Co esponding au ho : Ma ie Rose BANGOURA
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Analysis o he en i onmen al and social impac o elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea:
The case o he Kaloum (100MW) and Kipe (50MW) powe plan s
Ma ie Rose BANGOURA 1, *, Alain GBILIMOU 2, Lucien SOLIE 3 and Facine CONTE 4
1 Depa men o Geog aphy, Highe Ins i u e o A chi ec u e and U ban Planning, Conak y, Guinea.
2 Depa men o En i onmen and Indus ial Secu i y, Highe Ins i u e o Mining and Geology, Boke, Guinea.
3 Depa men o En i onmen , Guinean En i onmen al Resea ch Ins i u e, Conak y, Guinea.
4 Depa men o Economie and poli ical Sciences, Uni e si y Gene al Lansana CONTE o Son onia, Conak y, Guinea.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1889-1896
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 17 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 26 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 29 Ap il 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.2.1526
Abs ac
The objec i e o his esea ch is o assess he en i onmen al and social impac s o elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea based
on angible and demons a ed elemen s. To achie e his, we i s conduc ed an in en o y o he p oduc ion plan s and
hen p oceeded o analyze he en i onmen al and social impac s.
The analysis o en i onmen al impac s (ai pollu ion, g eenhouse gas emissions, was e managemen , e c.) was ca ied
ou on he he mal powe plan s o Kaloum (100MW) and Kipe (50MW).
This analysis e ealed ha hese he mal powe plan s in Guinea, pa icula ly hose in Kaloum and Kipé, ha e signi ican
en i onmen al impac s simila o hose o he mal powe plan s using ossil uels. The pa icula i y is ha hese powe
plan s a e close o homes and emi a lo o smoke and noise, so he isk o con amina ion is e y high.
Al hough hese plan s con ibu e o he inc ease in elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea, his esea ch has shown ha his
comes a a signi ican en i onmen al cos .
Acco ding o he esul s o he in en o y o elec ici y p oduc ion ( able 1) acqui ed om his s udy, we no e ha he
p oduc ion capaci y p esen s wo sou ces o ene gy, including hyd oelec ici y which occupies a sha e o 78% and
he mal 22%.
Keywo ds: Analysis; En i onmen ; The mal powe plan s; Elec ici y p oduc ion; G eenhouse gas emissions
1. In oduc ion
These days, i 's ha d o imagine a wo ld wi hou elec ici y. Ene gy is an essen ial ac o in he socioeconomic
de elopmen o any coun y; i d i es indus ial g ow h and imp o es people's li ing condi ions. Elec ical ene gy has
become an essen ial commodi y in people's daily li es. Pas choices ha e le us dependen on h ee non- enewable
ene gy sou ces: oil, gas, and coal. This dependence is pa icula ly s ong o he mos de eloped coun ies wi h ene gy-
in ensi e li es yles, such as China and he Uni ed S a es.
In a wo ld whe e ene gy demand is con inuously inc easing, humani y is oday acing h ee majo challenges: ene gy
secu i y, clima e change and sus ainable de elopmen [1].
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1889-1896
1890
These challenges a e in e dependen and linked oge he by he common p oblem o ene gy.
Howe e , he consump ion o ossil uels poses se ious en i onmen al p oblems: dis up ion o he g eenhouse e ec ,
a mosphe ic pollu ion, ma i ime deg ada ion and de o es a ion. This gene al p oblem is acu e and equi es a
esponsible app oach. This is why we deemed i necessa y and judicious o add ess he heme en i led:
1.1. Analysis o he en i onmen al and social impac o elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea: he case o he Kaloum
and Kipé powe plan s
In Guinea, ene gy consump ion has been and s ill emains la gely domina ed by biomass (a ound 75% on a e age o e
he obse ed pe iod 2011-2017), wi h a sha e ne e heless ending o dec ease, in a o o he inc ease in he
consump ion o pe oleum p oduc s which ep esen ed 21% [2].
