ha bo h CVP and CR end o dec ease as
he scale app oaches ull-scale [5]. Rega ding changes in 𝑊𝑛, Fo he KVLCC2, he di e ence in 𝑊𝑛 be ween
model and ull scales was analyzed, and wake con ac ion e ec s caused by inc eased Reynolds numbe we e
*
Co espondence o: [email p o ec ed]
16 h In e na ional Symposium on P ac ical Design o Ships and O he Floa ing S uc u es PRADS 2025
Ann A bo , MI, USA, Oc obe 19 h – 23 d 2025
2
con i med [6]. Fu he mo e, s udies obse ed ha he in low eloci y inc eases a ull-scale, and when compa ing
ac oss a ious speeds, he in low eloci y dec eases a lowe speeds, leading o an inc ease in he 𝑊𝑛 [7], [8]. In
ull- scale POW pe o mance analysis, A compa a i e analysis o model-scale and ull-scale esul s was
conduc ed o he KP505 p opelle . Thei s udy showed ha , compa ed o he model-scale, he in luence o
iscosi y dec eases a ull-scale, esul ing in an inc ease in he 𝐾𝑇 and a dec ease in he 𝐾𝑄. They also con i med
ha he ull-scale POW pe o mance emains consis en ega dless o wall y+ alues [9]. Fo he ull-scale sel -
p opulsion pe o mance analysis, simula ions we e conduc ed on he KCS hull o m, and he sel -p opulsion
ac o s be ween model and ull scales we e compa ed [10]. In a simila p io s udy, ull-scale sel -p opulsion
simula ions we e pe o med o a la ge c ude oil anke , and a compa a i e analysis was ca ied ou be ween he
sel -p opulsion ac o s de i ed om he ITTC-1978 me hod and hose ob ained h ough ull-scale CFD analysis
[11].
Resea ch on pe o mance e alua ion unde low-speed condi ions emains ela i ely limi ed. In addi ion, he
scale e ec caused by he Reynolds numbe di e ence be ween model and ull-scale leads o signi ican changes
in low cha ac e is ics, such as apid p essu e eco e y nea he s e n and inc eased axial eloci y in o he p opelle .
As a esul , i becomes challenging o accu a ely p edic ull-scale pe o mance based on model es esul s using
he F oude simila i y law.
In his s udy, ull-scale nume ical simula ions we e conduc ed o he low-speed, K-SUPRAMAX ship o
pe o m a undamen al in es iga ion on esis ance and sel -p opulsion pe o mance unde low-speed condi ions in
calm wa e , conside ing scale e ec s. The low cha ac e is ics a bo h design and low speeds we e analyzed, and
he scale e ec s we e e alua ed by compa ing he model-scale nume ical esul s, ull-scale pe o mance es ima ed
using he ITTC ex apola ion me hod and di ec ly compu ed esis ance and sel -p opulsion pe o mance a ull-
scale.
2 Nume ical me hod
2.1 Ta ge ship and p opelle
The K-SUPRAMAX, a 66K bulk ca ie designed by he KRISO, was selec ed as he a ge ship, wi h he
KP1306 p opelle chosen as he co esponding p opulsion sys em. The geome y o he selec ed ship and p opelle
is p esen ed in Figu e 1, while hei p incipal speci ica ions a e p o ided in Table 1 and Table 2 o he ship and
p opelle , espec i ely.
(a)
(b)
Figu e 1. Ta ge ship and p opelle model geome y: (a) 66k DWT K-SUPRMAX; (b) KP1306 p opelle .
Table 1. P incipal pa icula s o he a ge ship
Pa icula s
Uni
Full-scale
Model-scale
Scale a io, 𝜆
-
1
24
Leng h, 𝐿𝑃𝑃
m
192
8
Leng h, 𝐿𝑊𝐿
m
104.5
4.35
B ea h, 𝐵
m
36
1.50
D a , 𝑇
m
11.2
0.47
Displacemen , ∇
m3
65,028
4.704
Design speed, 𝑉
kno s
14.5
3
Table 2. P incipal pa icula s o he a ge p opelle
Pa icula s
Uni
Full-scale
Model-scale
Scale a io, 𝜆
-
1
24
Diame e , 𝐷𝑃
m
6
0.25
ps, 𝑛
ps
2
17
Pi ch a io, 𝑃/𝐷𝑃
-
0.727
Thickness o a io, 𝑡/𝐷𝑃
-
0.012
Cho d a io, 𝑐/𝐷𝑃
-
0.266
2.2 Go e ning equa ion
The RANS (Reynolds-A e aged Na ie -S okes) equa ions and he con inui y equa ion we e employed as
go e ning equa ions o simula e h ee-dimensional incomp essible iscous low. This o mula ion, inco po a ing
luid iscosi y, is exp essed in Equa ions (1) and (2). The low a ound he hull was assumed o be incomp essible
and in iscid, excep a he hull su ace.
