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REVIEW
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A e iew on echnological inno a ions on al e na e we ing and
d ying: I s impac on wa e -sa ing, economic, en i onmen al,
and social aspec s
Shi ly O. Agcaoili
*
Depa men o Ag icul u al and Biosys ems
Engin
ee ing, College o Enginee ing,
Cagayan S a e Uni e si y, Cayagan, Philippines
A icle published on June 04, 2025
Key wo ds:
Al e na e we ing and d ying, Rice, Wa e
-
cos
-
sa ing, I iga ion, IoT, Au oma ion
Abs ac
This e iew emphasizes he c ucial equi emen o wa e -sa ing me hods in ice cul i a ion because o
wo ldwide wa e sca ci y. Al e na e we ing and d ying (AWD) i iga ion, p oposes a iable solu ion, which could
cu wa e usage by as much as 38% wi hou nega i ely a ec ing ice p oduc ion, and migh e en boos i .
Implemen ing AWD can esul in inancial sa ings o a me s, educ ions in g eenhouse gases, and enhanced
ice quali y cha ac e ized by lowe a senic and me cu y le els. Ne e heless, he s udy poin s ou ha he b oad
implemen a ion o AWD aces obs acles, such as he necessi y o be e moni o ing and managemen sys ems.
To add ess i , his e iew cen e s on echnological p og ess in AWD, pa icula ly ad ancemen s made be ween
2015 and 2024. This s udy e iewed and examined pee - e iewed a icles, con e ence p oceedings, and echnical
epo s om pe inen da abases h ough he use o speci ic sea ch e ms. The e iew consolida es cu en
esea ches on echnological de elopmen s, assessing hei in luence on c op yield, wa e usage, e ilize
applica ion, and o e all sus ainabili y. The esea ch highligh s he abili y o IoT-powe ed au oma ed i iga ion
sys ems o ampli y he ad an ages o Al e na e We ing and D ying (AWD). Resul s show ha au oma ed AWD,
enabled by he In e ne o Things, can lead o a signi ican dec ease in wa e usage (as much as 36%), lesse
i iga ion expenses, and highe c op p oduc i i y when compa ed wi h con en ional me hods. Equipped wi h
ea u es like senso s, cloud compu ing, and in ui i e in e aces, he sys ems o e a me s wi h ins an da a and
emo e ope a ion capabili ies o e icien wa e usage. The s udy ecognizes he ecological ad an ages ela ed
wi h AWD, pa icula ly in dec easing me hane emissions, howe e , a en ions abou he possibili y o heigh ened
ni ous oxide emissions is necessa y. This s udy encou ages o mo e esea ch o o e come p oblems in he
applica ion and o expand he use o hese echnologies o b oade accep ance, ecognizing ha au oma ed
AWD can play a ole in helping sus ainable ice cul i a ion.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Shi ly O. Agcaoili shi ly[email p o ec ed]om
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 26, No. 6, p. 34-48, 2025
h p://www.innspub.ne
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In oduc ion
In c op p oduc ion, wa e sho age has been a
p essing p oblem wo ldwide. Speci ically in ice
a ming, wa e managemen ela ed challenges
in luence ad e sely ood p oduc ion, economy, and
wa e secu i y. To mi iga e his ad e se e ec o his
si ua ion, esea che s conduc ed and p omo ed
e icien wa e use, cos -sa ing echnologies, and
wa e conse a ion p ac ices while main aining he
yield o ice (Malla eddy e al., 2023;
Suwanmaneepong e al., 2023). Al e na i e we ing
and d ying (AWD) i iga ion echniques ha e been
s udied as me hods o educe he amoun o wa e
u ilized in ice a ming, consequen ly inc ease wa e -
use e iciency and sus ainabili y (A ouna e al., 2023;
Alauddin e al., 2020; Djaman e al., 2018; FAO,
(n.d.); IRRI, (n.d.)). The Al e na e We ing and
D ying (AWD) is a ice i iga ion me hod in oduced
by he In e na ional Rice Resea ch Ins i u e (IRRI)
and adop ed by many ice-p oducing coun ies.
Acco dingly, he AWD echnology main ains soil
mois u e anging be ween 0-40 kPa h ough
con olled i iga ion by cyclic looding and d ying o
ice ields hus needing he moni o ing o wa e dep h
by means o ield wa e ubes. To ensu e sa e AWD
echnology implemen a ion, ice ields a e looded o
a dep h ha anges om 5cm a e d ying o 10cm
below he soil and pause o abou 2-3 weeks o
con ol weeds wi h looded wa e .
Resul s o a ious s udies indica e ha Al e na e
We ing and D ying (AWD) i iga ion echnology has
shown good esul s, such as dec easing he amoun o
wa e in ice a ming while main aining i s yield
po en ial, making he echnology easible, pa icula ly
in a eas whe e wa e o i iga ion is a limi ing ac o
o ice o each i s po en ial yield (S iphi om e al.,
2019; Ish aq e al., 2020; IRRI (n.d.)). Fu he , o he
s udies show ha adap ing he AWD echnology could
po en ially dec ease g eenhouse gas emissions
(Mo shed, 2024; K aus e al., 2022; Ish aq e al.,
2020) quali ying he AWD echnology is an
en i onmen - iendly and wa e -sa ing echnology in
ice p oduc ion. This makes he echnology became
popula and widely adap ed me hod as a wa e -sa ing
echnology in ice p oduc ion (Samoy-Pascual e al.,
2021; Alauddin e al., 2020; Se yan o e al., 2017;
Sibayan e al., 2017; Valdi ia e al., 2016; Nalley e
al., 2015; Lampayan e al., 2014).
