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E ec s o on- a m seed p iming wi h zinc sul a e and u ea solu ions on
eme gence p ope ies, yield and yield componen s o h ee ain ed whea
cul i a s
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Annals o Biological Resea ch, 2012, 3 (10):4790-4796
(h p://schola s esea chlib a y.com/a chi e.h ml)
ISSN 0976-1233
CODEN (USA): ABRNBW
4790
Schola s Resea ch Lib a y
E ec s o on- a m seed p iming wi h zinc sul a e and u ea solu ions on
eme gence p ope ies, yield and yield componen s o h ee ain ed whea
cul i a s
Abou alebian M. A, G. Za e Ekba ani and A. Sepeh i
Dep . Ag onomy and Plan B eeding, Facul y o Ag icul u e, Uni e si y o Bu-Ali Sina,
Hamedan, I an
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
In o de o de e mine he e ec s o on- a m seed p iming by u ea and zinc solu ions on speed and pe cen age
eme gence, yield and yield componen s an expe imen was conduc ed in Hamedan in 2009. The o al amoun o
p ecipi a ion du ing he g owing season was 388.6 mm. Expe imen was ac o ial in a andomized comple e block
design wi h h ee eplica ions. Fi s ac o included h ee ain ed whea cul i a s (Sa da i, Aza 2 and Sa da i 39)
and second ac o included i e on- a m seed p iming ea men s (0.2% zinc sul a e solu ion, 0.9% u ea solu ion,
compound -zinc sul a e wi h u ea- solu ion, ap wa e and no p imed). Seeds soaking du a ion in all p iming
ea men s was 10 hou s. Resul s showed ha speed and pe cen age eme gence, numbe o ille s pe plan , numbe
o spikes pe squa e me e , 1000 g ains weigh , numbe o g ains pe spike, biological and g ain yields we e
a ec ed posi i ely by seed p iming. Among seed p iming ea men s, using zinc sul a e and hen compound solu ions
had g ea es e ec on all o ai s. G ain yield in zinc sul a e ea men (2320 kg/ha) was inc eased by 26.3%
compa ed o no p imed ea men (1837 kg/ha) because o highe speed and pe cen age eme gence and mo e ille s.
Sa da i and Sa da i 39 had g ea e yield han Aza 2 due o mo e ille s and spikes pe hei plan s.
Key wo ds: on- a m seed p iming, ain ed whea , u ea, zinc sul a e, eme gence, yield.
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
One o he majo p oblems in he p oduc ion o c ops, especially in d y and semi a id egions is poo es ablishmen
[26]. Rain ed whea yield di ec ly ela ed o ea ly seedling eme gence and apid s and es ablishmen [20].
In his ega d he e is a seed echnology which is called seed p iming wi h many ad an ages including help in
imp o ing speed o seed ge mina ion and ea ly seedling es ablishmen [24]. This echnology can inc ease he ange
o seed ge mina ion and eme gence unde s ess condi ions such as d ough [32], salini y [1], low and high
empe a u es [5,6].
One o he mos p ac ical and cheapes me hods o seed p iming is on- a m seed p iming using ap wa e [18,19].
Resea ch has shown ha on- a m seed p iming which consis s o soaking seeds in wa e (usually o e nigh ) hen
su ace d ying and plan ing he same day, esul ed in yield inc eases and has al eady been adop ed by housands o
esou ce-poo a me s o many c ops in many coun ies in bo h Asia and A ica [19]. Fu he mo e, seed p iming
Abou alebian M. A e al Annals o Biological Resea ch, 2012, 3 (10):4790-4796
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Schola s Resea ch Lib a y
can be used o o e come soil mic o- and mac o-nu ien de iciencies [3,17]. Das and Choudhu y (1996) epo ed
ha whea seed soaking in po assium hyd o phospha e (KH2PO4) monobasic enhanced ge mina ion, eme gence,
g ow h, and g ain yield. S udies by Ha is e al. (2001) showed hyd op imed seed in India, Nepal and Pakis an has
inc eased yield o whea by amoun 5 o 36 pe cen . Also Ha is e al. (2002) epo ed ha p iming in co n imp o ed
seedling es ablishmen , plan g ow h and caused ea lie lowe ing and inc easing yield. In hese plan s, inc eased
yield was a ibu ed o bo h p iming and zinc.