This e lec s an ene gy si ua ion in Guinea which emains o his day massi ely dependen on plan esou ces, wi h he
h ea ha his induces on he coun y's ege a ion co e . The excessi e consump ion o wood o mee domes ic cooking
needs causes de o es a ion.
The sha e o elec ici y in o al consump ion emained ela i ely low, no exceeding 10% o e he obse ed pe iod. This
e lec s he weak de elopmen o he elec ici y sys em in Guinea, which is only able o e y poo ly mee he ene gy
needs o he en i e coun y.
Since independence in 1958, no Guinean go e nmen has been able o implemen an ene gy de elopmen p og am ha
akes in o accoun igo ous en i onmen al assessmen s, in o de o sus ainably esol e he p oblems o elec ici y
supply. Howe e , Guinea's po en ial is such ha i would be able o supply he sub- egion wi h elec ici y. The
ins alla ion o he mal powe plan s such as Kaloum 2, 3, 4 o Kipé in Conak y can only ep esen a empo a y solu ion
and a e no wi hou impac on he en i onmen .
O e he pas hi y yea s, only he Ga a i i dam has been buil , which is simply incapable o mee ing he needs o he
ci y o Conak y alone. The es o he coun y is logically plunged in o da kness. This phenomenon o "load shedding" is
he cause o social ensions. The Guinean popula ion con inues o complain abou cohabi a ion wi h hese he mal
powe plan s because o he a ious pollu ions hey gene a e. A complain ha i exp esses h ough demons a ions,
some o which a e e y iolen , whe e he police a e o ced o in e ene o limi he damage.
The elec i ica ion a e inc eased om 6.4% in 1990 o 33.5% in 2016. Elec ici y consump ion is concen a ed in u ban
a eas, and elec ici y is almos una ailable o u al households. In 2014, p oduc ion om he mal powe plan s had
become p edominan , accoun ing o be ween 60% and 70%. Since he commissioning o Kalé a in 2015, he si ua ion
has imp o ed signi ican ly, wi h hyd oelec ic p oduc ion inc easing o 72% in he Conak y In e connec ed Ne wo k
(RIC).
Guinea's hyd oelec ic and sola po en ial is immense, es ima ed a 6,000 MW and 40,343 MW espec i ely [3], bu he
elec ici y p oduc ion capaci y is s ill insu icien o co e na ional needs and mee g ow h accele a ion objec i es.
The Guinean Go e nmen , awa e o he coun y's ene gy de ici , has o nea ly a decade ini ia ed a as p og am o
de elop en i onmen ally iendly (hyd aulic) ene gy esou ces in o de o p omo e economic g ow h and educe he
po e y a e while educing he sha e o ossil uels in a o o hyd oelec ic po en ial [3].
2. Ma e ial and me hods
The me hodological app oach we adop ed mainly in ol es wo aspec s: da a collec ion and he me hods used o hei
p ocessing. I is based on a quali a i e app oach.
Quali a i e app oach: is a esea ch me hod ha we used by conduc ing in e iews and obse a ions o unde s and
he impac o elec ici y p oduc ion on he en i onmen , he popula ion, businesses, e c. Ou me hodological app oach
speci ies he ypes o da a collec ed, he echniques adop ed, he collec ion ools used, and he o ganiza ion and
s uc u e o he wo k ca ied ou . I equi ed he acquisi ion o da a om documen a y, demog aphic, clima ic, and
socioeconomic sou ces. To acili a e a be e unde s anding, he da a and he me hods used o hei collec ion and
p ocessing ha e been p esen ed by speci ic objec i e.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1889-1896
1891
2.1. S a us o elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea
This pa o he s udy ocuses on he summa y o he elec ici y p oduc ion plan s in Guinea. Fo his pu pose, he s udy
was ca ied ou by echnical isi o each plan . As pa o ou wo k, he Kaloum and Kipé plan s we e aken as a sample.