𝜕𝑢𝑖

𝜕𝑥𝑖
=0
(1)
𝜕𝑢𝑖

𝜕𝑡+𝑢𝑗
𝜕𝑢𝑖

𝜕𝑥𝑗
=−1
𝜌𝜌
𝑥𝑗
+1
𝜌𝜕2
𝑥𝑗
(𝜇𝜕𝑢𝑖

𝜕𝑥𝑗
−𝜌𝑢𝑖,
𝑢𝑗,
)
(2)
whe e 𝜌, 𝜈, 𝑃, 𝑥𝑖, (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and 𝑢𝑖(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) co espond o he densi y o he luid, kinema ic iscosi y, p essu e,
spa ial coo dina es, and eloci y componen s along each coo dina e axis, espec i ely. The Realizable k-ε
u bulence model, which is widely used in esis ance analysis and ship sel -p opulsion simula ions, was employed
o analyze he low cha ac e is ics a ound he ship. This model e ec i ely con ols g id esolu ion nea wall
bounda ies and p o ides ela i ely accu a e nume ical esul s, making i a p e e ed choice in he ield o ship
hyd odynamics. The SIMPLE algo i hm was used o couple eloci y and p essu e, and he Volume o Fluid (VOF)
me hod was applied o accoun o ee-su ace in e ac ions induced by he mo emen s o he p opelle and udde .
2.3 Compu a ion domain and g id sys em
Fo he ull-scale esis ance and sel -p opulsion simula ions, he ull-domain mesh sys em shown in Figu e 2(a)
was employed. To mo e accu a ely cap u e he mo ion o he ship, an o e se mesh was also applied. All bounda ies
we e de ined as eloci y inle . The numbe o compu a ional cells was app oxima ely 6.93M o he esis ance
analysis. In he case o he sel -p opulsion simula ion, ine mesh e inemen was applied in he s e n egion o
ma ch he mesh esolu ion in he p opelle o a ion zone, esul ing in a o al o app oxima ely 9.12M cells. The
bounda y condi ions used o he ull-scale POW analysis a e illus a ed in Figu e 2(b). The inle was se as a
eloci y inle , he ou le as a p essu e ou le , and he side bounda ies we e de ined as symme y. Fo modeling he
o a ing egion, he sliding mesh me hod was applied wi h a o a ion angle inc emen o 2 deg ees o ensu e
con e gence. The o al numbe o cells used in his se up was app oxima ely 3.09M.
(a)
(b)
Figu e 2. Compu a ional domain & Bounda y condi ions: (a) Resis ance and sel -p opulsion; (b) POW.
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3 Valida ion o nume ical simula ion (Model-scale)
P io o conduc ing he ull-scale simula ions, nume ical alida ion was pe o med using he model ship. As
pa o he e i ica ion, a GCI es was ca ied ou a he design speed, and he esul s a e summa ized in Table 3.
Bo h esis ance and mo ions (sinkage and im) demons a ed g id con e gence wi hin 1%. In addi ion, esis ance
analyses we e conduc ed a six di e en speeds, and as shown in Table 4, he nume ical esul s exhibi ed good
ag eemen wi h he KRISO expe imen al da a, wi h e o s in bo h esis ance and mo ion emaining wi hin 4%.
A simula ion was conduc ed unde low-speed condi ions using he model ship. When compa ing he low ields
a he design speed and low speed, i was clea ly obse ed ha he in low eloci y owa d he s e n signi ican ly
dec eased unde low-speed condi ions (Figu e 3(a)), esul ing in a hicke bounda y laye compa ed o ha a he
design speed (Figu e 3(b)). Fu he mo e, analysis o he esis ance coe icien s a a ious speeds e ealed ha
ic ional esis ance became he dominan componen a lowe speeds, leading o a dec easing end in he
di e ence be ween CTM and CVM (Figu e 3(c)).