Since a wide ange o soils in he wo ld a e de icien in zinc, seed p iming combined wi h zinc elemen can be
e ec i e o he ea men o zinc de iciency in he soil. Resul s showed ha seed hyd op iming wi h zinc sul a e no
only inc eased weed compe i ion abili y o co n bu also inc eased i s g ain yield [18]. Heman a anjan and G ay
(1988) s a ed ha applica ion o i on and zinc in whea inc eased 1000 g ains weigh , numbe o g ains pe spike
and g ain yield due o he inc ease in lea es chlo ophyll and indole-3-ace ic acid (IAA). Cakmak (2008) epo ed
ha zinc has impo an ole in p o ec ing and s abilizing he s uc u e o cell memb anes. In ba ley, seed p iming
wi h zinc solu ion imp o ed seed ge mina ion and seedling igo index [2]. This indica es o impo an
physiological ole o zinc du ing ge mina ion p ocess [35].
Also he e a e s udies ha ha e ocused on he in luence ni ogen du ing seed p iming on speed eme gence, seedling
es ablishmen and yield inc ease [3,6]. I seems ha p o iding ni ogen du ing seed p iming causes o inc ease he
ge mina ion enzymes such as alpha-amylase (Sung and Chang, 1993). Bose and Pandy (2003) epo ed ha
p esoaking o ok a seeds in ni a e solu ion inc eased emb yo g ow h and seedling igo .
The aim o his s udy was o in es iga e he e ec o on- a m seed p iming wi h zinc sul a e and u ea solu ions on
seedling eme gence p ope ies, yield and yield componen s o h ee ain ed whea cul i a s in Hamedan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To s udy he e ec o on- a m seed p iming wi h wo nu ien solu ions (zinc sul a e and u ea) on eme gence
p ope ies, yield, yield componen s and ha es index o h ee ain ed whea cul i a s, an expe imen was conduc ed
a ag icul u e and na u al esou ces esea ch cen e o Hamedan (34.87
o
N, 48.54
o
E and 1757 m) in 2009. Annual
a e age p ecipi a ion o e he las 30 yea s ha e been epo ed 310 mm. De ails o he amoun o p ecipi a ion
du ing he g ow h mon hs can be seen in Tale 1. Soil was clay-loam wi h pH 8.3, ni ogen 0.05% and zinc 0.38 ppm.
The expe imen was ac o ial in a andomized comple e block design wi h h ee eplica ions. Fi s ac o included
h ee ain ed whea cul i a s (Sa da i, Aza 2 and Sa da i 39) and second ac o included i e on- a m seed p iming
ea men s (0.2% zinc sul a e solu ion, 0.9% u ea solu ion, compound -zinc sul a e wi h u ea- solu ion, ap wa e and
no p imed). Seeds soaking du a ion in all p iming ea men s was 10 hou s, ha was de e mined wi h a p elimina y
es o de e mining ime and solu ions concen a ion. Whea cul i a s we e p epa ed by ag icul u e d y land
esea ch ins i u e o Ke manshah.
Each plo was consis ed o 8 ows g own jus 5 m in leng h and ow spacing 20 cm. Plan ing densi y was 300 seeds
pe squa e me e . P imed o no p imed seeds we e disin ec ed wi h Vi awax ungicide be o e plan ing. Plan ing was
done by hand on Oc obe 11
h
. Acco ding o he esul s o soil es s, 150 and 50 kg/ha espec i ely iple
supe phospha e and u ea e ilize s was applied be o e plan ing.
In o de o measu e he speed and pe cen age eme gence a e s a ing seed eme gence (a e e ec i e ain all on
No embe 8
h
), once e e y h ee days o 20 days in a speci ied line, eme genced seedling we e coun ed o each
expe imen al uni . Angula con e sion (a csin √x) was used o no maling pe cen age o ge mina ion. Seedling
eme gence speed was calcula ed by using equa ion 1, [12]:
Equa ion1: Eme gence a e =
∑
∑
ni and di a e espec i ely numbe o eme genced seeds and he numbe o days om plan ing ime in i
h
coun ing.
