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DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION
BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND THE SHANGHAI
COOPERATION ORGANIZATION (SCO) IN THE FIELD OF
GREEN ECONOMY
A. Vakhabo 1, Sh. Khajibakie 2, N.O. O olo 3
P o esso , Doc o o Economic Sciences, Head o he “Mac oeconomics” Depa men , Na ional
Uni e si y o Uzbekis an named a e Mi zo Ulugbek1
Senio Lec u e , “Mac oeconomics” Depa men , Mi zo Ulugbek Na ional Uni e si y o
Uzbekis an2
2nd-Yea S uden , Economics T ack, Tashken S a e Uni e si y o Economics, Academic
Lyceum o “In e na ional Finance”3
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17315691
Abs ac . This a icle assesses he e o s o Uzbekis an, he People's Republic o China, a
membe o he SCO, o de elop g een ene gy wi hin he amewo k o he G een De elopmen
P og am, he ansi ion o ene gy secu i y o a g een economy model, he s a us o in es men
p ojec s implemen ed h ough public-p i a e pa ne ships (PPPs) in he ield o enewable ene gy,
and iden i ies ends in he composi ion and capaci y o enewable ene gy sou ces.
Keywo ds: g een economy, g een ene gy, G een De elopmen P og am, enewable ene gy,
al e na i e ene gy, g een bel , ene gy policy.
In oduc ion
I is widely acknowledged ha he G een De elopmen P og am adop ed in Uzbekis an is
aimed a ans o ming and digi alizing economic sec o s, c ea ing sus ainable in as uc u e in he
anspo and ene gy sec o s, launching g een indus ial capaci ies, and de eloping sma
ag icul u e. In pa icula , P esiden Sha ka Mi ziyoye has signed a dec ee on he implemen a ion
o he G een De elopmen P og am. Mi ziyoye s a ed ha "... he sus ainable de elopmen o he
Cen al Asian egion is impossible wi hou a ac ing in es men and echnology o he al e na i e
ene gy sec o and es ablishing g een hyd ogen p oduc ion. We a e aking se ious s eps o ensu e
ha Cen al Asia, ich in enewable ene gy sou ces, becomes a majo expo e o g een ene gy o
global ene gy ma ke s. We will ans o m Cen al Asia in o a hub o he g een economy and clean
ene gy," he s a emen eads [1].
The SCO is a egional in e na ional o ganiza ion es ablished in 2001 wi h he accession o
he Republic o Uzbekis an o he o ganiza ion known as he "Shanghai Fi e." The SCO's s a ed
p io i ies include s eng hening secu i y and s abili y, comba ing e o ism, sepa a ism, ex emism,
and d ug a icking, and de eloping scien i ic and cul u al coope a ion. The SCO's ac i i ies a e
no limi ed o poli ical and mili a y issues. Economic coope a ion is success ully de eloping wi hin
he o ganiza ion. The o ganiza ion's economic coope a ion is based on he ee mo emen o goods,
capi al, se ices, and echnology; he c ea ion o a o able condi ions o ade and in es men ; he
e icien use o exis ing anspo and communica ions in as uc u e; he u he expansion o
membe s a es' ansi capaci ies; and he de elopmen o he ene gy sys em. F om an economic
pe spec i e, s eng hening and de eloping coope a ion in he ene gy sec o is an a ac i e ac o
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o SCO membe ship. In pa icula , many Asian coun ies ha e exp essed a desi e o pa icipa e in
he SCO Ene gy Club.
I has been ex ensi ely documen ed ha heo e ical and p ac ical aspec s o ensu ing
sus ainable de elopmen based on he de elopmen o a "g een economy" ha e been ho oughly
s udied in he scien i ic esea ch o o eign economis s A. A kinson, A. S eine , R. I is, S. Bess, K.
Bu ka , Z. Kees, and R. Fuchs[4,5,6,7,8]. The p inciples o ansi ion om a "b own economy" o
a "g een economy" and he mechanism and le e s o inancing na ional p og ams a e closely linked
wi h he wo ks o o eign scien is s S.N. Bobyle , V.D. Kalne , V.A. Polozo , S.A. Lipina, E.V.