Table 3. GCI o esis ance coe icien s and mo ions in calm wa e a model scale (F = 0.172)
Case
Numbe
o g ids
CTM
(x102)
GCI21(%)
Sinkage
(σ/LPPx103)
GCI21(%)
T im
(deg)
GCI21(%)
Coa se
1.93M
3.969
0.78
0.1460
0.88
0.1859
0.30
Medium
3.84M
3.992
0.1470
0.1864
Fine
7.68M
4.007
0.1476
0.1867
Table 4. Compa ison o CTM and ship mo ion a a ious speeds
Pa icula s
Veloci y(kno s)
𝐶𝑇𝑀∙103
𝜎/𝐿𝑝𝑝∙102
τ [deg]
EFD (KRISO)
10
3.975
0.0703
0.0830
12
3.928
0.1023
0.1240
14
3.969
0.1401
0.1750
14.5
4.021
0.1513
0.1900
15
4.105
0.1635
0.2060
16
4.333
0.1875
0.2370
CFD (P esen )
10
3.900 (1.89%)
0.0675 (1.80%)
0.0815 (3.99%)
12
3.884 (1.10%)
0.0990 (1.32%)
0.1224 (3.23%)
14
3.914 (1.38%)
0.1379 (1.80%)
0.1719 (1.61%)
14.5
3.992 (0.73%)
0.1470 (1.88%)
0.1864 (2.82%)
15
4.062 (1.04%)
0.1615 (1.29%)
0.2034 (1.25%)
16
4.295 (0.88%)
0.1869 (1.33%)
0.2338 (0.31%)
5
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figu e 3. Compa ing he low ields a he design speed and low speed: (a) Veloci y ec o ; (b) Bounda y hickness; (c)
Va ia ion o esis ance componen s acco ding o ship speed.
In he model ship sel -p opulsion analysis, he di ec o a ion me hod was applied. As shown in Table 5, he
nume ical esul s exhibi ed good ag eemen wi h he expe imen al sel -p opulsion ac o s a he design speed, wi h
de ia ions wi hin 5%.
The sel -p opulsion ac o s we e analyzed unde bo h he design and low-speed condi ions. As illus a ed in
Figu es 4(a) and 4(b), he s e n CP dis ibu ion shows ha , unde low-speed condi ions, an inc ease in s e n p essu e
esul s in a endency o he WTM o inc ease. Fu he mo e, he in luence o p opelle suc ion dec eased a low
speed, leading o a educed low-p essu e dis ibu ion a ound he p opelle and a subsequen dec ease in he 𝑡.
Addi ionally, as he speed dec eased, he ad ance coe icien was educed, causing a d op in 𝜂𝑂. This, in u n, led
o a dec ease in 𝜂𝐷 compa ed o ha a design speed. These indings demons a e he e ec i eness o he model-
scale nume ical simula ion in e alua ing sel -p opulsion pe o mance unde low-speed s eady condi ions.
Table 5. Compa ison o sel -p opulsion ac o s o model-scale
KRISO (EFD)
P esen (CFD)
P esen (CFD)
Vs (kno s)
14.5
4
𝑊𝑇𝑀
0.437
0.418 (-4.3%)
0.468
𝑊𝑇𝑆
0.352
0.339
𝑡
0.209
0.201 (-3.8%)
0.184
𝜂H
1.217
1.234
𝜂R
1.012
1.006 (-0.6%)
1.022
𝜂O
0.561
0.536
𝜂D
0.686
0.676

6
(a)
(b)
Figu e 4. S e n CP dis ibu ion o he model-scale a di e en ship speeds: (a) 14.5 kno s; (b) 4.0 kno s.
4 Resul s
4.1 E alua ion o ull-scale esis ance pe o mance
Based on he alida ed nume ical simula ion o he model-scale, he mesh sys em was ex ended o he ull-
scale model. To e i y he mesh con e gence o he ull-scale simula ion, a G id Con e gence Index (GCI) es
was conduc ed unde he design speed condi ion. The GCI me hod was employed o quan i a i ely assess he
deg ee o nume ical con e gence [12]. The con e gence es was pe o med based on mesh esolu ion, wi h he
mesh condi ions o esis ance analysis ca ego ized as ine, medium, and coa se. As shown in Table 6, he GCI
es esul s indica ed ha bo h esis ance and mo ion exhibi ed con e gence e o s o less han 1%, con i ming ha
he esul s we e wi hin accep able limi s. The e o e, he medium mesh was selec ed as he ull-scale esis ance
mesh con igu a ion o his s udy.