Economic e ec s o AWD echnology on ice a ming
we e also e alua ed by a ious s udies and showed
ha he AWD echnology posed a posi i e impac on
i iga ion p ac ices.
Acco ding o Ish aq e al. (2020), adap ing he AWD
echnology lessens signi ican ly he olume o wa e
use by up o 30% and 38% (Suwanmaneepong e al.,
2023; Lampayan e al., 2015) while ensu ing
op imum c op g ow h and yield. This signi ican
dec ease in wa e -use could sa e a me s’ money and
esou ces on i iga ion and pumping cos s (Ole
Sande , 2014), hus, educing he p oduc ion cos pe
kilog am o ice. The me hod do no only dec ease he
olume o wa e needed o i iga ion bu also helps
in p ese ing soil heal h and e ili y by allowing
pe iods o ae a ion be ween we ing cycles. AWD's
e ec i eness in sa ing wa e emphasizes i s po en ial
as a sus ainable i iga ion me hod, p o iding
ad an ages o bo h a me s and he en i onmen .
Acco dingly, he AWD’s e ec i eness as a wa e -
sa ing echnology o ice wi hou a ec ing i s g ow h
and yield po en ial depends on close moni o ing o
he a me s. Hence, o e ec i ely implemen he
echnology and o ealize i s po en ial impac on
wa e sa ing, economic, en i onmen al, and social
aspec s, close moni o ing is equi ed. Howe e , a he
a me s’ le el, close moni o ing du ing he adap ion
and implemen a ion o he echnology would equi e
addi ional jobs o he a me s.
The po en ial d awback in adap ing and
implemen ing AWD echnology a he a me s' le el
could be add essed h ough in eg a ion o
echnological inno a ions on AWD. This pape aims
o examine and syn hesize echnological inno a ions
in Al e na e We ing and D ying (AWD) i iga ion
me hods om 2015 o 2024, wi h a pa icula ocus
on enhancing wa e use e iciency and cos -
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e ec i eness in ag icul u al p ac ices. I explo es
ad ancemen s in ools, echniques, and sys ems ha
suppo he implemen a ion o AWD, e alua es hei
impac s on wa e sa ings, c op p oduc i i y, and
economic iabili y, and iden i ies he challenges and
oppo uni ies o scaling hese echnologies in di e se
ag icul u al con ex s.
Resea ch me hods and app oach
This e iew adop s a sys ema ic and in eg a i e
app oach o analyze echnological inno a ions in
Al e na e We ing and D ying (AWD) i iga ion
me hods. The adop ed me hodology was based on he
iden i ica ion and in-dep h analysis o o iginal
esea ch a icles published om 2014-2024, all
subjec a eas, and ela ed echnical no es. Rele an
pee - e iewed open-access jou nal a icles,
con e ence p oceedings, and echnical epo s we e
iden i ied om epu able da abase such as Scopus.
The ollowing Boolean sea ches we e used: Al e na e
We ing and D ying I iga ion (1,338); al e na e
we ing and d ying i iga ion, ice, yield (1,050);
al e na e we ing and d ying i iga ion, ice, yield,
wa e -use (1,040); al e na e we ing and d ying
i iga ion, ice, yield, wa e -use, CH
4
, N
2
O, GHG (52);
al e na e we ing and d ying i iga ion, ice, yield,
wa e -use, Fe ilize /nu ien (566); al e na e we ing
and d ying, in e ne o hings (69).
This s udy comp ised a b oad li e a u e e iew o
summa ize, e alua e, and in eg a e he p e ious
esea ch on he main aspec s associa ed wi h
echnological inno a ions applied o al e na e we ing
and d ying, including hei in luence on c op yield,
wa e use, and e ilize , as well as hei e ec on
economic, en i onmen al, and social sus ainabili y.
E ec o al e na e we ing and d ying on wa e use,
yield, and e ilize s
Al e na e we ing and d ying (AWD) ha e eme ged as
a p omising wa e -sa ing i iga ion echnique o
sus ainable ice p oduc ion, o e ing nume ous
bene i s ac oss a ious aspec s o cul i a ion.
Compa ed o con en ional con inuous looding (CF),
AWD demons ably conse es wa e , wi h s udies
epo ing educ ions in wa e consump ion anging
om 19% o 70% (Loaiza e al., 2024; A will e al.,
2023; Neogi e al., 2018; Ish aq e al., 2020; Sha e
al., 2022). This ansla es o lowe i iga ion cos s o
a me s (Neogi e al., 2018) and educed ene gy
consump ion associa ed wi h pumping wa e . Nalley
e al. (2015) u he epo ed wa e use e iciency
(WUE) inc eases o 21% o 56% unde AWD
compa ed o CF.
