E olu ion h oughou s a o ma ion:
om molecula clouds o come s
Ál a o López-Galli a
Supe iso : Víc o M. Ri illa
Cen o de As obiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Spain
Eu opean Sou he n Obse a o y (ESO), Chile
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Comunidad de Mad id h ough he A acción de Talen o In es igado (Doc o es con expe iencia) G an (COOL: Cosmic O igins O Li e; 2019-T1/TIC-
15379), om he Agencia Es a al de In es igación (AEI) h ough he Ramón y Cajal p og amme (g an RYC2020-029387-I) inanced by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033. and om
he he Consejo Supe io de In es igaciones Cien í icas (CSIC) and he Cen o de As obiología (CAB) h ough he p ojec 20225AT015 (P oyec os in amu ales especiales del CSIC).
Con ac : al a [email protected] a-csic.es
1
O igin o p ebio ic molecules
Endogenous syn hesis
2
Exogenous deli e y
Chyba e al. (1990), Coope e al. (2001), Pea ce e al. (2017)
•∼330 molecules de ec ed wi h
inc easing chemical complexi y
3
Chemical complexi y in he in e s ella medium
Cou esy o B e McGui e
The chemical his o y o s a o ma ion
•Is he e any chemical he i age be ween phases?
4
BILL SAXTON/NSF/AUI/NRAO
Simila chemical con en be ween s a - o ming
egions and come s
Bockeleé-Mo an e al. (2000) D ozdo skaya e al. (2019)
5
7
G31.41 co e
•Ho Molecula Co e (HMC) wi h T>100K.
•G31.41 is one o he mos chemically ich s a - o ming
egions in he Galaxy (e.g. Bel án e al. 2009, Ri illa
e al. 2017).
8
Massi e s a - o ming egion G31.41+0.31 (G31.41)
Bel án e al. 2021
9
Massi e s a - o ming egion G31.41+0.31 (G31.41)
•GUAPOS: G31.41+0.31 Unbiased ALMA sPec al
Obse a ional Su ey
•This p ojec is de o ed o s udy he chemical in en o y o
G31 wi h ALMA co e ing ull band 3 (84-116 GHz).
• The spa ial esolu ion is 1.2”x1.2” (4400 au x 4400 au).
•The spec al esolu ion is abou 0.5 MHz (1.2-1.8 km s−1)
The GUAPOS p ojec Bel án e al. 2021
•Ho Molecula Co e (HMC) wi h T>100K.
•G31.41 is one o he mos chemically ich s a - o ming
egions in he Galaxy (e.g. Bel án e al. 2009, Ri illa
e al. 2017).
Molecula in en o y in G31.41
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G31.41 shock egion
G31.41 co e
•The mal p ocessing on g ains
•Ho gas phase chemis y gas
phase 17
Fon ani e al. 2024
Fon ani e al. 2024
G31.41 shock egion
•The shock egion p o ides us wi h p is ine ma e ial o
he na al molecula cloud
G31.41 co e
•The mal p ocessing on g ains
•Ho gas phase chemis y gas
phase 18
30 de ec ed molecules +
mul iple iso opologues and
non-de ec ions
G31.41: shock s co e
•The molecula abundances a e
poo ly co ela ed
•Possible ep ocessing due o he
high empe a u e condi ions in
G31.41 co e
S a - o ming egion
(López-Galli a e al. 2025a,
in p ep).
20
Low-mass P o os ella ou low
e.g. Le loch e al. 2012, 2016, 2017, 2021 High-mass P o os ella ou low
Busch e al. 2024
Gala ic cen e shock-domina ed
molecula cloud
e.g. Zeng e al. 2018, Jiménez-Se a e al. 2020,
Ri illa e al. 2022
(López-Galli a e al. 2025a,
in p ep).
G31.41 shock s shock-domina ed egions
22
•Simila molecula in en o y on he 4 shock domina ed egions loca ed in
di e en egions o he Galaxy
(López-Galli a e al. 2025a,
in p ep).