A he end o he g owing season, o measu ing he yield o each plo , 2 squa e me e s was ha es ed. To measu e
he a e age numbe o ille s pe plan and yield componen s, 10 plan s o each plo we e used andomly. S a is ical
analysis was pe o med by using SAS and MSTATC s a is ical so wa es and he compa ison o means was
conduc ed by LSD (Leas Signi ican Di e ence) es a 5%.
Abou alebian M. A e al Annals o Biological Resea ch, 2012, 3 (10):4790-4796
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Eme gence speed and eme gence pe cen age
Acco ding o esul s o analysis o a iance (Table 2) only p iming ea men s had signi ican e ec a 1% on speed
and pe cen age eme gence. Inc eased ge mina ion a e in seeds o co n, ice, chickpea by p iming has also been
epo ed [19]. In p imed seed inc easing o bio-ene gy le el (ATP), inc easing o RNA and DNA syn hesis and
enhancemen o mi ochond ial pe o mance ha e been epo ed [14]. Among p iming ea men s, p iming wi h zinc
sul a e was supe io al hough o he p iming ea men s had highe speed and pe cen age eme gence han con ol (no
p imed) ea men (Table 3). Seed p iming wi h zinc sul a e inc eased speed and pe cen age eme gence by 35.7%
and 24.6% espec i ely. Naga e al. (1998) showed ha hyd op iming has inc eased pe cen and a e o co n
eme gence in a m. Gene ally p imed seeds especially wi h nu ien solu ion showed be e eme gence
cha ac e is ics. Mum az Khan e al., (2003) epo ed ha p imed seeds ha e mo e p o ein me abolism abili y. Also
in p imed seeds enzymes ac i i y inc eases such as es e ase, glyce ol 3- phospha e dehyd ogenase and alpha
amylase ha cause o inc ease me abolism o seed s o age ma e ials like ca bohyd a es, lipids and p o eins [25,42].
Rowse (2001) epo ed ha hyd op imed co n seeds had be e ge mina ion and es ablishmen due o educ ion in
ime o wa e abso p ion.
Zinc sul a e supe io i y is p obably due o zinc ole in p o ein syn hesis, cell memb ane unc ion and cell elonga ion
[10]. Also applica ion o u ea solu ion has been use ul hough no signi ican ly di e en om ap wa e . Guzman
and Ola e (2006) epo ed seed p iming by ni a e solu ion inc eased melon seeds igo . Acco ding o compound
ea men esul s, i can be concluded ha he use o zinc is mo e impo an han ni ogen in seed p iming o whea s.
Musa e al. (2001) epo ed ha on- a m seed p iming in chickpea caused inc easing o eme gence pe cen age
because o p iming.
Numbe o ille s pe plan
Resul s o he analysis o a iance (Table 2) shows ha p iming and cul i a e ec s sepa a ely a e signi ican a 1%
and 5% espec i ely on ille p oduc ion.
Acco ding o Table 3, seed p iming especially wi h zinc sul a e inc eased ille s pe plan compa ed o con ol.
Sha ma and Bandana (2003) epo ed ha seed p iming inc eased he numbe o whea spikes pe squa e me e
esul ed o inc easing he numbe o whea ille s. This ea u e can be use ul in he la e plan ing da es, because o
dec easing ille s in he la e plan ed whea (Shah e al., 1994). Sande and Eghbal (1999) explained ha dec eased
ille s due o delay in plan ing, limi s oo g ow h and nu ien s up ake. Thus, i appea s ha p iming ea men s can
cause be e oo de elopmen [31].
Also among whea cul i a s, Sa da i had mo e ille s al hough he e was no signi ican di e ence wi h Sa da i 39
(Table 4). Di e ence be ween cul i a s ille ing is likely due o gene ic di e ences.