Agapo a, A.V. Lipina, and V. Sido o ich[9,10,11,12]. The need o he de elopmen o "g een
ene gy" in ou coun y, i s s a us, composi ion, and cu en de elopmen issues a e s udied in he
wo ks o domes ic economis s A.V. Vakhabo , Sh.A.Toshma o , T.K.Imino , T.Z.Teshaboe ,
M.T.Bu aboe , Sh.H.Khadzhibakie [13,14].
Resea ch Me hodology
In analyzing he consump ion o enewable ene gy sou ces, he s udy u ilized induc i e and
deduc i e me hods, sys ems analysis, compa a i e analysis o me hodologies om a ious
in e na ional and non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions, ables, and g aphs.
The analysis and esul s
Uzbekis an p io i izes he de elopmen o mul i- ec o in e na ional coope a ion owa d
"g een" de elopmen . The SCO, o he egional o ganiza ions, and de eloped coun ies play a key
ole in implemen ing e o ms owa d "g een" de elopmen . In pa icula , he SCO's in e na ional
in luence is g owing, and i is becoming a leading o ganiza ion in add essing global challenges.
Acco ding o he Wo ld Bank, by 2024, he a ea o he SCO membe s a es will comp ise 65% o
he Eu asian con inen and 35 million squa e kilome e s. Thei popula ion is o e 3.5 billion, and
hei g oss domes ic p oduc is 33.7% o he global g oss domes ic p oduc a cons an p ices.
Coo dina ing mone a y policy, ensu ing sus ainable g ow h, ene gy secu i y, and a g een economy
a e among he p essing issues add essed a SCO summi s. We belie e ha join ly add essing hese
issues is c ucial o membe s a es in minimizing ex e nal isks and c ea ing a balanced model o
sus ainable de elopmen .
I should be no ed ha de elopmen based on a g een economy no only p o ides he
ounda ion o u u e sus ainable de elopmen bu also c ea es oppo uni ies o economic
p ospe i y. Mos SCO membe s a es ace challenges such as clima e change, wa e sca ci y,
ene gy secu i y, and en i onmen al pollu ion. In his ega d, i is wo h no ing he En i onmen al
Pe o mance Index (EPI), which is used o assess he en i onmen al s a us o coun ies. This a ing
simul aneously e alua es he quali y o a coun y's en i onmen al policy, he economic impac on
he en i onmen , and a eas ela ed o public heal h. The EPI consis s o c i e ia used o assess he
heal h o he en i onmen and ecosys ems. While en i onmen al heal h c i e ia de e mine he
deg ee o p o ec ion o a coun y's popula ion om en i onmen al heal h isks, a second se o
c i e ia assesses he s a e o ecosys ems. In he EPI a ing published in 2024, only Bela us sco ed
abo e 50 poin s ou o 100 among SCO coun ies. This demons a es ha he g een economy is a
p ac ical ool o achie ing sus ainable de elopmen , ensu ing ene gy secu i y, p o ec ing he
en i onmen , and add essing en i onmen al issues discussed wi hin he SCO (Figu e 1).
The abo e issues di ec ly impac he economies, social s abili y, and secu i y o coun ies
in he egion and a e becoming e en mo e p essing in he con ex o global clima e change, which
is leading o nega i e consequences. Fi s , humani y aces a se ious challenge ela ed o he
a ailabili y o clean and sa e d inking wa e . Wi h popula ion g ow h, accele a ed u baniza ion,
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clima e change, and wa e pollu ion, access o clean d inking wa e is becoming inc easingly
limi ed. Acco ding o in e na ional o ganiza ions, global wa e consump ion could inc ease by 1.5
imes by 2050, u he exace ba ing wa e sho ages. Second, ene gy secu i y is an impo an a ea
discussed wi hin he SCO, c ucial o achie ing he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals and inc easing
ene gy consump ion.
Figu e 1. SCO Membe S a es' Posi ion in he Ene gy Secu i y Index (EPI), 2024 [17]
Membe s a es a e paying pa icula a en ion o he p ac ical aspec s o coope a ion
be ween ene gy p oducing, ansi , and consuming coun ies. The SCO S a egy o Ene gy
Coope a ion un il 2030, adop ed by he SCO membe s a es, de ines p io i ies o mode nizing
c oss-bo de in as uc u e and ensu ing ene gy secu i y.
