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O iginal Resea ch A icle
The S udy o P e alence and Pa e n o Thy oid Diso de in P egnan
Women: A P ospec i e S udy
Sk. An az Ali1, Ind anil Kha ua2, Jamsed Mollah3
1RMO –CT, MBBS, MS (Gynecology and Obs e ics), Depa men o Gynecology and Obs e ics,
Mu shidabad Medical College and Hospi al, Wes Bengal 742101
2RMO & CT, MBBS, MS, ENT, Depa men o ENT & Head Neck Su ge y, Nil Ra an Sa ka Medical
College and Hospi al, Kolka a, Wes Bengal 700014
3MBBS, MS (Gene al Su ge y), Depa men o Gene al Su ge y, Mu shidabad Medical College and
Hospi al, Wes Bengal 742101
Recei ed: 01-06-2025 / Re ised: 16-07-2025 / Accep ed: 22-08-2025
Co esponding Au ho : D . Ind anil Kha ua
Con lic o in e es : Nil
Abs ac
In oduc ion: Thy oid diso de s a e among he mos p e alen endoc ine abno mali ies encoun e ed du ing
p egnancy, posing signi ican isks o bo h ma e nal and e al heal h. The physiological changes inhe en o
p egnancy, such as inc eased blood olume and al e ed enal clea ance, can in luence hy oid unc ion es s,
making he diagnosis and managemen o hy oid dys unc ions pa icula ly challenging.
Aims and Objec i es: This p ospec i e s udy aims o assess he p e alence and pa e n o hy oid diso de s
among p egnan women, p o iding aluable insigh s ha could in o m sc eening s a egies and managemen
p o ocols in clinical p ac ice.
Ma e ials and Me hods: The p esen s udy was a p ospec i e obse a ional s udy. This S udy was conduc ed
om Ma ch 2024 o Feb ua y. To al 60 pa ien s we e included in his s udy.
Resul : The s udy o 60 p egnan women e ealed ha mos pa icipan s we e in he 26–30 yea s age g oup (n =
25, 41.7%), wi h a sligh ly highe p opo ion being mul ig a ida (n = 32, 53.3%). The majo i y o women we e
eu hy oid (n = 40, 66.7%), while hypo hy oidism (n = 15, 25%) was mo e common han hype hy oidism (n = 5,
8.3%). Subclinical o ms o bo h hypo hy oidism (n = 10, 66.7%) and hype hy oidism (n = 3, 60%)
p edomina ed o e o e o ms. Thy oid dys unc ion was mo e equen ly obse ed in he la e s ages o
p egnancy, whe eas eu hy oid s a us was mo e common in he i s imes e , highligh ing he impo ance o
moni o ing hy oid unc ion h oughou ges a ion.
Conclusion: The s udy demons a ed ha a majo i y o p egnan women main ained no mal hy oid unc ion,
while a no able p opo ion exhibi ed hy oid dys unc ion, wi h hypo hy oidism being mo e common han
hype hy oidism.
Keywo ds: Thy oid diso de s, P egnancy, Hypo hy oidism, Hype hy oidism, P e alence.
This is an Open Access a icle ha uses a unding model which does no cha ge eade s o hei ins i u ions o access and dis ibu ed unde
he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0) and he Budapes Open Access
Ini ia i e (h p://www.budapes openaccessini ia i e.o g/ ead), which pe mi un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium,
p o ided o iginal wo k is p ope ly c edi ed.
In oduc ion
Thy oid diso de s a e among he mos p e alen
endoc ine abno mali ies encoun e ed du ing
p egnancy, posing signi ican isks o bo h ma e nal
and e al heal h. The physiological changes
inhe en o p egnancy, such as inc eased blood
olume and al e ed enal clea ance, can in luence
hy oid unc ion es s, making he diagnosis and
managemen o hy oid dys unc ions pa icula ly
challenging [1]. Globally, he p e alence o hy oid
dys unc ion du ing p egnancy a ies widely. In
iodine-su icien egions, o e hypo hy oidism
a ec s app oxima ely 0.3% o 0.5% o p egnan
women, while subclinical hypo hy oidism is mo e
common, wi h es ima es anging om 2% o 3%
[2]. Hype hy oidism, on he o he hand, is less
common, occu ing in abou 0.1% o 0.4% o
p egnancies [3]. Howe e , in iodine-de icien a eas,
he p e alence o hypo hy oidism can be
signi ican ly highe due o inadequa e die a y
iodine in ake [1,4,5]. In India, s udies ha e epo ed
a wide ange o hy oid dys unc ion p e alence
among p egnan women, om 4.8% o 11% [6]. A
s udy conduc ed in u al Bengalu u ound ha 25%
o p egnan women had hypo hy oidism, wi h 21%
ha ing subclinical hypo hy oidism and 4% ha ing
o e hypo hy oidism [5]. These igu es unde sco e
he impo ance o ou ine sc eening o hy oid
dys unc ion in p egnan women, especially in a eas
wi h known iodine de iciency [6,5]. The pa e n o
hy oid diso de s du ing p egnancy includes bo h
o e and subclinical o ms. Subclinical
hypo hy oidism is cha ac e ized by ele a ed se um
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Ali e al. In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Pha maceu ical Re iew and Resea ch
11
TSH le els wi h no mal ee T4 le els, whe eas
o e hypo hy oidism p esen s wi h ele a ed TSH
and low ee T4 le els. Subclinical
hype hy oidism is de ined by low se um TSH
le els wi h no mal ee T4 le els, and o e
hype hy oidism is cha ac e ized by low TSH and
ele a ed ee T4 le els [1,4,7].