Numbe o spikes pe squa e me e
As can be seen in Table 2, Bo h p iming and cul i a sepa a ely had signi ican e ec s on his ai a 1%. P iming
ea mens including zinc sul a e, compound (zinc + u ea), u ea solu ions and ap wa e inc eased numbe o spikes
pe squa e me e 18, 16.2, 12.6 and 8.7 pe cen espec i ely compa ing no p imed ea men (Table 3). Plan s
de i ed om p imed seeds be deployed as e [2,4]. These plan s de elop a oo sys em in sho e ime hus hey can
up ake wa e and nu ien elemen s e icien ly and each au o oph s age as soon as possible.
This s udy con i ms he esul s epo ed by Ha is e al. (2002). They s a ed ha zinc will a ec inc easing he
numbe o co n ea by inc easing he amoun o g ow h egula o s, helping o me abolism and ep oduc i e p ocess.
Also Ha is e al. (2001) obse ed ha o ma ion and e olu ion o he ea in p imed co n was signi ican ly
accele a ed. In his s udy Sa da i and Sa da i 39 cul i a s had highe spikes signi ican ly compa ing Aza 2 cul i a
(Table 4).
Numbe o spikele s pe spike
E ec s o seed p iming, cul i a and hei in e ac ion on he numbe o spikele s pe spike we e signi ican a 1%
(Table 2). Acco ding o Table 5, in Aza 2 and Sa da i 39 cul i a s, p iming wi h zinc sul a e and compound
solu ions espec i ely caused highes numbe o spikele s pe spike howe e in Sa da i cul i a seed p iming no
only did no inc ease his ai bu also dec eased i excep ap wa e p iming ea men . In coo dina ion wi h Aza 2
Abou alebian M. A e al Annals o Biological Resea ch, 2012, 3 (10):4790-4796
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4793
Schola s Resea ch Lib a y
cul i a esul , Khan e al., (2008) epo ed ha soil applica ion o zinc sul a e inc eased numbe o spikele s pe
spike. I seems o be p iming e ec on he numbe o spikele s pe spike in whea depends on ype o nu ien
solu ion and whea cul i a . Ha is e al. (2002) epo ed ha seed p iming is e ec i e on ep oduc i e de elopmen ,
and i can cause inc easing he po en ial numbe o g ain o ule ha is de e mined in he ea ly s ages o eme gence.
Numbe o g ains pe spikele
P iming ea men s did no ha e signi ican e ec on his ai and jus cul i a had signi ican e ec a 1% (Table 2).
I seems ha his ai is unde he con ol o plan gene ics [39]. Aza 2 cul i a had highes numbe o g ains pe
spikele among cul i a s, pe haps an a emp o compensa e o he lowe numbe o ille s and spikes gene a ed by
he o he wo cul i a s (Table 4).
Numbe o g ains pe spike
The numbe o g ains pe spike was imp essed by p iming and cul i a a 1% (Table 2). Means compa ison o
p iming e ec shows ha p iming wi h zinc sul a e, u ea, compound solu ions and ap wa e inc eased he numbe o
g ains pe spike by 18, 12.6, 16.2 and 8.7 pe cen espec i ely compa ed wi h con ol (Table 3). Also among
cul i a s, Aza 2, Sa da i and Sa da i 39 had espec i ely he highes o lowes numbe o g ains pe spike (Table 4).
The esul s indica e ha p iming ega dless nu ien elemen s has less e ec on his impo an ai . Less seed
o ma ion due o zinc de iciency ep esen s a c ucial ole o zinc in he de elopmen o he an he s and pollen
iabili y [29].
1000 g ains weigh
The esul s o analysis o a iance showed ha e ec o seed p iming and cul i a on he 1000 g ains weigh we e
signi ican a 1% (Table 2). Means compa ison o p iming e ec shows ha p iming wi h zinc sul a e, u ea,
compound solu ions and ap wa e inc eased he 1000 g ains weigh by 13.6, 6.2, 11.1 and 4.0 pe cen espec i ely
compa ed wi h con ol (Table 3). Bakh e al. (2010) epo ed ha p imed seeds p oduced la ge g ains. Also,
Fa ooq e al. (2006) epo ed p iming ice seeds be o e plan ing inc eased i s 1000 g ains weigh signi ican ly a
ha es ime. Kau e al. (2005) epo ed ha he sink ac i i ies was highe han con ol ea men in chickpea plan s
we e g own om hyd op imed seeds. Tha was de e mined h ough he mo e ac i i y o enzymes in ol ed in
suc ose me abolism ha caused yield and 1000 g ains weigh inc ease. Ha is e al. (2002) also epo ed seed weigh
inc easing by p iming e ec .