Table 6. GCI o esis ance coe icien s and mo ion in calm wa e a ull scale (F = 0.172)
Case
Numbe
o g ids
CTS
(x103)
GCI21(%)
Sinkage
(σ/LPPx103)
GCI21(%)
T im
(deg)
GCI21(%)
Coa se
3.50M
2.521
0.5
0.1439
0.3
0.1970
0.2
Medium
6.93M
2.536
0.1455
0.1972
Fine
13.7M
2.544
0.1460
0.1980
A nume ical esis ance analysis was pe o med o he ull-scale ship in calm wa e . As shown in Figu e 5, he
low ield exhibi ed a Kel in wa e pa e n consis en wi h ha obse ed in p e ious s udies [13] (Figu e 5(a)).
When compa ing he wa e p o iles based on medium mesh esolu ions o bo h he model and ull-scale ships,
sa is ac o y ag eemen was obse ed (Figu e 5(b)). As shown in Figu e 6, he CP dis ibu ions along he s e n and
sides o he hull also demons a ed simila ends.
7
(a)
(b)
Figu e 5. Compa ison o wa e be ween he model and ull-scale ship: (a) Wa e ele a ion; (b) Wa e p o ile.
(a)
(b)
Figu e 6. Compa ison o Cp be ween he model and ull-scale ship: (a) Model-scale [13]; (b) Full-scale (P esen ).
To e alua e he scale e ec a ull-scale, he hull bounda y laye dis ibu ions o he model and ull-scale ships
we e compa ed. As shown in Figu e 7, he bounda y laye hickness was ound o be educed in ull-scale case,
which is a ibu ed o he inc eased in low eloci y. As con i med in Figu e 7(c), he inc eased in low eloci y
esul s in highe in low alues o he ull-scale ship compa ed o he model-scale when examining he adial
in low eloci y dis ibu ion on he wake plane. This led o wake con ac ion in he nominal wake ield a ull-scale,
and he 𝑊𝑛 inc eased om 0.533 on he model-scale o 0.353 in he ull-scale, as shown in Figu e 7(d). In he s e n
CP dis ibu ion, he inc eased in low eloci y and educed bounda y laye hickness in he ull-scale case esul ed
in a dec ease in p essu e loss a he s e n (Figu e 8). Consequen ly, he p essu e di e ence be ween he bow and
s e n was educed compa ed o he model ship, sugges ing a po en ial educ ion in iscous p essu e esis ance a
ull-scale.
8
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figu e 7. E alua ion o scale e ec s be ween model and ull-scale ships: (a) Bounda y hickness o model; (b) Bounda y
hickness o ull; (c) Vx/V Acco ding o wake adius; (d) Wake ield.
(a)
(b)
Figu e 8. Compa ison o s e n CP dis ibu ions be ween he model and ull-scale ship: (a) Model-scale; (b) Full-scale.
9
A ull-scale esis ance analysis was pe o med unde calm wa e and low-speed condi ions ac oss six di e en
ship speeds o examine he a ia ion in esis ance componen s. As shown in Figu e 9, he analysis o he ull-scale
𝑊𝑛 e ealed a sligh inc ease in he low- eloci y egion benea h he hub as he ship speed dec eased, while no
signi ican di e ence was obse ed in he o ex egion. As p esen ed in Table 7, he 𝑊𝑛 unde low-speed
condi ions inc eased by app oxima ely 9.3% compa ed o he design speed.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figu e 9. Compa ison o ull-scale wake ields a di e en ship speeds: (a) 14.5kno s; (b) 10.0kno s; (c) 7.0kno s; (d) 4.0kno s.