This wa e -sa ing po en ial can be u he enhanced
by inco po a ing ice s aw/s ubble du ing d y allow
illage (Samoy-Pascual e al., 2019). S iphi om e al.
(2019) speci ically ound ha bo h incomple e and
comple e AWD educed wa e use compa ed o CF,
wi h incomple e AWD (likely due o longe d ying
pe iods om ain all in e e ence) showing mo e
p onounced educ ions (11.88% less o al wa e and
16.72% less i iga ion wa e ) han comple e AWD
(3.79% and 4.52%, espec i ely). Impo an ly, AWD
can main ain ice yields compa able o CF (Loaiza e
al., 2024; Howell e al., 2015), and in some cases,
e en inc ease hem (P amono e al., 2024; Hoang e
al., 2023; Xu e al., 2019; Ish aq e al., 2020; Sha e
al., 2022). Ish aq e al. (2020) epo ed yield
inc eases o 10-20% unde AWD. S iphi om e al.
(2019) con i med his po en ial o yield
imp o emen wi h comple e AWD, obse ing a 2.42%
yield inc ease due o mo e ille s and panicles. This
aligns wi h he yield inc eases obse ed in o he
s udies using modi ied N e ilize s (Li e al., 2018)
and biocha applica ion (Liu e al., 2024) in
conjunc ion wi h AWD. Howe e , incomple e AWD
would esul o educed yield by 9.12% (S iphi om e
al., 2019). This emphasizes ha al hough ex ended
d ying pe iods can maximize wa e sa ings, as no ed
in hei incomple e AWD ea men , no p ope ly
managed AWD wi h p olonged d ying pe iods which
could be due o uncon olled ain all can nega i ely
in luence yields. Resul s o s udies highligh he
signi icance o co ec ly implemen ed wa e
managemen in AWD applica ion and was no di ec ly
add essed in s udies ocusing on mo e con olled
AWD sys ems. Mo eo e , aside om wa e
conse ing and imp o ing yields, Al e na e We ing
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and D ying (AWD) echnology also o e s o he
ad an ages o include educ ion in he accumula ion
o a senic (As) and me cu y (Hg) in ice g ains
(Ish aq e al., 2020). Fu he mo e, mild AWD has
been ela ed o a be e -quali y g ain, along wi h
educed ke nel chalkiness, inc eased head ice
eco e y, and imp o ed g ain mic onu ien
concen a ions (Ish aq e al., 2020). Ne e heless,
AWD may also in luence o he g ain quali y quali ies
like chalkiness and milling eco e y (Xu e al., 2019;
Monaco e al., 2021), hese e ec s a e a ie y-speci ic
and dependen on a speci ic AWD implemen a ion
(Xu e al., 2019; Monaco e al., 2021). Despi e o he
nume ous ad an ages o he AWD echnology which
includes wa e sa ings and po en ial yield inc eases,
widesp ead adop ion o i emains limi ed because o
complex ag icul u al, socio-economic ac o s and
insu icien ins i u ional suppo (Ish aq e al., 2020).
Se e al esea ch s udies ha e e ealed me hods o
imp o ing ice p oduc ion and sus ainabili y h ough
he use o se e al soil amendmen s and e ilize s and
i iga ion p ac ices like AWD. Ku e al. (2020)
s udied he e ec s o using calcium silica e (CaSiO
₃
)
e ilize unde an Al e na e We ing and D ying
(AWD) i iga ion sys em. Resul s e ealed ha he
use o CaSiO
₃
wi h mode a e applica ion a e
inc eased ice s aw biomass and imp o ed ni ogen
(N) use e iciency, while emissions o ni ous oxide
(N
₂
O) is educed. Bu hen i was obse ed ha no
signi ican di e ence in g ain yield due o a lowe
ha es index, which shows a limi ed biomass
con e sion in o g ain. In con a y, Li e al. (2018)
showed he combined e ec s o modi ied ni ogen
e ilize s and shallow wa e dep h wi h AWD (SWD).
The modi ied e ilize s like he polyme -coa ed
con olled- elease u ea (CRU) and ni apy in-u ea
plus hyd oquinone (NU + HQ) signi ican ly inc eased
g ain yield by 6-35%.
Simila ly, Liu e al. (2024) e ealed he combined
e ec s o biocha inco po a ion and AWD i iga ion
(IAWD). Resul s show ha his combina ion esul ed
o an enhanced ice g ain yield by 5-11%, and when
combined wi h IAWD, a ained he highes soil
ca bon seques a ion (SOCS), which means a ca bon-
nega i e po en ial. These s udies de e mine he
po en ial o combining AWD wi h soil amendmen s o
modi ied e ilize s o inc ease yield, a bene i no
obse ed wi h he applica ion o CaSiO
₃
alone. In
e ms o enhancemen o p oduc i i y, Sha e al.