The esul s o his s age allowed us o unde s and he di e en ypes o plan s used by he Guinean elec ici y company
(EDG) in o de o o e he mos en i onmen ally iendly and economically e icien ones.
Table 1 P esen a ion o he p oduc ion pa k - Augus 2024 o EDG. SA
P oduc ion
ype
Powe cen als
Ins alle
d powe
A ailabili
y a e%
Gua an ee
d powe
Obse a ions
EDG
HYDRAULIC
Ga a i i
75
100
25
G ea Falls
27
0
0
Unde eno a ion
Donkeah
15
0
0
Unde eno a ion
Banéah
5
0
0
Unde eno a ion
Kinkon
3.4
75
2.25
Seasonal
Tinkisso
1.65
71
1.25
Seasonal
To al Hyd aulic EDG
127.05
27.25
IPP HYDRAULIC
Souapi i
450
74
184
Konkou e Wa e Managemen
Plan
Kale a
240
72
94
To al Hyd aulic IPP
690
73%
278
THERMAL EDG
Kaloum 5
32
28
9
Unde e iew
Kaloum 1
24
50
12
Unde e iew
Kaloum 2
26
69
18
Unde e iew
Kipe
50
64
32
Unde e iew
In e io o he
coun y
104.9
50
52.45
To al The mal EDG
236.9
123.45
THERMAL IPP
Te - Powe
50
100
50
Planned main enance
Kaloum 3
44
0
0
To al he mal IPP
94
100%
52
TOTAL
1 147.95
480.7
2.2. Analysis o he en i onmen al and social impac o he mal powe plan s
En i onmen al assessmen is a e y b oad ield, which is no only limi ed o he de e mina ion o nega i e and posi i e
impac s, bu also ex ends o he op imiza ion o he di e en s ages o he en i onmen al and social managemen plan.
Elec ici y p oduc ion poses mo e and mo e en i onmen al p oblems wi h a lack o managemen cha ac e ized by
inadequacies a all le els, and an inc ease in he p oduc ion o g eenhouse gases unde he economic, demog aphic and
socio-cul u al e ec [4]. To his end, we se ou o ind he bes op imiza ion o he managemen o en i onmen al
impac s in he in es ed powe plan s in o de o ha e he elemen s o assessmen and economic e alua ion o any
elec ici y p oduc ion s a egy.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1889-1896
1892
2.2.1. Cha ac e iza ion o impac s:
The aim o his s udy is o desc ibe he impac s in such a way as o acili a e he de e mina ion o hei signi icance.
Se en c i e ia we e used o cha ac e ize he impac s, namely: ype, in e ac ion, in ensi y o magni ude, ex en o scope,
du a ion, e e sibili y, p obabili y o occu ence.
Also, he c i e ia a e de ined as ollows:
• The na u e o he impac indica es whe he he impac is nega i e o posi i e;
• The in e ac ion speci ies he ela ionship be ween he p ojec and he impac will be said o be di ec when i
is linked o he wo ks (o o he ope a ion) by a cause-and-e ec ela ionship;
• The in ensi y o magni ude exp esses he deg ee o dis u bance o he en i onmen , depending on he
ulne abili y o he componen s udied; h ee classes a e conside ed: high, medium and low [5];
• The ex en gi es an idea o he spa ial co e age o he impac . He e, oo, h ee classes ha e been dis inguished:
speci ic, local, egional [6];
• The du a ion o he impac indica es he mani es a ion o he impac o e ime; we will speak o sho e m o
designa e an impac ha mani es s i sel du ing he implemen a ion o he p ojec and less han one yea a e ;
long e m when i mani es s i sel mo e han one yea a e he implemen a ion o he p ojec ; and con inuous
o quali y he impac s ha mani es hemsel es since he implemen a ion o he p ojec and which con inue
du ing he ope a ional phase o mo e han one yea [7];
• The occu ence o p obabili y o occu ence indica es he chances o an impac occu ing. The e a e h ee
classes: ce ain o quali y impac s wi h a g ea e han 90% chance o occu ing, p obable o hose wi h a 25 o
75% chance o occu ing, and unlikely o hose wi h a less han 25% chance o occu ing [5].
