Julia C. San os
PhD candida e
Leiden Obse a o y
The!o igin!and! a e!o !in e s ella !
sul u -bea ing!molecules:
Insigh om obse a ions and expe imen s
Ha old Linna z, Ewine an Dishoeck, Ko-Ju
Chuang, Ma ijn an Gelde , Pooneh Naza i, Joan
En ique-Rome o, Thanja Lambe s
Towa ds a complex sul u chemis y
me hane hiol!
(CH3SH)
Rod iguez-Almeida+2021 Ce nicha o+2021Kolenisko á+2014Linke+1979
e hane hiol!
(CH3CH2SH)
hio o mic acid!
(CH(O)SH)
hioke ene!
(CH2CS)
hioace aldehyde!
(CH3CHS)
Agúndez+2025
Towa ds a complex sul u chemis y
Calmon e+2016
ESA/Rose a/NAVCAM
me hane hiol!
(CH3SH)
Rod iguez-Almeida+2021 Ce nicha o+2021Kolenisko á+2014Linke+1979
e hane hiol!
(CH3CH2SH)
hio o mic acid!
(CH(O)SH)
hioke ene!
(CH2CS)
hioace aldehyde!
(CH3CHS)
Agúndez+2025
In 67P: [H2S]/[H2O] ~ 1%
Ce nicha o+2021
Kolenisko á+2014
e hane hiol (CH3CH2SH)
hioke ene (CH2CS)
Molpece es & Ri illa 2022
C2H2 as a ca bon backbone
C2H2 + SH ( +H ) ?
hioace aldehyde!
(CH3CHS)
Agúndez+2025
Towa ds a complex sul u chemis y
Pa 1: S-COMs o ma ion om SH + C2H2
San os e al., 2024, ACS Ea h Space Chem. 8, 1646
Expe imen s e eal a p oli ic ice S ne wo k
San os e al., 2024, ACS Ea h Space Chem. 8, 1646
Pa 1: S-COMs o ma ion om SH + C2H2
T = 10 K!
P ~ 5 x 10-10 mba
Figu e c edi : D . K uczkiewicz
H2S + H SH + H2
C2H2 + SH ( +H ) ?
60 80 100 120 140 160
0
2×10-11
4×10-11
6×10-11
8×10-11
In ensi y (A)
Tempe a u e (K)
m/z:
32
45
46
47
58
59
60
62
66
CH2CS*
CH3CHS*
CH2CHSH +
CH3CH2SH
HSCH2CH2SH
H2S2
San os e al., 2024, ACS Ea h Space Chem. 8, 1646
Pa 1: S-COMs o ma ion om SH + C2H2
T = 10 K!
P ~ 5 x 10-10 mba
Figu e c edi : D . K uczkiewicz C2H2 + H2S + H
Expe imen s e eal a p oli ic ice S ne wo k
Vinyl me cap an and e hane hiol
100 120 140
0.0
5.0×10-12
1.0×10-11
1.5×10-11
In ensi y (A)
Tempe a u e (K)
m/z:
60
58
47
62
46
a) b)
c)
46 47 58 60 62
0
50
100 Exp.
Re .
117 K 121 K
C2H2:H2S:H = 1:5:10
CH2CHSH
46 47 58 60 62
0
50
100
Exp.
Re .
Rela i e in ensi y
m/z
CH3CH2SH
0.000
0.001
0.002
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200
0.000
0.001
CH3CH2SH
CH2CHSH
C2H2 + H2S + H
(10 K)
C2H2 + H
C2H2 + H2S + H
(100 K - 140 K)
CH3CH2SH s d
C2H6C2H4
C2H2
+ C2H6
a)
b)
Wa enumbe (cm-1)
Abso bance
x 0.1
inyl me cap an!
CH2CHSH e hane hiol!
CH3CH2SH
QMS
IR
10 K
San os e al., 2024, ACS Ea h Space Chem. 8, 1646
Pa 1: S-COMs o ma ion om SH + C2H2
100 - 140 K
Molecules wi h 2 S a oms a e also o med
1,2-e hanedi hiol!
SHCH2CH2SH
0
5×10-12
1×10-11
2×10-11
120 140 160 180
0
2×10-13
4×10-13
In ensi y (A)
m/z:
47
60
46
59
58
61
158 K
a)
b)
c)
Tempe a u e (K)
m/z:
94
46 47 58 59 60 61 94
0
40
80
120
Rela i e in ensi y
m/z
Exp.
Re .
HSCH2CH2SH
San os e al., 2024, ACS Ea h Space Chem. 8, 1646
Pa 1: S-COMs o ma ion om SH + C2H2
Ou subse :
26 line- ich MYSOs
ALMAGAL: > 1000 dense clumps
M > 500 M☉d < 7.5 kpc
Band 6
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
Sample selec ion om ALMAGAL
Se gio Molina i and he ALMAGAL eam
Compac emission om he ho co e
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(OCS) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(OCS) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(OCS) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(OCS) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
CO + S → OCS!
CO + HS → HSCO!
HSCO + H → OCS + H2
ice
e.g., San os+2024 A&A, 690, A24
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(OCS) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(SO2) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(SO2) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
N(SO2) / N(CH3OH) ice s gas
Ce nicha o+2021
Kolenisko á+2014
e hane hiol (CH3CH2SH)
hioke ene (CH2CS)
Molpece es & Ri illa 2022
C2H2 as a ca bon backbone
C2H2 + SH ( +H ) ?
hioace aldehyde!
(CH3CHS)
Agúndez+2025
Can we o m 2-ca bon S-COMs?
Towa ds a complex sul u chemis y
Bu wha can we see in ices?OCS and SO2
Rocha+2024
Booge +1997 P o os a s
Wha can we lea n by compa ing ice and gas?
Compac emission om he ho co e
Fixed Tex: < 2.5 ac o diffe ence
on ela i e abundances
San os e al., 2024, A&A, 689, A248
Pa 2: OCS and SO2 ice s gas
34SO2 and O13CS
1 line each
The case o H2S
NASA/JPL-Cal ech/R. Hu
S HS H2S
+ H + H
The case o H2S
NASA/JPL-Cal ech/R. Hu
H2S
Jimenez-Escoba +2011
Cosmic [H2S]/[H2O] = 2.7%!
S HS H2S
+ H + H
CH3OH
Towa ds mo e sul u chemical complexi y
Lahuis+2010
Gaseous C2H2 in ho co es
sublima ed om ices?
Tsuge+2024
C2H2 ice o ma ion in clouds ia
C diffusion + hyd ogena ion?
McGui e2022
The in e s ella
chemical in en o y
McGui e2022
The in e s ella
chemical in en o y
As o Feb ua y 2025:!
332 molecules
(CDMS)
McGui e2022
The in e s ella
chemical in en o y 300
350
2040
As o Feb ua y 2025:!
332 molecules
(CDMS)
McGui e2022
Cosmic S/H ~1.35 x 10-5
Asplund+2009