(2022) showed ha zeoli e applica ion, a bo h 5 and
10 ha
-
¹ addi ions could imp o e g ain yield anging
om 11%-21%, a wa e p oduc i i y anging om
13%-20% and NEEP anging om 13%-24%
compa ed o non-zeoli e ea men s. Thei esea ch
acknowledges he op imal combina ion o balancing
dec eased GHG emissions and imp o ed yield as
AWD i iga ion combined wi h 5 ha-¹ o zeoli e.
These esul s o e a p omising eco-economic me hod
o sus ainable ice cul i a ion. LaHue e al. (2016)
u he p esen ed ha AWD could educe emissions
o me hane (CH
₄
) which anges om 60–87% while
main aining o sligh ly inc easing g ain yields
compa ed o con en ional con inuously looded (CF)
me hods. The yield s abili y could be a ibu ed o
op imized ni ogen managemen unde AWD,
allowing simila o educed ni ogen inpu
equi emen s while suppo ing compa able
p oduc i i y le els. This esul is simila wi h he
indings o Li e al. (2018) and Liu e al. (2024),
which epo ed yield enhancemen s in ice
p oduc ion g own unde a speci ic managemen
p ac ice combined wi h AWD echnology. As
highligh ed by LaHue e al. (2016), he enhanced
ni ogen-use e iciency unde AWD could be
a ibu ed o imp o ed oo de elopmen and
mic obial ac i i y, hus, enhancing nu ien
a ailabili y o c op up ake. Mo eo e , LaHue e al.
(2016) also ound ha AWD educed o al a senic
(As) concen a ions in ice g ains by 59–65%,
esul ing in imp o ed g ain quali y and ood sa e y.
Along wi h his inding is he signi ican dec ease in
GHG emissions by 59–88% du ing g owing season.
This esul s eng hens he po en ial o AWD o
balance yield pe o mance wi h clima e mi iga ion
and ood sa e y. Ne e heless, LaHue e al. (2016)
eminded ha yield ou comes unde AWD could a y
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due o si e-speci ic condi ions such as soil ype,
deg ee o d yness, and c op g ow h s ages, wi h
ex ended d ough ha could po en ially lead o yield
dec ease because o mois u e s ess. This emphasizes
he impo ance o p ope ly implemen ing AWD
managemen o op imize bo h yield and
en i onmen al bene i s, a poin u he highligh ed by
s udies ha showed nega i e impac s on he c op
yield because o poo ly managed AWD.
E en hough Al e na e we ing and d ying echnology
is a p omising i iga ion echnology ha o e s
signi ican po en ial o imp o e he sus ainabili y o
ice cul i a ion h ough wa e sa ing, educ ion o
g eenhouse gases emissions, and be e g ain quali y,
esea ch gaps emain ha limi i s ex ensi e
implemen a ion. Disc epancy in yield esponses
unde di e en AWD egimes is one o he impo an
esea ch gaps iden i ied. While mild AWD has been
e ealed o main ain o e en inc ease ice yields,
se e e d ying pe iods, such as hose obse ed in
incomple e AWD sys ems (S iphi om e al., 2019),
could a ec nega i ely he ice yield due o mois u e
s ess. This ecommends a need o u he s udy
ocusing on he op imum deg ee o soil d ying and
ewe ing cycles o de e mine yield pe o mance and
wa e sa ings e ec i ely. Mo eo e , when AWD is
combined wi h di e en soil amendmen s (e.g.,
CaSiO
₃
, biocha , and modi ied e ilize s) shows
di e en e ec i e ou come wi h some ea men s
enhances he yield while o he s, like as CaSiO
₃
p ima ily imp o es biomass and ni ogen use
e iciency wi hou any signi ican yield gains (Ku e
al., 2020; Liu e al., 2024).
To explain hese di e ences, esea ch s udies should
conside explo ing he in e ac ions be ween AWD,
soil amendmen s, and nu ien dynamics.
Fu he mo e, si e speci ic ac o s such as soil ype,
ain all pa e ns, and a ie al di e ences emain
unde explo ed despi e hei se ious in luence on bo h
yield ou comes and GHG mi iga ion po en ial, hus,
should be he subjec o esea ch inqui y. Las ly, he
adop ion o AWD is a ec ed by socioeconomic
ba ie s and ins i u ional suppo issues, indica ing a
need o policy-d i en s udies and AWD
implemen a ion s a egies o ensu e bo h p oduc i i y
gains and clima e esilience in ice p oduc ion
sys ems.
Economic, en i onmen al, and social sus ainabili y
o al e na e we ing and d ying i iga ion o ice
Al e na e we ing and d ying (AWD) i iga ion
echnology o e s nume ous ad an ages ac oss
a ious aspec s o ice cul i a ion, including
en i onmen al impac s mi iga ion, wa e usage
op imiza ion, and po en ially imp o ing economic
ou comes. The main en i onmen al bene i o
adop ing he AWD i iga ion echnology in ice
p oduc ion is he educ ion o g eenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, pa icula ly me hane (CH
4
), a po en
con ibu o o global wa ming. Va ious esea ches
ha e shown signi ican educ ions o CH
₄
unde AWD
compa ed o he CF p ac ices, wi h esul s o s udies
eco ding educ ions o be ween 34% and 97%
(LaHue e al., 2016; Sande e al., 2020; Ish aq e al.,
2020; Hoang e al., 2023; Liao e al., 2020;
Lagoma sino e al., 2016; Sha e al., 2022). This
educ ion could be due o he inc eased soil ae a ion
du ing he d ying pe iods, which p e en s he ac i i y
o me hanogenic mic oo ganisms. Howe e , a c i ical
ade-o exis s, ha is, he inc ease in ni ous oxide
emission a e du ing soil d ying and ha ollowing
soil we ing is elian on he ni i ica ion and
deni i ica ion cycles ha a e s imula ed by AWD.