• Re e sibili y desc ibes he ex en o which an impac is mo e o less e e sible, ei he na u ally o h ough
mi iga ion measu es. An impac is said o be e e sible when i has a g ea e han 50% chance o being
e e sible; less e e sible when impac s ha e a less han 50% chance o being e e sible [4].
3. Resul s and discussion
In his sec ion, we p esen he esul s o ou wo k, ollowed by hei discussions
3.1. Socio-economic impac s
Elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea has been expe iencing a c isis, cha ac e ized by un imely powe cu s and load shedding,
which has wo sened a e he i e o Decembe 18, 2023, which a aged he coun y's main uel depo loca ed in Kaloum,
which supplied he he mal powe plan s o he EDG company. I has had p o ound socio-economic impac s ha a ec
a ious aspec s o ci izens' li es and he unc ioning o he coun y's economy.
Impac on households. Due o he c isis, many households a e acing equen powe ou ages o limi ed access o
elec ici y, which di ec ly impac s hei quali y o li e. Powe ou ages educe households' abili y o use essen ial
appliances, and his can a ec heal h, educa ion, and domes ic ac i i ies.
In addi ion, aced wi h he ins abili y o elec ici y supply, households mus eso o mo e expensi e and pollu ing
al e na i e sou ces o elec ici y, limi ing hei pu chasing powe .
Mo eo e , he lack o elec ici y also a ec s he sa e y o neighbo hoods a nigh and signi ican ly educes domes ic
com o .
Impac on businesses. F equen powe ou ages dis up business ope a ions, pa icula ly in he indus ial and
manu ac u ing sec o s, leading o p oduc i i y losses, p oduc ion delays, and, in some cases, he de e io a ion o
p oduc s o aw ma e ials.
To add ess his ins abili y, companies a e o ced o in es in gene a o s o o he expensi e ene gy solu ions o main ain
hei ope a ions. This s a egy inc eases hei p oduc ion cos s, making hei p oduc s less compe i i e in he na ional
and in e na ional ma ke s.
The ins abili y o he elec ici y sec o he e o e leads o a educ ion in in es men s since i makes he business clima e
less a ac i e, discou aging na ional and o eign in es men s, as in es o s pe cei e he ene gy c isis in Guinea as a
majo isk o he p o i abili y and sus ainabili y o hei in es men s.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1889-1896
1893
Impac on employmen . The economic di icul ies esul ing om he c isis in he elec ici y sec o a e leading
companies o lay o wo ke s and educe job oppo uni ies, exace ba ing he unemploymen a e, pa icula ly among
young people.
Fu he mo e, small and medium-sized en e p ises (SMEs), which a e o en less esilien han la ge companies, a e
pa icula ly ulne able o powe ou ages. Some a e o ced o close empo a ily o pe manen ly, esul ing in job losses
and educed income o amily’s dependen on hese ac i i ies.
Impac on basic social se ices. The elec ici y c isis is causing majo dis up ions o heal hca e se ices, as hospi als
and heal h cen e s ely hea ily on elec ici y o powe medical equipmen , accine e ige a o s, incuba o s, and o he
i al de ices. Powe ou ages comp omise he quali y o ca e and can lead o loss o li e.
The impac on educa ion is also signi ican , as schools and uni e si ies use elec ici y o ligh ing, compu e equipmen ,
and some imes ai condi ioning. Powe ou ages he e o e limi access o quali y lea ning, pa icula ly in educa ional
ins i u ions.
Highe whe e mode n labo a o ies and echnologies equi e a cons an supply o ene gy.