The indings indica e ha ensu ing ene gy secu i y h ough he ansi ion o a g een
economy model is a p io i y o Uzbekis an. In pa icula , in his speech a he Fou h Tashken
In e na ional In es men Fo um, P esiden o he Republic o Uzbekis an Sha ka Mi ziyoye
no ed ha "...we a e i mly commi ed o de eloping g een ene gy o p o ide ou economy wi h
sus ainable ene gy esou ces. O e he pas sho pe iod, nea ly $6 billion in o eign di ec
in es men has been in es ed in his sec o . Elec ici y p oduc ion has inc eased om 59 billion o
82 billion kilowa -hou s. O e he nex i e yea s, his igu e will exceed 120 billion kilowa -
hou s, and he sha e o g een ene gy will each 54 pe cen " [2].
Thi dly, he de elopmen o ad anced, esou ce-sa ing, ene gy-e icien , and g een
echnologies. These echnologies make i possible o signi ican ly educe g eenhouse gas
emissions, mi iga e an h opogenic damage o he en i onmen , and imp o e li ing s anda ds and
well-being. In his ega d, SCO coope a ion p og ams in he ield o enewable ene gy a e being
implemen ed. The de elopmen o a comp ehensi e plan o he implemen a ion o high
echnologies and he s imula ion o in es men in he enewable ene gy sec o is planned o he
u u e. In 2024, a join plan o he implemen a ion o he G een Bel p og am in he SCO o
2024–2026 was de eloped and is being implemen ed.
Fou h, he nega i e consequences o clima e change, as a global p oblem, ha e begun o
se iously impac he sus ainable de elopmen o humani y. Add essing his p oblem equi es join
ac ion by he in e na ional communi y based on he p inciples o he UN F amewo k Con en ion
on Clima e Change. To achie e his, i is necessa y o pu socie y and he economy on a pa h o
sus ainable, inclusi e de elopmen . In he SCO coun ies, aking in o accoun he na u al and
58.2
47.8 46.7 42.8 42.6 41.8 35.4 32.3 27.6 25.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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clima ic condi ions and socioeconomic ac o s o indi idual coun ies, he a e o ai empe a u e
inc ease by 2050 could ange om 1.5°C o 4°C. Acco ding o o ecas s by scien i ic esea ch
o ganiza ions, by 2050 he a e age annual ai empe a u e is expec ed o be a he le el o : in
Bela us - 2 °C–2.5 °C; in I an - 2.6 °C; in India - 1.2 °C–3.5 °C; in Kazakhs an - 2 °C–3 °C; in
China - 2.2 °C; in Ky gyzs an - 4.5 °C; in Russia - 3.5 °C; in Pakis an - 1.3 °C–1.5 °C; in Tajikis an
- 2 °C; in Uzbekis an - 2 °C. Taking in o accoun he abo e ci cums ances, a special wo king g oup
o comba clima e change was c ea ed wi hin he SCO in 2024.
I 's no coincidence ha ene gy is a p io i y among issues discussed wi hin he SCO. The
SCO includes majo coun ies wi h signi ican ene gy esou ce supplie s, consume s, and ansi
po en ial. The e o e, he adop ion o he Concep o Coope a ion in he Ene gy Sec o and he
holding o ene gy minis e ial mee ings once again con i m he p io i y o his a ea. Mos SCO
coun ies a e among he op en globally in e ms o ene gy in ensi y, g eenhouse gas emissions,
and ca bon emissions pe uni o ene gy consumed. While global ene gy consump ion pe uni o
g oss domes ic p oduc dec eased om 0.170 kg US dolla s o 0.110 kg US dolla s be ween 1990
and 2024, in ou coun y his igu e ell om 0.689 kg US dolla s o 0.153 kg US dolla s. Thus,
he ene gy in ensi y o Uzbekis an's g oss domes ic p oduc emains abo e he global a e age.
This igu e in ou coun y is wice as high as in coun ies such as he Uni ed Kingdom, I aly,
Tu key, Spain, and Ge many. Despi e a sha p decline in he ca bon in ensi y o Uzbekis an's
economy, i emains 1.5 imes highe han he global a e age (Table 1).
Table 1. Ene gy e iciency indica o s o he Uzbekis an economy, 2024 [16]
Ene gy capaci y o
GDP, kg
(n.e.)/dolla .