Acco dingly, he ni ogen anspo aken in om he
hyd oli es is mo e e icien unde AWD when
compa ed o CF wi h an associa ed inc ease o
deni i ica ion by 46% and 34% educ ion in CH
4
(Lagoma sino e al., 2016; Hoang e al., 2023; Liao e
al., 2020; Lagoma sino e al., 2016; Sha e al., 2022).
An example o such an obse a ion is he one made by
Hoang e al. (2023) which quan i ies he ade-o in
his scena io and de e mines ha wi h a
deni i ica ion 46% in CH
4
and a 34% educ ion in
N
2
O and in his way a 33% dec ease in he combined
e ec o global wa ming om non-AWD sys ems has
been quan i ied. Despi e he N
2
O inc ease, he gene al
impac on GWP gene ally emains a o able, as
dec ease in CH
4
o en ou weigh he inc ease in N
2
O.
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Addi ional esea ch has s udied he modi ica ions o
AWD o manage he said ade-o . Acco ding o Liu
e al. (2024) he use o biocha inco po a ed wi h
AWD u he leads o a signi ican educ ion o CH
₄
ha anges om 22-38% and mi iga ed he inc ease
in N
₂
O by a leas 31%. Simila ly, he s udy o Li e al.
(2018) showed ha modi ied ni ogen e ilize s
could educe N
2
O emissions by 12-44% unde AWD.
Ku e al. (2020) s udied he use o calcium silica e
(CaSiO
₃
) unde AWD, and he esul s show a complex
ela ionship whe e CaSiO
3
educed N
2
O bu inc eased
CH
4
due o enhanced me hanogenic ac i i y, s essing
he complex changes in mic obial ac i i y caused by
AWD. Fu he , esul s o he s udy conduc ed by Sha
e al. (2022) showed ha he AWD wi h Zeoli e
applica ion u he in luenced GHG emissions, wi h a
5 ha-¹ addi ion mi iga ing CH
₄
emissions by 36% on
he a e age bu ha ing no signi ican e ec on N
2
O
emissions. Mo e han GHG mi iga ion, AWD
echnology o e s o he en i onmen al bene i s, such
as educed g ain a senic (As) concen a ions,
con ibu ing o imp o ed ood sa e y (LaHue e al.,
2016; Linquis e al., 2014).
In e ms o economic aspec , he AWD echnology
o e s signi ican e u ns o ice a me s h ough
subs an ial wa e conse a ion. Se e al s udies ha e
epo ed educ ions in wa e consump ion which
ange om 19% o 70% (Loaiza e al., 2024; A will e
al., 2023; Neogi e al., 2018; Ish aq e al., 2020; Sha
e al., 2022). This signi ican educ ion on w a e
consump ion leads o a di ec cos sa ings on
i iga ion expenses and ne ecosys em economic
p o i (NEEP) by 12%-14% (Sha e al., 2022).
Mo eo e , by educing he need o pumping and
wa e dis ibu ion, AWD can lowe ene gy
consump ion and labo cos s. This enhanced wa e -
use e iciency ansla es o g ea e p o i abili y and
con ibu es o he economic sus ainabili y o ice
a ming. These esul s a e o mos ele an in wa e -
sca ce egions o whe e i iga ion cos s a e a
signi ican po ion o p oduc ion expenses o
a me s (Neogi e al., 2018). Nalley e al. (2015)
u he demons a ed he economic iabili y o
adop ing AWD echnology, e en wi hou conside ing
inancial incen i es o GHG educ ion o wa e
conse a ion.
The po en ial o his wa e -sa ing echnology can be
u he enhanced by inco po a ing ice s aw/s ubble
du ing d y allow illage (Samoy-Pascual e al., 2019).
Impo an ly, AWD can main ain ice yields which is
compa able o con inuous looding (Loaiza e al.,
2024; Howell e al., 2015) and, in some cases, e en
highe yield (P amono e al., 2024; Hoang e al.,
2023; Xu e al., 2019; Ish aq e al., 2020). Speci ic
modi ica ions o AWD, such as Wa e Managemen
wi h D ainage (WMD), including comple e and
incomple e AWD ha e shown o inc ease g ain yield
signi ican ly (Li e al., 2023). Howe e , S iphi om e
al. (2019) emphasized he impo ance o p ope AWD
managemen , showing ha while "comple e" AWD
inc eased yield, "incomple e" AWD (due o
uncon olled ac o s like ain all) could educe yield.