The e iology o hy oid dys unc ion du ing
p egnancy can be mul i ac o ial. In iodine-
su icien egions, au oimmune hy oid diseases,
such as Hashimo o's hy oidi is and G a es'
disease, a e common causes o hypo hy oidism and
hype hy oidism, espec i ely [1]. In con as ,
iodine de iciency emains a signi ican cause o
hy oid dys unc ion in many pa s o he wo ld,
including India [1,4]. The impac o hy oid
dys unc ion du ing p egnancy on ma e nal and e al
ou comes is p o ound. Un ea ed o inadequa ely
managed hypo hy oidism can lead o complica ions
such as p eeclampsia, p e e m bi h, low bi h
weigh , and impai ed neu ode elopmen in he
o sp ing [8].
Simila ly, ma e nal hype hy oidism, pa icula ly
when associa ed wi h G a es' disease, can esul in
ad e se ou comes including p e e m bi h, e al
achyca dia, and neona al hype hy oidism [1,9].
Gi en he po en ial isks associa ed wi h hy oid
dys unc ion du ing p egnancy, ea ly de ec ion and
app op ia e managemen a e c ucial. Rou ine
sc eening o hy oid dys unc ion, especially in
high- isk popula ions, can acili a e imely
in e en ion and imp o e p egnancy ou comes.
This p ospec i e s udy aims o assess he
p e alence and pa e n o hy oid diso de s among
p egnan women, p o iding aluable insigh s ha
could in o m sc eening s a egies and managemen
p o ocols in clinical p ac ice [8, 5,10].
Ma e ials and Me hods
S udy A ea: Depa men o Ea , Nose, and Th oa
(ENT), Nil Ra anSi ca Medical College &
Hospi al (N.R.S. Medical College), Kolka a –
700014, Wes Bengal, India
S udy Popula ion: The s udy popula ion
comp ised p egnan women o e a pe iod o 12
mon hs. All p egnan women in hei i s o ea ly
second imes e who p o ided in o med consen
we e conside ed eligible o inclusion.
S udy Pe iod: F om Ma ch 2024 o Feb ua y
2025.
Sample Size: 60.
Inclusion C i e ia
• P egnan women aged 18–40 yea s.
• Ges a ional age ≤20 weeks a he ime o
en ollmen .
• Willingness o p o ide in o med consen and
pa icipa e in he s udy p ocedu es.
Exclusion C i e ia
• Known his o y o hy oid disease cu en ly
unde ea men .
• Women wi h mul iple p egnancies ( wins o
highe -o de ges a ion).
• Women wi h ch onic sys emic illnesses such
as diabe es melli us, hype ension, enal
disease, o au oimmune diso de s ha could
in luence hy oid unc ion.
• Women aking medica ions ha may a ec
hy oid unc ion, including li hium,
amioda one, o co icos e oids.
S udy Design: This s udy was a p ospec i e
obse a ional s udy.
S a is ical Analysis: Fo s a is ical analysis, da a
we e ini ially en e ed in o a Mic oso Excel
sp eadshee and hen analyzed using SPSS ( e sion
27.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and G aphPad
P ism ( e sion 5). Nume ical a iables we e
summa ized using means and s anda d de ia ions,
while Da a we e en e ed in o Excel and analyzed
using SPSS and G aphPad P ism. Nume ical
a iables we e summa ized using means and
s anda d de ia ions, while ca ego ical a iables
we e desc ibed wi h coun s and pe cen ages. Two-
sample - es s we e used o compa e independen
g oups, while pai ed - es s accoun ed o
co ela ions in pai ed da a. Chi-squa e es s
(including Fishe ’s exac es o small sample
sizes) we e used o ca ego ical da a compa isons.
P- alues ≤ 0.05 we e conside ed
s a is ically signi ican .