Acco ding o majo zinc ole in inc easing g ain weigh (Table 3), Yilmaz e al. (1997) epo ed ha zinc is an
impo an nu ien elemen ha mo i a e mo e pho osyn he ic assimila es o de eloping g ains in whea c op.
Among he s udied cul i a s, he highes and lowes seed weigh we e ela ed o Sa da i 39 and Aza 2 espec i ely
(Table 4).
Table 1: The amoun o p ecipi a ion du ing he g ow h mon hs (mm)
Oc obe No embe Decembe Janua y Feb ua y Ma ch Ap il May June July To al
1.3 115.3 40.2 5.5 46.8 45.5 54.3 75.3 4.4 0 388.6
G ain yield
Due o he esul s o analysis o a iance he main e ec s on g ain yield we e signi ican espec i ely a 1% and 5%
(Table 2). Means compa ison o p iming e ec shows ha p iming wi h zinc sul a e, u ea, compound solu ions and
ap wa e inc eased he g ain yield by 26.3, 16.9, 22.2 and 11.5 pe cen espec i ely compa ed wi h con ol (Table
3). Con ol ea men had no signi ican di e en wi h ap wa e ea men hen i can be concluded nu ien
elemen s especially zinc had a p i ileged ole in seed p iming p ocess. Ha is e al. (2007) epo ed ha seed
p iming wi h zinc sul a e and wa e alone inc eased he g ain yield o maize espec i ely 27% and 14% ha is
consis en wi h he esul s o his s udy. They concluded ha he con ibu ion o wa e alone and zinc con ibu ed
abou equally o he o e all inc ease. Also Ha is e al. (2005) epo ed 16% whea yield inc ease by on- a m seed
p iming wi h zinc sul a e solu ion. They s a ed his yield inc ease is due o he apid eme gence and ea ly lowe ing.
Also Rashid e al. (2004) epo ed ha hyd op iming o bean seeds du ing 8 hou s inc eased yield. Ghasemi e al.
(2008) showed ha hyd op iming inc eased yield and yield componen s h ough inc easing speed and pe cen age
eme gence. Bas ia e al. (1999) imp o ed he numbe o plan pe uni a ea, numbe o heads pe plan , numbe o
g ains pe plan s,1000 g ains weigh and yield o sa lowe by using seed hyd op iming ea men s and changing
plan ing da e.
Abou alebian M. A e al Annals o Biological Resea ch, 2012, 3 (10):4790-4796
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Schola s Resea ch Lib a y
Table 2: Analysis o a iance o cul i a and seed p iming on di e en p ope ies o ain ed whea s
(ns, *, ** : Non-signi ican , signi ican a he 5% and 1% p obabili y le els, espec i ely)
Table 3: Means compa ison o p iming ea men s on measu ed ai s
.