This highligh s he need o a ca e ul implemen a ion
o wa e managemen in AWD. Beyond yield, Ish aq
e al. (2020) no ed ha mild AWD could imp o e
g ain quali y, educing ke nel chalkiness and
inc easing head ice eco e y. While AWD may also
a ec o he g ain quali y a ibu es like chalkiness
and milling yield (Xu e al., 2019; Monaco e al.,
2021), howe e i should be no ed u he ha hese
e ec s a e a ie y-speci ic and dependen on he
pa icula AWD implemen a ion.
Se e al ac o s in luence AWD’s e ec i eness and
adop ion ha e been no ed by a ious s udies. The
e ec i eness o AWD in mi iga ing GHG emissions
can be in luenced by ac o s such as he iming o ice
s aw inco po a ion (Samoy-Pascual e al., 2019) and
looding du a ion (Lagoma sino e al., 2016). Fa me
adop ion aces challenges, including knowledge gaps,
insu icien aining (Mahadi e al., 2018), and
misma ches be ween exis ing i iga ion schemes and
AWD equi emen s (Mahadi e al., 2018). While AWD
o e s signi ican en i onmen al and economic
bene i s o ice cul i a ion, mo e esea ch is desi ed
o imp o e AWD echniques o di e se ield
condi ions, add essing he knowledge and
in as uc u al ba ie s o adop ion, and ully
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unde s and he long- e m impac s o AWD on soil
heal h and ecosys em se ices.
Despi e esea ches indica ing he bene i s o adap ing
he AWD echnology, se e al key esea ch gaps
emain. While he ade-o be ween CH
₄
and N
₂
O
emissions is acknowledged, addi ional s udy is
desi ed o de elop p ecise, con ex -speci ic mi iga ion
s a egies o N
₂
O inc eases unde a ying AWD
egimes, soil ypes, and clima ic condi ions. The long-
e m impac s o epea ed AWD cycles on soil heal h,
including soil o ganic ca bon dynamics, mic obial
communi y s uc u e and unc ion, and nu ien
cycling, equi e u he esea ch. Fu he mo e, while
economic iabili y has been shown in some si ua ions,
mo e comp ehensi e economic analyses a e needed
ha inco po a e he ull ange o po en ial cos s and
bene i s associa ed wi h AWD adop ion ac oss di e se
a ming sys ems and socioeconomic amewo ks.
Las ly, o wide and mo e e ec i e adop ion o AWD,
esea ches ha ocus on e ec i e dissemina ion and
aining s a egies o a me s ha adop s o hei
a ming condi ions and p ac ices, is i al.
Technological inno a ions on al e na e we ing and
d ying (awd) i iga ion echnology
The con inuously g owing popula ion wo ldwide and
changing clima e condi ions in ensi y he p essing
need o p og essi e ag icul u al p ac ices ha
emphasizes he u gen need o ad anced a ming
echniques ha boos yields while conse ing wa e .
Wa e managemen in i iga ed ice p oduc ion is
c i ical o op imizing yields. Al e na e We ing and
D ying (AWD) is an e ec i e i iga ion echnique o
ice bu is o en limi ed by manual implemen a ion.
Due o se e al d awbacks o he adi ional app oach
o AWD especially i s implemen a ion, in eg a ing
echnological inno a ions h ough au oma ion
sys ems could help imp o e i s ield implemen a ion.
The au oma ion sys em in eg a es wi eless senso
ne wo ks (WSNs) o moni o ing wa e le els,
i iga ion sys ems, and en i onmen al condi ions. I
elies on an IoT sys em issuing commands based on
da a om he WSNs, ensu ing e icien wa e
dis ibu ion and educed manual in e en ion. The
sys em's scalabili y and adap abili y o di e en
i iga ion a eas unde sco e i s p ac icali y. Despi e
challenges, such as social and economic ac o s, he
pape illus a es ha widesp ead adop ion o AWD is
easible wi h exis ing senso ne wo ks and IoT
echnologies. The au oma ed sys em enables
con inuous moni o ing, eal- ime decision-making,
and equi able wa e dis ibu ion among a me s,
po en ially bene i ing ice-g owing na ions. Fu u e
enhancemen s may in ol e da a-d i en app oaches
like machine lea ning and big da a analysis,
inco po a ing a me inpu o op imize plan g ow h
and yield de elopmen . Pham e al. (2021) showed
ha esea ch on clima e-sma ag icul u e. They
show how combining IoT wi h con en ional a ming
me hods is p ac ical and bene icial.
Va ious esea ches ha e been ca ied ou on
inno a ing he AWD by in eg a ing In e ne o Things
(IoT) and au oma ed i iga ion sys em designed o
p ecision ag icul u e wi h key objec i e o le e aging
senso echnology, da a analysis, and cloud
compu ing o op imize wa e usage in a ming. An
impo an ad an age o his sys em is i s in eg a ion
o P ecision Ag icul u e (PA) p inciples wi h cloud
compu ing in as uc u e. Wi h his in eg a ion,
a me s could gain eal- ime access o c i ical da a
and unde s andings h ough he use - iendly cloud-
based in e ace. These allow hem o emo ely
moni o he sys em, ga he soil da a, and adjus
i iga ion me hods as needed, ul ima ely leading o
inc eased c op yields and inc eased income. Recen
s udies ha e shown ha IoT echnology is po en ial in
suppo ing wa e -sa ing app oaches o paddy
cul i a ion h ough IoT-powe ed and o Au oma ed.
