ENRIC PALLE
Small plane a mosphe es om he g ound: s a e-o - he-a
and u u e pe spec i es
Time
As o oday 259 plane s explo ed, 61 species de ec ed
Only 121 plane s wi h de ec ed a mosphe es
The big majo i y a e gian plane s
De ec ing Exoplane A mosphe es
is Challenging
One o he main objec i es o 21s cen u y as onomy is de ec ing he a mosphe es o small
ocky plane s in he HZ, and sea ching o po en ial bioma ke s
BIOMARKERS: A combina ion o a mosphe ic species in chemical disequilib ium
ha a e indica i e o li e
De ec ing Small Exoplane A mosphe es is
Ve y Challenging
2 o 3 o de s o magni ude
in sensi i i y
Sea ch o bioma ke s = S udying he a mosphe e
Palle, e al, Na u e (2009)
Ea h’s ansmission spec um
The 39-M ELT -2028 Technical i s ligh &
Science e i ica ion
The ELTs Top Science: Rocky plane a mosphe es
and bioma ke sea ch
GMT TMT E-ELT
Eu opean ELT Ins umen s o exoplane s
OBSERVING MODES: THE FIBRE FEEDING
‣Modula ins umen
‣Di e en obse ing
modes om di e en
ibe bundles
‣No mo ing pa s in
spec og aphs:
s abili y!
Time line: Cu en ly on Phase B (PDR).
On Sky 2031
A SUBSET OF ANDES SCIENCE CASES
Exoplane s (cha ac e isa ion o Exoplane s A mosphe es: de ec ion o signa u es o li e)
P o oplane a y Disks (dynamics, chemis y and physical condi ions o he inne egions)
S ella As ophysics (abundances o sola ype and coole dwa s in galac ic disk bulge, halo and nea by dwa s:
acing chemical en ichmen o Pop III s a s in nea by uni e se)
S ella Popula ions (me al en ichmen and dynamics o ex agalac ic s a clus e s and esol ed s ella popula ions)
In e galac ic Medium (Signa u es o eioniza ion and ea ly en ichmen o ISM & IGM obse ed in high-z quasa
spec a)
Galaxy E olu ion (massi e ea ly ype galaxies du ing epochs o o ma ion and assembly)
Supe massi e Black Holes ( he low mass end)
Fundamen al Physics ( a ia ion o undamen al cons an s - 𝛼, mp/me Sandage Tes )
Communi y Whi e Pape : Maiolino e al. 2013, A XiV:1310.3163
SCIENCE PRIORITIES
P io i y 1: Exoplane a mosphe es ia ansmission spec oscopy (po en ial de ec ion o bio-signa u es)
TLR 1: R > 100,000, 0.5-1.8 μm, e alia; d i e he ANDES baseline design
Enables: eioniza ion o Uni e se; cha ac e iza ion o Cool s a s
Doable: de ec ion and in es iga ion o nea p is ine gas; 3D econs uc ion o he CGM; Ex agalac ic ansien s
P io i y 2: Va ia ion o he undamen al cons an s o Physics
TLR 2: blue ex ension o 0.37 μm
Enables: Cosmic a ia ion o he CMB empe a u e, De e mina ion o he deu e ium abundance; in es iga ion and
cha ac e iza ion o p imi i e s a s
P io i y 3: Exoplane a mosphe es ia e lec ion spec oscopy (po en ial de ec ion o bio-signa u es)
TLR 3: SCAO+IFU
Enables: Plane o ma ion in p o oplane a y disks; cha ac e iza ion o s ella a mosphe es; Sea ch o low mass Black Holes
Doable: cha ac e iza ion o he physics o p o oplane a y disks
P io i y 4: Redshi d i (Sandage es )
TLR 4: 𝜆 accu acy 2 cm/s, s abili y 2 cm/s
Enables: Mass de e mina ion o exoplane s (Ea h-like objec s)
Doable: Radial eloci y sea ch o exoplane s a ound M-dwa s a s
SMALL (<4 RE) EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
Red line ma ks he 5 sigma de ec ion in 1 ansi s
The known popula ion o small plane s
Palle e al 2024
EARTH-LIKE (<1.5 RE) EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
LHS 457b Lus ig-yaege e al, 2023
GJ486b Mo an e al 2023
JWST : S a ing o explo e small wo lds a mosphe es
Howe e , small (ea h-size) plane s emain an open ques ion
EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
Exoplane A mosphe es: ansmission spec oscopy
M dwa T appis 1 plane s:
•1.3-1.7 um H2O band a an SNR o 6 in 2 ansi s
•0.9-1.1 um H2O band in 4 ansi s
•CO2in 4 ansi s.
•O2de ec ed in 25 ansi s.
Fo hese plane s, he ansi du a ion is <1 hou
EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
B oken lines ma k he 5 sigma de ec ion in 5
ansi s o CO2-domina ed and ea h-like
a mosphe ic composi ions
The known popula ion o small plane s
100-nigh (4 mon hs wi h o e heads) p og am explo es he
bes 40 HZ ansi ing plane s in TS a he 5 sigma le el.
Palle e al 2024
EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
Exoplane A mosphe es : ansmission s di ec ligh
P obabili y o ansi s o Ea h - Sun 0.5%
P obabili y o ansi o Ea h –M s a 1-2%
•We will only be able o explo e in ansmission 1/200 o he
closes Sun-Ea h wins
•We will only be able o explo e in ansmission 1/50 o he
closes Ea h-like plane s a ound M s a s
•P obabili ies and dis ances= pho ons
T ansmission spec oscopy p obes he (uppe ) a mosphe e o he plane
Re lec ed ligh om ellu ic plane s p obes down o he su ace, including
su ace ea u es (bioma ke s)
EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
Di ec de ec ion o he plane ’s e lec ed ligh
ANDES Golden Sample:
Palle e al 2024
EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
Di ec de ec ion o he plane ’s e lec ed ligh
Palle e al 2024
EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES
Fo e y nea by plane s, he combina ion o ANDES, HARMONI and METIS will p o ide a e y
de ailed cha ac e iza ion
T anspa ency by Jayne Bi kby
“ADDITIONAL” EXOPLANET SCIENCE
Disk Science
Composi ional and kinema ical p ope ies
The scena ios o plane o ma ion (Gaps in disks, Plane impac o ma ion)
Ea h-analogs Radial eloci y mass measu emen s
Ea h-like masses a ound sola analogs measu ed wi hin 10%
Ta ge ed RV sea ches ( o key plane a y sys ems)
Gian plane s chemis y and dynamics a unp eceden ed de ail
Possible Ex ension o K band
“CO machine” o gas gian plane s: ace o a mosphe ic dynamics.
Dopple omog aphy maps o di ec ly-imaged exoplane s
Possible Ex ension o U band
A mosphe es o young habi able plane s (Ozone abso p ion, Rayleigh slopes
Ho exoplane s: Calcium “a mosphe es” (Me cu y-like spu e ing o ho ocky plane s)