Access o sa e d inking wa e is comp omised when wa e pumping and ea men sys ems a e a ec ed by powe
ou ages, endange ing public heal h and inc easing he isk o wa e bo ne diseases.
A b ake on economic de elopmen . The ene gy c isis is a majo obs acle o economic g ow h. I limi s he coun y's
abili y o de elop i s indus ial sec o and di e si y i s economy, which elies hea ily on mining.
I he e o e cons i u es an obs acle o he indus ializa ion o he coun y since i delays indus ializa ion e o s, by
slowing down he c ea ion o local added alue chains and he exploi a ion o na u al esou ces in a mo e e icien
manne .
Exace ba ion o social inequali ies. The elec ici y c isis is exace ba ing socioeconomic inequali ies and con ibu ing
o widening weal h gaps be ween egions, wi h u al popula ions ha ing limi ed access o se ices and de elopmen
oppo uni ies.
Indeed, only companies and households wi h signi ican inancial esou ces can a o d expensi e ene gy al e na i es,
while o he s emain in a si ua ion o ene gy ulne abili y.
Social and poli ical ensions. Recu ing powe ou ages uel us a ion and social discon en . Demons a ions and
s ikes ela ed o he ene gy c isis a e equen and iolen , and can lead o inc eased social ensions and poli ical
ins abili y.
The ailu e o he go e nmen and ele an ins i u ions o esol e he ene gy c isis is leading o a loss o public
con idence in public au ho i ies, which can exace ba e social ensions.
In sho , he elec ici y c isis in Guinea a ec s almos e e y aspec o Guinean socie y and economy, con ibu ing o
slowing he coun y's de elopmen and exace ba ing social and egional inequali ies. Hence he ele ance o his s udy
o he elec ici y sec o in Guinea.
3.2. Impac on a mosphe ic condi ions (ai quali y and noise)
Guinea's he mal powe plan s, pa icula ly hose in Kaloum, Kankan, and Kipé, ha e signi ican en i onmen al impac s
simila o hose o ossil uel- i ed powe plan s. The pa icula i y is ha hese powe plan s a e loca ed close o homes
and emi a signi ican amoun o smoke and noise, so he isk o pollu ion is e y high.
Al hough hese plan s con ibu e o inc easing elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea, i has been ound ha his comes a a
signi ican en i onmen al cos . He e a e some key nega i e impac s no ed by he s udy:
G eenhouse gas emissions: The combus ion o ossil uels such as uel oil in hese he mal powe plan s p oduces
ca bon dioxide and me hane which con ibu e o global wa ming.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1889-1896
1894
Ai pollu ion: I has been ound ha in addi ion o CO2, hese powe plan s emi ai pollu an s such as Sulphu dioxide
and ni ogen oxides which can cause espi a o y and ca dio ascula diseases in local popula ions and ope a o s.
The ope a ion o hese powe plan s has a nega i e, mino , ce ain, empo a y and immedia e impac on ai quali y. The
impac on ai quali y is nega i e, medium, ce ain, empo a y and immedia e.
3.3. Impac on he g ound
Du ing he cons uc ion phase, si e de elopmen can ha e a des abilizing e ec on he soil s uc u e and can lead o soil
loss h ough e osion. Howe e , his nega i e impac emains mino , empo a y and will be el in he long e m.
Cons uc ion was e: shee me al, ubble, i on, pieces o wood, e c. can accumula e o be sca e ed a ound he si e. In his
case, he incon enience caused is linked o he clu e o he space and can lead o acciden s. The deg ada ion o soil
quali y du ing cons uc ion wo k has damaging, medium, ce ain, pe manen and immedia e impac s.
Was e Managemen : I has been ound ha he e luen ea men mechanism is aul y in hese powe plan s, which
sugges s ha he e luen is being dumped on he g ound. (See Figu e1)
This discha ge om hese powe plan s can con amina e he soil and g oundwa e , so he isk o con amina ion o
d illing wa e is high o human heal h.