Resul
Table 1: Demog aphic Cha ac e is ics o S udy Popula ion
Cha ac e is ic
Numbe (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Age (yea s)
18–25
20
33.3
26–30
25
41.7
31–35
10
16.7
>35
5
8.3
T imes e o P egnancy
Fi s T imes e
15
25
Second T imes e
25
41.7
Thi d T imes e
20
33.3
P imig a ida
28
46.7
Mul ig a ida
32
53.3
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Ali e al. In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Pha maceu ical Re iew and Resea ch
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Table 2: P e alence o Thy oid Diso de s in P egnan Women
Thy oid S a us
Numbe (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Eu hy oid
40
66.7
Hypo hy oidism
15
25
Hype hy oidism
5
8.3
To al
60
100
Table 3: Pa e n o Hypo hy oidism
Type o Hypo hy oidism
Numbe (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Subclinical Hypo hy oidism
10
66.7
O e Hypo hy oidism
5
33.3
Table 4: Pa e n o Hype hy oidism
Type o Hype hy oidism
Numbe (n)
Pe cen age (%)
Subclinical Hype hy oidism
3
60
O e Hype hy oidism
2
40
Table 5: Associa ion o Thy oid Diso de wi h T imes e
T imes e
Eu hy oid (n, %)
Hypo hy oid (n, %)
Hype hy oid (n, %)
To al (n)
Fi s T imes e
12 (80)
2 (13.3)
1 (6.7)
15
Second T imes e
18 (72)
5 (20)
2 (8)
25
Thi d T imes e
10 (50)
8 (40)
2 (10)
20
To al
40 (66.7)
15 (25)
5 (8.3)
60
Figu e 1: P e alence o Thy oid Diso de s in P egnan Women
Figu e 2: Pa e n o Hypo hy oidism
The s udy included 60 p egnan women wi h a
mean age o app oxima ely 27 yea s. The majo i y
o pa icipan s we e in he 26–30 yea s age g oup
(41.7%), ollowed by 18–25 yea s (33.3%), 31–35
yea s (16.7%), and >35 yea s (8.3%). Rega ding
ges a ional age, 25% o women we e in he i s
In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Pha maceu ical Re iew and Resea ch e-ISSN: 0976-822X, p-ISSN: 2961-6042
Ali e al. In e na ional Jou nal o Cu en Pha maceu ical Re iew and Resea ch
13
imes e , 41.7% in he second imes e , and 33.3%
in he hi d imes e . In e ms o pa i y, 46.7%
we e p imig a ida, while 53.3% we e mul ig a ida.
Among he 60 p egnan women s udied, he
majo i y we e eu hy oid, accoun ing o 66.7% (n =
40) o pa icipan s. Hypo hy oidism was obse ed
in 25% (n = 15), while hype hy oidism was less
common, a ec ing 8.3% (n = 5) o he s udy
popula ion. Among he 15 p egnan women
diagnosed wi h hypo hy oidism, subclinical
hypo hy oidism was he mos common ype,
obse ed in 66.7% (n = 10) o cases, while o e
hypo hy oidism was p esen in 33.3% (n = 5) o he
pa icipan s.
Among he 5 p egnan women diagnosed wi h
hype hy oidism, subclinical hype hy oidism was
mo e common, obse ed in 60% (n = 3) o cases,
while o e hype hy oidism was p esen in 40% (n
= 2) o pa icipan s.
The dis ibu ion o hy oid s a us a ied ac oss
imes e s. In he i s imes e , 80% (n = 12) o
women we e eu hy oid, 13.3% (n = 2) had
hypo hy oidism, and 6.7% (n = 1) had
hype hy oidism. In he second imes e , 72% (n =
18) we e eu hy oid, 20% (n = 5) we e hypo hy oid,
and 8% (n = 2) we e hype hy oid. Among women
in he hi d imes e , eu hy oid s a us was obse ed
in 50% (n = 10), hypo hy oidism in 40% (n = 8),
and hype hy oidism in 10% (n = 2).
Discussion
Ou s udy e ealed ha hy oid dys unc ion is
ela i ely common among p egnan women, wi h
hypo hy oidism being mo e p e alen han
hype hy oidism [11,12]. The pa e n o
hypo hy oidism obse ed showed a highe
p e alence o subclinical hypo hy oidism compa ed
o o e hypo hy oidism, which is consis en wi h
p e ious epo s [13,14]. Hype hy oidism was less
common in ou popula ion, and subclinical
hype hy oidism was mo e equen han o e
hype hy oidism, aligning wi h indings om o he
s udies [15,16]. Rega ding he dis ibu ion ac oss
imes e s, hypo hy oidism appea ed mo e
equen ly in he la e s ages o p egnancy, while
eu hy oid s a us was mo e common in he ea ly
imes e s [17,18]. This end may be a ibu ed o
he inc easing hy oid ho mone equi emen s as
p egnancy p og esses, which can unmask
p e iously subclinical hy oid dys unc ion i no
p ope ly moni o ed [19]. These indings unde sco e
he impo ance o egula hy oid sc eening
h oughou p egnancy o op imize ma e nal and
e al ou comes [20].
Conclusion
The s udy demons a ed ha a majo i y o p egnan
women main ained no mal hy oid unc ion, while
a no able p opo ion exhibi ed hy oid dys unc ion,
wi h hypo hy oidism being mo e common han
hype hy oidism. Subclinical o ms o bo h
hypo hy oidism and hype hy oidism we e mo e
p e alen han o e o ms. Thy oid abno mali ies
ended o be mo e equen in he la e s ages o
p egnancy, highligh ing he impo ance o ea ly
sc eening and moni o ing h oughou ges a ion o
op imize ma e nal and e al ou comes.
Re e ence
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