The amoun o SO2
emi ed o he
accoun o
consumed ene gy,
(SO2)/ .n.e.
SO2 in ensi y,
(SO2)/15doll.
The sha e o
elec ici y
consump ion in he
inal ene gy
consump ion, %
The sha e o
enewable ene gy in
he coun y's ene gy
balance, %
Kuwai
0,250
EARTH
3,31
Kuwai
0,562
Nige ia
1,8
Kuwai
0,2
I an
0,213
Kazakhs an
3,16
EARTH
0,548
I an
12,0
Saudi
A abia
0,5
Qa a
0,206
Vie nam
3,08
I an
0,501
Russia
13,0
Alge ia
0,7
Russia
0,205
Aus alia
2,77
Kazakhs an
0,425
Alge ia
13,3
I an
5,3
EARTH
0,166
China
2,75
Russia
0,404
Kazakhs an
13,8
Singapo e
5,7
Canada
0,163
Indonesia
2,7
China
0,402
Indonesia
13,9
UAE
8,3
Saudi
A abia
0,159
India
2,65
Taiwan
0,372
Uzbekis an
14,5
Republic o
Ko ea
9,5
Uzbekis an
0,153
Poland
2,65
Qa a
0,370
Romania
14,7
EARTH
10,1
Taiwan
0,152
Alge ia
2,48
Uzbekis an
0,347
Poland
15,8
Uzbekis an
10,9
China
0,146
Taiwan
2,44
Saudi
A abia
0.343
Belgium
17,2
Indonesia
11,6
Kazakhs an
0,134
Malaysia
2,42
Vie nam
0,322
Saudi
A abia
17,3
Egyp
12,0
Republic o
Ko ea
0,123
Philippines
2,39
Canada
0,281
Czech
Republic
17,5
Taiwan
12,1
Uzbekis an
2,27
The e is subs an ial e idence o sugges ha he essence o he ene gy policies implemen ed
by SCO membe s, i is necessa y o conside egional speci ics. In pa icula , despi e he p ojec ed
g ow h in demand o elec ici y and o he o ms o ene gy, he anspo sys em, including he
na ional ailway ne wo k, is no ully de eloped in Ky gyzs an and Tajikis an. Ano he speci ic
ea u e is he dependence on low-ca bon de elopmen goals (Uzbekis an, China). The p io i y and
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ocus o his policy is on inc easing he sha e o enewable ene gy sou ces in he coun y's ene gy
balance, imp o ing ene gy e iciency, and educing ene gy losses. The s a i ica ion o SCO
membe s a es by le el o economic de elopmen and he une en dis ibu ion o ene gy esou ces
u he ein o ce he need o u ilize bes in e na ional p ac ices o a ac o eign in es men in he
sec o , mode nize exis ing ene gy in as uc u e, and build new ones.
Acco ding o he In e na ional Renewable Ene gy Agency (IRENA), despi e he
implemen a ion o signi ican g een ene gy ansi ion p ojec s by Cen al Asian coun ies be ween
2015 and 2024, he ene gy sec o emains in he " ed zone." Some coun ies in he egion
(Uzbekis an, Kazakhs an) a e aking a sys emic app oach o de eloping enewable ene gy sou ces,
while o he s a e implemen ing indi idual local p ojec s. The ins alled capaci y o enewable
ene gy sou ces in he egion in 2024 was 19,583 MW, an inc ease o 47% compa ed o 2015
(Figu e 2).
Figu e 2. Renewable Ene gy Capaci y Dynamics in Cen al Asian Coun ies, MW [15]
China, one o he la ges membe s o he SCO, is known o i s success ul ene gy sec o
e o ms aimed a ansi ioning o g een echnologies. Acco ding o he Na ional Clima e Cen e o
China, he coun y's ins alled sola and wind powe capaci y will each 1.25 billion kW in 2024.
Thus, he Chinese go e nmen has ul illed i s commi men o inc ease enewable ene gy capaci y
o 1.2 billion kW by 2030, adop ed a he Clima e Ambi ion summi , six yea s ahead o schedule.