Al e na e We ing and D ying (AWD) echnology. In
he s udy conduc ed by Tolen ino e al. (2021)
e ealed ha AWD wi h IoT-powe ed au oma ion
could sa e abou 20% o wa e compa ed o
adi ional AWD me hods. Simila ly, Pham e al.
(2021) s udied an IoT-powe ed senso s' e iciency in
p o iding p ecise wa e measu emen in a m ials.
Resul s showed ha a me s who u ilized a senso -
powe ed AWD signi ican ly sa ed 13-20% o wa e
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compa ed o adi ional AWD me hods. In addi ion o
wa e conse a ion, in eg a ing IoT and au oma ion
echnology in AWD could educe i iga ion ene gy
cos s by 25% and mode a ely boos ed yields be ween
2-11%, highligh ing i s cos -e ec i eness and
p oduc i i y alue in ag icul u al p oduc ion. A s udy
by Rana e al. (2023) analyzed an au oma ed AWD
sys em, wi h minimum g ow h and yield componen
di e ences be ween con en ional, manual AWD, and
au oma ed AWD echniques. Howe e , an au oma ed
AWD sys em pe o med be e in e ms o wa e use
e iciency (WUE) a 65.20 kg/ha/cm, compa ed o
52.56 kg/ha/cm wi h con en ional i iga ion. I
educed i iga ion wa e consump ion by 20%, sa ed
labou , and suppo ed en i onmen ally iendly a m
p ac ice.
Recen esea ch e eals imp o emen s in bo h
p ac ical au oma ion and sophis ica ed modeling
echniques. Alce e al. (2024) de eloped a new,
echnology-in ensi e au oma ed AWD sys em.
Inno a ion in such a sys em comes in i s
au oma ion o he AWD unc ion h ough eal- ime
in o ma ion collec ion h ough wa e le el and
mois u e senso s in he g ound. Wi h such
au oma ion, scheduling i iga ion p ecisely du ing
c opping, in lieu o less eliable adi ional
app oaches and wi h changing a iable paddy
g owing cycles, is eased. In eg a ion wi h mode n
echnology such as SMS messaging, a low-powe
wide-a ea ne wo k (LPWAN) o dis an access and
adminis a ion, and an IoT dashboa d o
isualiza ion pe mi s a me s o ob ain signi ican
in o ma ion ega ding wa e use and s a e o he
g ound, allowing o in o ma ion-guided decision
and con inuous imp o emen .
Complemen ing such a p ac ical applica ion o
echnology, Dela C uz e al. (2022) add essed a
signi ican lack in p esen i iga ion models which is
he coupled su ace-subsu ace low simula ion.
Conside ing ha he con en ional me hods ha e
di icul y in ep esen ing complex paddy ield wa e
beha io h ough isola ing and wo king wi h
indi idual su ace and subsu ace lows, a new
coupled model wi h Py hon sc ip codes we e
de eloped.
Coupling is a i al de elopmen , allowing o a mo e
eal simula ion o wa e low in paddy sys em and
di ec applica ion in op imizing AWD me hodologies.
S eng h in such a model comes h ough i s ho ough
es ing and calib a ion wi h ield in o ma ion
acqui ed h ough wi eless senso s, p o ing i s
accu acy and eliabili y. In addi ion, such wo k
p o ides signi ican in o ma ion ega ding impac o
plow pan beha io in con olling soil-wa e low,
en iching an o e all pic u e o paddy sys em
beha io . Mos impo an ly, such a model add esses a
weakness in p esen app oaches, namely in
simula ing paddy ield bounda y condi ions.
In addi ion o hese esea ch obse a ions, Kuma e
al. (2024) de eloped an elec onic senso -based
compu e ized AWD sys em ha demons a ed
signi ican imp o emen o e adi ional con inuous
ponding me hods. I iga ion wa e p oduc i i y
inc eased o 6.15 kg ha
-
¹mm
-
¹ compa ed wi h 3.06 kg
ha
-
¹mm
-
¹ o he con ol, and o al wa e p oduc i i y
inc eased o 4.80 kg ha
-
¹mm
-
¹ om 2.63 kg ha
-
¹mm
-
¹. Au oma ic wa e sa ings o 36% we e achie ed,
highligh ing i s e iciency and sus ainabili y in paddy
cul i a ion. Collec i ely, hese s udies demons a e
he e olu ionizing impac o compu e ized AWD
sys ems in achie ing wa e -sa ing and sus ainable
paddy p oduc ion globally.
As indica ed in Tolen ino e al. (2021), IoT echnology
can sa e 20% mo e wa e h ough au oma ion o
AWD in con as wi h adi ional me hods u ilized in
he pas . Besides, IoT e ec i eness in enhancing
AWD echniques h ough co ec wa e measu emen
was also s udied in expe imen s conduc ed in a ms
(Pham e al., 2021). Resul s showed ha he use o
IoT enabled senso s signi ican ly imp o es wa e
managemen . Fa me s using senso -based AWD
achie ed 13-20% addi ional wa e sa ings when
compa ed o a me s u ilizing manual AWD me hods.