G31.41 shock s shock-domina ed egions
23
Low-mass P o os ella ou low
e.g. Le loch e al. 2012, 2016, 2017, 2021 High-mass P o os ella ou low
Busch e al. 2024
Gala ic cen e shock-domina ed
molecula cloud
e.g. Zeng e al. 2018, Jiménez-Se a e al. 2020
Wha abou o he galaxies?
26
As ochemis y ou side o ou Galaxy: ALCHEMI
•ALCHEMI: ALMA Comp ehensi e High- esolu ion Ex agalac ic
Molecula In en o y (P.I. Se gio Ma ín)
•S udy o he CMZ o he nea by s a bu s galaxy NGC 253
•F equency Co e age: 84 o 368 GHz ( ull ALMA Bands 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7)
•1.6’’ (25pc) Spa ial esolu ion
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Compa ison o he GMCs o NGC 253
P3
P6
P4
P7
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Compa ison o NGC 253 GMCs
•The chemical ese oi is e y simila in all he
GMCs o he CMZ o NGC 253 P3
P6P4
P7
(López-Galli a e al. 2025b,
in p ep).
30
NGC 253 s Galac ic sou ces (López-Galli a e al. 2025b,
in p ep).
High-mass s a o ming egion Shock egion Gala ic cen e shock-
domina ed molecula cloud
31
GUAPOS ull spec um
38
•GUAPOS I: Mininni e al. 2020
•GUAPOS II: Colzi e al. 2021
39
Compa ison esul s
40
Compa ison esul s
41
S-bea ing molecules
The e is a bump he e!
S a - o ming egions Come s
Highe S/O a io in he come han in s a - o ming egions!
Sul u deple ion p oblem?
S a - o ming egions Come
Co ela ion es s
•In his wo k we use 3 co ela ion coe cien s: Spea man, Kendall and Theil-Shen.
•Spea man is widely use and known. I is a ange co ela ion es ha ea ange
he da a and calcula es he coe icien .
•Knedall’s au is a ano he coe icien based on he compa ison be ween pai s o
da a, compa ing i x and y a e bigge o smalle han he o he poin .
42
Co ela ion es s
•Theil-Sen´s me hod make a linea eg ession. The slope is calcula e by doing he
median o he slope o all he possible poin s in pai s.
•I is an al e na i e o Pea sons me hod, bu is mo e obus . Theil-Sen depends less
on ou lie s. Once he slope is calcula ed, we make a co ela ion coe icien as in
Pea son linea i .
43
Compa ison wi h o he sou ces
Low-mass s a - o ming egion (ho co ino)
•Sola -like p o os ella sys em
•Chemically ich IRAS 16293-2422 B (IRAS16B), a
low-mass p o o-s a (0.1 M☉) p e iously
s udied in de ail.
•67P/Chu yumo -Ge asimenko (67P/C-
G): isi ed by he spacec a Rose a
which p o ide unique in-si u mass-
spec oscopy da a (e.g. D ozdo skaya e
al. 2019, and e e ences he ein).
•46P/Wi anen (46P/W): molecula
in en o y om millime e single-dish
obse a ions (Bi e e al. 2021).
44
Come s
PILS su ey (Jo gensen e al. 2016, Calcu e al. 2018, Cou ens e
al. 2018, D ozdo skaya e al. 2019, Manigand e al. 2021) and
Ma ín-Doménech e al. 2017
Sou ce B
45
Compa ison esul s
(come ) (come )
P e ious compa a i e s udies
All sou ces wi hin
a a io o 2!
HMSFRs
GC Clouds
H
o co inos
PCs
PS
shock
come s
46
Massi e s a - o ming egion G31.41+0.31 (G31.41)
•Ho Molecula Co e (HMC) wi h T>100K.
•Dis ance = 3.75 kpc
•Mass o 70 M☉.
•G31 is one o he mos chemically ich s a - o ming
egions in he Galaxy (e.g. Bel án e al. 2009, Ri illa
e al. 2017).
47
Mininni e al. 2020
•4 massi e p o os a s
inside he co e.