China has become he la ges in es o in he ene gy sec o , in es ing an amoun close o he
combined in es men o he Uni ed S a es and he Eu opean Union. Speci ically, he sha e o
Chinese in es men in clean ene gy has inc eased om 25 pe cen o almos a hi d. This was
achie ed h ough la ge-scale in es men s in sola , wind, hyd oelec ic, and nuclea powe ,
ba e ies, and elec ic ehicles.
Acco ding o analy ical o ecas s, elec ici y consump ion in Uzbekis an is expec ed o
inc ease by 1.7 imes compa ed o cu en consump ion by 2035. To mee g owing demand, long-
e m ene gy sec o de elopmen p og ams ha e been adop ed. Implemen ing hese p og ams will
equi e $4 billion in in es men in he Na ional Elec ic G id. F om 2017 o 2025, elec ici y
gene a ion in ou coun y inc eased by 38 pe cen , eaching 81.5 billion kWh. Acco ding o expe
es ima es, elec ici y demand will each 117 billion kWh in i e yea s, and 135 billion kWh by
2035 [18]. China is one o Uzbekis an's la ges o eign ade pa ne s. In es men s om China a e
p ima ily di ec ed in o he ene gy, in as uc u e, anspo , and indus ial sec o s. In pa icula ,
ade be ween he wo coun ies exceeded $12.4 billion in 2024, hanks o he implemen a ion o
2807
1882
3677
4957
1
5419 5166
3258
5738
2
193.1
274.5
88.6 115.8
200.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Қозоғистон Ўзбекистон Қирғизистон Тожикистон Туркманистон
2015 2024 Ўзгариш, %
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majo anspo and logis ics p ojec s. Mo eo e , China's di ec in es men in Uzbekis an has
exceeded US$10 billion. As o Augus 1, 2025, a o al o 4,250 en e p ises wi h Chinese
in es men we e ope a ing in ou coun y. They e ec i ely ope a e in sec o s such as ene gy,
elecommunica ions, anspo , mining, ex iles, and digi al in as uc u e [19].
In addi ion, Chinese companies a e ac i ely pa icipa ing in g een ene gy p og ams in ou
coun y. Sola powe plan s ha e been launched in he Bukha a, Kashkada ya, Sama kand, and
Jizzakh egions, which oge he p oduce mo e han 1.5 gigawa s o clean ene gy. In pa icula ,
he Resolu ion o he P esiden o he Republic o Uzbekis an da ed Ap il 30, 2025, on measu es
o implemen he in es men p ojec "Cons uc ion o a 500 MW sola pho o ol aic powe plan
and an o e head powe line in he Fa ish dis ic o he Jizzakh egion" ma ked ano he s ep in he
de elopmen o he sec o . In acco dance wi h he Resolu ion, China Elec ical Equipmen
In e na ional Co. LTD and China Huadian O e seas In es men Co. LTD a e implemen ing a CNY
2.08 billion in es men p ojec o build a 500 MW sola pho o ol aic powe plan and an o e head
powe line in he Fa ish dis ic o he Jizzakh egion [3]. Acco ding o IRENA, he o al ins alled
capaci y o enewable ene gy sou ces in Uzbekis an inc eased om 1,900 MW o 5,200 MW
be ween 2015 and 2024, a 2.7- old inc ease, while he sha e o enewable ene gy sou ces in he
coun y's elec ici y po en ial inc eased om 14.2% o 24.4% (Figu e 3).
Figu e 3. Dynamics o Renewable Ene gy Capaci y in Uzbekis an, MW [15]
In ou coun y, g een p ojec s a e inanced h ough public-p i a e pa ne ships. Acco ding
o he In e na ional Mone a y Fund, o e he pas h ee yea s, he alue o p ojec s implemen ed
h ough public-p i a e pa ne ships has g own om $6.2 billion o $31 billion. F om 2019 o 2024,
mo e han 90% o p ojec s we e in he ene gy sec o , d i en by he signi ican in es men s equi ed
o mode nize and commission key, c i ical in as uc u e acili ies wi hin a sho ime ame.
Acco ding o o ecas s, anspo , housing and u ili ies, and educa ion will be he op p io i y in
he s uc u e o new p ojec s implemen ed h ough public-p i a e pa ne ships in 2025–2030.
Speci ically, elec ici y gene a ed by a 500 MW sola pho o ol aic plan in he Fa ish dis ic o
he Jizzakh egion will be pu chased by Uzene gosby JSC on a gua an eed basis o 25 yea s [3].