The echnology no only sa ed wa e , bu also lowe ed
ene gy cos s o i iga ion by 25%, u he es ablishing
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42 | Agcaoili
i s cos e ec i eness. I also led o mode a e yield
imp o emen s o 2-11%. Such yield imp o emen
igu es u he bols e i s po en ial o imp o e
ag icul u al p oduc i i y. Howe e , no conside able
a ia ion in he ice yield componen be ween
con en ional, al e na e we ing and d ying, and
au oma ed al e na e we ing and d ying i iga ion
sys ems was de ec ed acco ding o Rana e al., 2023,
and only negligible a ia ion in g ow h and
de elopmen was expe ienced.
A simila wo k by Rana e al. (2023) e alua ed an
au oma ed al e na e we ing and d ying (AWD)
i iga ion o i iga ing ice. Va ia ions in g ow h and
de elopmen be ween con en ional i iga ion,
al e na e we ing and d ying and au oma ed al e na e
we ing and d ying we e obse ed o be minimal. In
e ms o yield componen s, no a ia ion in yield
componen s be ween con en ional i iga ion,
al e na e we ing and d ying and au oma ed
al e na e we ing and d ying was no iced. In e ms
o wa e use e iciency, i iga ed c op wi h
au oma ed al e na e we ing and d ying showed
high wa e use e iciency (WUE) o 65.20 kg/ha/cm
and minimum WUE o 52.56 kg/ha/cm in
con en ional i iga ion. Adop ion o au oma ed
al e na e we ing and d ying sa ed 20% wa e o
i iga ion in compa ison wi h con en ional,
educed labo -in ensi e in e en ions and
acili a ed en i onmen ally iendly ice
p oduc ion. An elec onic senso powe ed au oma ed
AWD de eloped by Kuma e al. (2024) showed
signi ican ad an age o au oma ed AWD o e
con en ional con inuous ponding. I iga ion wa e
p oduc i i y inc eased o 6.15 kg ha
-
¹mm
-
¹ om 3.06
kg ha
-
¹mm
-
¹ o con ol. To al wa e p oduc i i y
inc eased o 4.80 kg ha
-
¹mm
-
¹ om 2.63 kg ha
-
¹mm
-
¹ unde con inuous ponding. Au oma ed sys em
sa ed 36% wa e ; hence, i is e icien and
en i onmen ally iendly o p oducing ice.
These indings alida e ha senso -based au oma ed
i iga ion sys ems ha i iga ing wi h senso s can
maximize wa e use e iciency in AWD app oach o
ice cul i a ion.
O e coming logis ical challenges in AWD, such
sys ems ep esen a b eak h ough owa ds e icien
use o wa e in ag icul u al. These ou comes
unde sco e he capaci y o IoT o e ine AWD
i iga ion. The senso s' abili y o moni o wa e le els
wi h p ecision empowe s a me s o ully capi alize on
he ad an ages o AWD, esul ing in subs an ial wa e
conse a ion and heigh ened esou ce e iciency. The
inc ease in yields and he diminished ene gy cos s
u he bols e he a gumen o emb acing his
echnology. These esea ches highligh how
echnology can help a me s adjus o clima e change
and sa egua d hei li elihoods. The a ious s udies
show ha in es ing in AWD sys ems ha use IoT and
au oma ion can be economically wo hwhile,
howe e , he exac inancial gains may a y based on
speci ic si ua ions and local ac o s. Fu u e s udies
should examine he po en ial o in eg a ing
echnological inno a ions like au oma ion and IoT o
be scaled up and iden i y he elemen s ha a ec
whe he a me s emb ace his echnology.
Conclusion
E o s in mi iga ing wa e sca ci y pa icula ly o
de eloping na ions add ess conse ing wa e ,
e icien use, cos sa ings in p oducing ice and
en i onmen al p o ec ion. P ac ices such as Al e na e
We ing and D ying (AWD) esponds he e ec s o
wa e sca ci y in e ms o ood, inancial and
en i onmen al secu i y, communi ies, and wa e .
Al e na e we ing and d ying (AWD) echnology is
highligh ed as a i al me hod o wa e conse a ion
in ag icul u e, pa icula ly in ice cul i a ion. S udies
emphasize i s mul iple ad an ages, such as enhanced
wa e e iciency, inc eased ice p oduc ion, and
economic p o i abili y. AWD op imizes esou ce
u iliza ion by augmen ing ice yields and ni ogen
e iciency while lessening he need o equen
i iga ion. Fu he mo e, i p omo es en i onmen ally
sound a ming by boos ing wa e p oduc i i y and
imp o ing ni ogen handling. Combining AWD wi h
o ganic soil condi ione s o e s signi ican bene i s,
including highe yields, economic bene i s, and a
lessened en i onmen al oo p in . Al hough
bene icial, ca e ul applica ion should be no ed