Table 7. Compa ison o 𝑊𝑛(𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙−𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒) a di e en ship speeds
Vs (kno s)
𝑊𝑛(𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙−𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒)
14.5
0.3532
10.0
0.3621
7.0
0.3711
4.0
0.3862
In addi ion, a compa ison was made be ween he ull-scale wake ac ion ob ained h ough CFD and ha
ex apola ed om model-scale esul s As shown in Equa ion (3), which is used o ex apola ing he ull-scale
nominal wake ac ion, 𝑊𝑛(𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙−𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒) e e s o he nominal wake ac ion ex ac ed om he model-scale
esis ance analysis, and 𝑊𝑇𝑀 ep esen s he e ec i e wake ac ion ob ained om he model-scale sel -p opulsion
analysis. 𝑊𝑇𝑆 is he alue es ima ed by applying he ITTC ex apola ion me hod gi en in Equa ion (4). The 𝑡 and
𝑊𝑇𝑀 we e ob ained om he model sel -p opulsion analysis. The o m ac o (1+k), calcula ed as 1.218 using he
P ohaska me hod du ing he model esis ance analysis, was applied. In addi ion, he oughness allowance ΔCF was
de e mined using Equa ion (5). 𝑘𝑠 was se o he ITTC- ecommended alue o 150E-06 [14]. Acco dingly, a
compa a i e analysis was conduc ed be ween he 𝑊𝑛(𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙−𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒) alues ob ained om he ull-scale esis ance CFD
and hose calcula ed using Equa ion (3).
16
⚫ To pe o m he ull-scale sel -p opulsion analysis, he nume ical me hods o bo h model-scale and ull-
scale simula ions we e e i ied and alida ed. The model-scale esis ance simula ion was alida ed
h ough compa ison wi h expe imen al esul s. The alida ed model-scale g id was hen ex ended o he
ull-scale con igu a ion, and he GCI es con i med con e gence wi hin 1%, demons a ing he eliabili y
o he ull-scale g id sys em. In addi ion, due o he in luence o scale e ec s, he ull-scale CR exhibi ed
a dec easing end compa ed o he model-scale esul s.
⚫ The e alua ion o ull-scale POW pe o mance e ealed ha , due o he inc ease in Reynolds numbe , KT
ends o inc ease while KQ dec eases compa ed o he model-scale. Fu he mo e, a compa ison o POW
pe o mance be ween he ull-scale design and low o a ional speeds showed simila esul s ega dless o
he o a ional speed. This indica es ha he POW pe o mance a he design o a ional speed can be
eliably used o ex ac sel -p opulsion ac o s unde low-speed condi ions.
⚫ The di e ences in sel -p opulsion pe o mance be ween he ITTC ex apola ion me hod and ull-scale
CFD we e e alua ed. Con a y o he ull-scale CFD esul s, he 𝑊𝑇 om he ITTC-1978 me hod was
ound o inc ease as speed dec eased. When he 𝑊𝑇𝑆 ex ac ed om ull-scale CFD was applied using
wake ield scaling, he esul ing 𝑊𝑛(𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙−𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒) showed good ag eemen wi h ha ob ained om he ITTC-
1978 me hod.
⚫ Unde low-speed condi ions, a educ ion in in low eloci y and s e n p essu e loss led o an inc ease in
he 𝑊𝑇𝑆 and a dec ease in he 𝑡. As he e ec i e wake ac ion inc eased, 𝜂𝐻 also imp o ed. Howe e ,
due o he ela i ely lowe ad ance a io a low speeds, 𝜂𝑂 was educed.
In his s udy, ull-scale nume ical simula ions we e conduc ed unde calm wa e and low-speed condi ions, and
he low cha ac e is ics induced by Reynolds numbe di e ences we e analyzed. Based on he e alua ion o ull-
scale esis ance and POW pe o mance, he sel -p opulsion cha ac e is ics we e es ima ed, p o iding a ounda ion
o u u e esea ch on p edic ing ull-scale sel -p opulsion pe o mance unde low-speed condi ions. In u u e wo k,
added esis ance analysis in egula head wa es unde low-speed condi ions will be conduc ed, and he equi ed
engine powe will be es ima ed using he load a ia ion me hod.
Acknowledgmen s
This esea ch was suppo ed by a g an om he “De elopmen and demons a ion o da a pla o m o AI-
based sa e ishing essel design (RS-2022-KS221571)” unded by Minis y o Oceans and Fishe ies, Republic o
Ko ea, and he “De elopmen o e alua ion echnology o ship’s pe o mance in ex eme en i onmen ” o he
Ko ea Resea ch Ins i u e o Ships and Ocean Enginee ing Endowmen P ojec , which was unded by he Minis y
o Oceans and Fishe ies (PES5460).
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