While public-p i a e pa ne ships allow o ex e nal inancing, managemen , and isk
sha ing, igo ous and ho ough moni o ing o p ojec s ages, om planning o implemen a ion, is
essen ial. This is due o isks ha may a ise du ing p ojec implemen a ion, such as go e nmen
5166
2391
501
2275
24.4
1882
1880
0
1
14.2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Тикланадиган энергия
манбаларининг умумий қуввати
Гидроэнергия
Шамол энергияси
Қуёш энергияси
Тикланадиган энергия
манбаларининг улуши, %
2015
2024
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gua an ees, p oduc p ocu emen wi hin he scope o commi men s, o un o eseen budge
expendi u es in he e en o p ojec bank up cy. I is gene ally accep ed ha go e nmen
gua an ees help a ac in es o s, bu can also lead o se ious inancial p oblems. Fo example, i a
oll oad ails o gene a e su icien unds, he go e nmen will ha e o co e he di e ence om
he budge . A simila si ua ion could a ise wi h elec ici y o wa e supply.
Conclusions and sugges ions
When de eloping "g een ene gy" as a p io i y a ea o he ansi ion o a "g een economy"
in he SCO coun ies, special a en ion should be paid o he ollowing ac o s.
1. De eloping an ins i u ional amewo k o he implemen a ion o g een echnologies.
Speci ically, i is necessa y o assess echnological needs, p io i ize and selec ad anced
echnologies, and acili a e hei de elopmen / ans e . I is necessa y o de elop a mechanism o
he comme cializa ion o g een echnologies and c ea e o ganiza ional s uc u es o suppo
inno a ion ac i i ies – echnology supply agencies, echnology business incuba o s, echnology
pa ks, and clus e s.
2. De eloping a mechanism o egula ing and moni o ing ene gy e iciency. Speci ically,
de eloping a di e en ia ed a i sys em o he gua an eed pu chase o su plus elec ici y
gene a ed o on-si e use a newly commissioned sola , wind, and biogas powe plan s, as well as
mic o- and small hyd oelec ic powe plan s.
3. Inc easing capaci y and c ea ing a o able condi ions o he ansi ion o g een ene gy.
Ensu e ongoing moni o ing o he ul illmen o quan i a i e commi men s unde he Pa is
Ag eemen , es ablish a moni o ing, accoun ing, and e i ica ion (MRV) sys em o g eenhouse
gas emissions, aking in o accoun na ional condi ions, and ensu e epo ing on g eenhouse gas
emissions. De elop he po en ial o public-p i a e pa ne ships o implemen g een echnologies
in he ene gy sec o ; Assis p i a e in es o s in implemen ing g een inno a ions; and de elop a
mechanism o s imula e public g een p ocu emen by in oducing a ce i ica ion sys em o ene gy
and esou ce e iciency o p oduc s.
4. Suppo in es men in he g een ene gy sec o : implemen a sys em o g een lending and
en u e inancing; c ea e g een unds, special ene gy e iciency unds, and o he simila
mechanisms; Ac i a e he p i a e sec o in inancing g een ene gy ansi ion p ojec s.
5. China's compe i i e p ices in he in e na ional clean ene gy ma ke c ea e eno mous
oppo uni ies o Uzbekis an. Thanks o i s a o dable g een echnologies and a o able p icing
policies, China can become a s a egic pa ne o Uzbekis an in he ene gy sec o . A balanced
app oach is needed. Tha is, on he one hand, i is necessa y o de elop local p oduc ion po en ial,
ain pe sonnel, and implemen a g een economy ans o ma ion based on echnology localiza ion,
while simul aneously impo ing g een echnologies.
I has been shown h ough analysis ha he p oposed measu es will enhance he
compe i i eness o he na ional economy and imp o e he quali y o li e o he popula ion, while
simul aneously c ea ing he oppo uni y o ansi ion o a sus ainable de elopmen pa h based on
a g een economy. G eening he na ional economy will con ibu e o inc eased expo s o high-
alue-added p oduc s h ough he ad anced p ocessing o na u al esou ces, di e si ica ion o
p oduc anges, and inc eased compe i i eness o na ional companies in o eign ma ke s.
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