To mi iga e hese impac s, measu es such as CO2 cap u e and s o age and he ansi ion o enewable sou ces a e
ecommended.
Figu e 1 The de ec i e condi ion o equipmen a
Kaloum 2 due o lack o main enance and spa e pa s
Figu e 2 The discha ge o e luen om he Kipe powe
plan
3.4. Impac o human ac i i ies on hyd oelec ic dams
This s udy ound ha he banks o he Konkou e Ri e ( i e on which he Ga a i i, Kale a and Souapi i dams a e buil )
a e denuded due o human ac i i ies. Cases o excessi e cu ing o ees, bush i es ( e y o en ecu ing) on hese banks
o comme cial pu poses (cha coal, sale o wood e c.) and he p oli e a ion o c ops ha e been obse ed. These ac i i ies
can cause he dams in ques ion o sil up in he long e m and make he banks de o es ed (unco e ed).
To illus a e hese indings, we p esen he wo ecen cases o bush i es nea he Kale a ac o y (Figu e 1&2) and he
Souapi i base camp.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(02), 1889-1896
1895
Figu e 3 E ec o bush i es nea he Kalé a ac o y
Figu e 4 Bush i es jus behind he Souapi i base camp
nea he Konkou e Ri e basin (04/21/2024 a 1 p.m.)
4. Conclusion
This s udy highligh s a pe sis en inabili y o p o ide eliable and sus ainable elec ici y, he esul o a angle o
s uc u al, inancial, and ope a ional challenges. These sho comings impac economic g ow h, he en i onmen , and
he popula ion's quali y o li e, and pose a signi ican obs acle o he coun y's long- e m de elopmen ambi ions. Sho -
e m e o s o mi iga e he c isis, while necessa y, a e p o ing cos ly. As such, long- e m solu ions mus be p io i ized,
pa icula ly h ough s uc u al and legal e o ms, s a egic in es men s, and he op imiza ion o ope a ional p ocesses.
Looking ahead, ene gy demand by 2035, acco ding o he Ap il 2019 "Mas e Plan Repo ," es ima ed a o e 16 GWh
in a con ex o cau ious g ow h, equi es a subs an ial expansion o p oduc ion and dis ibu ion capaci y. To mee
g owing needs and ensu e Guinea's ene gy secu i y, i is becoming c ucial o conside di e si ied, less pollu ing and
en i onmen ally iendly ene gy sou ces, such as sola , wind, and hyd oelec ici y. The inclusion o hese po en ially
cos -e ec i e ene gy sou ces, p o ided hey a e s ic ly egula ed, could play a majo ole in Guinea's u u e ene gy mix,
educing dependence on ossil uels and con ibu ing o he educ ion o g eenhouse gas emissions.
The s udy also ecommends ha EDG's Gene al Managemen conside in-dep h en i onmen al analyses o he
company's a ious elec ici y gene a ion ope a ions. These analyses p o ide le e age o de eloping a solid s a egic
plan aimed a s eng hening he company's s eng hs, add essing i s sho comings, exploi ing oppo uni ies, and
mi iga ing iden i ied h ea s. Finally, his esea ch has demons a ed he impac s o elec ici y p oduc ion in Guinea and
also he impac o human ac i i ies on hyd oelec ic dams. I is he e o e impe a i e ha he S a e, in pa ne ship wi h
s akeholde s in he sec o , unde ake a - eaching e o ms and sus ained in es men s o ensu e a eliable and
sus ainable ene gy supply by 2035, hus mee ing he coun y's economic and social aspi a ions
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
[1] MERLIN, Pie e, e al. Éne gie e en i onnemen . sidalc.ne . 2008.
[2] Saguan, Ma celo, and Alexis Lebeau. "Économie des sys èmes élec iques: L'impac des EnR a iables su la
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[3] Alain, GBILIMOU., e al. "Con ibu ion o enewable ene gies in he ene gy supply o he elec ici y compagny o
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