P iming T ea men s Eme gence Speed Eme gence Pe cen age
No Tille /Plan
No
Spike/m
2
No G ain/Spike
1000 G ains Weigh (g)
G ain Yield (kg/ha)
Biological Yield (kg/ha)
Zinc sul a e 0.057 89.5 3.4 392 22 36.7 2320 7706
U ea 0.048 82.1 2.9 374 20.5 34.3 2148 7044
Tap wa e 0.046 80.2 2.8 361 19.5 33.6 2049 6881
Compound (zinc + u ea) 0.053 86.2 3.1 386 21.5 35.9 2246 7249
Con ol (no p imed) 0.042 71.8 2.7 332 18.1 32.3 1837 6225
LSD
(0.05)
0.003
4.2
0.2
26
1.4
2.8
224
403
Table 4: Means compa ison o cul i a s on measu ed ai s
Whea Cul i a s No Tille /Plan
No
Spike/m2
No G ain/Spikele
No G ain/Spike
1000 G ains Weigh (g)
G ain Yield (kg/ha)
Biological Yield (kg/ha) Ha es index (%)
Aza 2 2.8 343 2.05 23.5 31.1 1774 6512 27.4
Sa da i
3
.1
383
1.59
19.4
33.4
1936
7705
25.8
Sa da i 39 3.0 381 1.75 18.6 40.3 2011 6810 29.9
LSD
(0.05)
0.2 34 0.26 0.7 2.1 146 274 2.7
Table 5: Means compa ison o p iming and cul i a in e ac ions on numbe o spikele pe spike (LSD
0.05
=0.76)
P iming T ea men s Whea Cul i a
Aza 2 Sa da i Sa da i 39
Zinc sul a e 12.43 12.08 11.07
U ea 11.62 12.46 11.31
Tap wa e
10.91
13.10
10.02
Compound (zinc + u ea) 11.92 12.00 12.11
Con ol (no p imed) 10.44 13.00 9.51
Mean Squa es
S.O.V d Eme gence
Speed
Eme gence
Pe cen age
No
Tille /Plan
No
Spike/m
2
No
Spikele /Spike
No
G ain
/Spikele
No
G ain
/Spike
1000 G ains
Weigh
G ain Yield
Biological
Yield Ha es
index
Replica ion 2 0.000003
ns
74.38
ns
0.152
ns
874.4
ns
5.5
**
0.44
**
9.3
**
81.8
**
52470.8
ns
58696.8
ns
0.0004
ns
P iming 4 0.0002
**
395.18
**
0.549
**
5593.1
**
1.4
**
0.034
ns
22.1
**
29.23
**
331043.6
**
2924381.4
**
0.0005
ns
Cul i a 2 0.00002
ns
26.87
ns
0.078
*
8068.1
**
11.4
**
0.835
**
95.07
**
349.07
**
383801.8
*
3913917.3
**
0.006
**
P iming*Cul i a 8 0.0000006
ns
7.93
ns
0.027
ns
203.1
ns
1.6
**
0.036
ns
0.311
ns
0.32
ns
25711.4
ns
628594.7
ns
0.001
ns
E o
28
0.
000009
27.33
0.022
725.06
0.29
0.029
1.15
1.78
74550.5
289549.6
0.001
C.V. (%) - 6.13 6.37 4.97 7.29 4.74 9.71
5.23 3.85 12.16 6.28 12.83
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4795
Schola s Resea ch Lib a y
Seed p iming can inc ease he yield o ha es ed whea , co n and co on in he sub opical egions. This inc easing is
unc ion o plan ype, cul i a , en i onmen al condi ions and ype o used p iming ea men [34].
Sa da i 39 cul i a wi hou signi ican di e ence wi h Sa da i cul i a had maximum g ain yield (2011 kg/ha) and
Aza 2 wi h 1774 kg/ha g ain yield was he las (Table 4).
Biological yield and ha es index
Acco ding o esul s o analysis o a iance (Table 2) bo h p iming and cul i a we e signi ican a 1% on biological
yield and ha es index only a ec ed by cul i a a 1% . Means compa ison o p iming e ec on biological yield
shows ha p iming wi h zinc sul a e, u ea, compound solu ions and ap wa e inc eased i by 23.7, 13.1, 16.4 and
10.5 pe cen espec i ely compa ed wi h con ol (Table 3). These esul s a e simila o he esul s o g ain yield
howe e he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween con ol and ap wa e ea men s.
Despi e he biological yield o Sa da i 39 is less han Sa da i bu i s g ain yield is e en mo e bu no signi ican
(Table 4). The answe is ha Sa da i 39 cul i a has a signi ican g ea e ha es index (Table 4).
In his s udy ha es index was no a ec ed by p iming ea men (Table 2). Ha is e al. (2008) also epo ed whea
seed p iming wi h wa e and zinc sul a e inc eased g ain yield and o al d y ma e howe e ha es index did no
ha e any inc easing bu Bakh e al. (2010) epo ed ha ha es index was inc eased by p iming.
CONCLUSION
In gene al, on- a m seed p iming o ain ed whea cul i a s wi h zinc sul a e pa icula ly in he zinc- de icien soils
can inc ease g ain yields by inc easing eme gence speed and pe cen age and imp o ing ille ing abili y wi h he
lowes possible cos .
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