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Cha ac e isa ion o bioecological ai s o aqua ic
mac oin e eb a es in some ag o-pas o al Dams in Tchologo
(I o y Coas )
Be é Siaka
1
,
Aimé
Louis S e ens
*2
,
Kouya é Kassoum
3
1
Biosciences UFR, Labo a o y o
Na u al En i onmen
and
Conse a ion
o
Biodi e si y
,
Felix Houphouë -Boigny Uni e si y, Abidjan, I o y Coas
2Medical and Ve e ina y En omology Cen e , Alassane Oua a a Uni e si y, Bouaké, I o y Coas
3UFR Science e Technology, Alassane Oua a a Uni e si y, Bouaké, I o y Coas
A icle published on June 05, 2025
Key wo ds:
Aqua ic mac oin e eb a es, Bioecological ai s,
Dams, I o y Coas
Abs ac
Global index me hods based on aqua ic mac oin e eb a es a e commonly used in bioindica ion. Howe e , hese
global index me hods canno be used o diagnose he eal causes o deg ada ion. This s udy he e o e aims o
in eg a e ecen heo e ical ad ances linking he bioecological s a egies o o ganisms (maximum size, li e cycle,
ood ype, eeding mode, espi a ion and locomo ion) o dis u bances in hei en i onmen . Fi e (05) ese oi s
we e isi ed. Sampling ook place om June 2016 o June 2018. A o al o 68 axa we e iden i ied, di ided in o
35 amilies, 11 o de s and 3 classes (Achae es, Gas opods and Insec s). The analysis o he bioecological
cha ac e is ics o mac oin e eb a es in he aqua ic en i onmen s o he hyd osys ems s udied in he no h o
Cô e d'I oi e showed ha The To la, Ko oka a, Noumousso and Mambiadougou dams would be cha ac e is ic o
esilience wi h small o ganisms, sho li e cycle and egumen a y espi a ion, whe eas he Sambakaha s a ion
would be cha ac e is ic o esis ance wi h small o ganisms, sho li e cycle and ae ial espi a ion.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Aimé Louis S e ens loiuss e @yahoo.
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 26, No. 6, p. 66-73, 2025
h p://www.innspub.ne
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In oduc ion
Aqua ic mac oin e eb a es a e o ganisms isible o
he naked eye (la ge han 0.5 mm) ha spend a leas
pa o hei li e cycle in wa e . Aqua ic
mac oin e eb a es a e he sou ce o many bio ic
indices, mos o which a e based on he abundance o
ichness o a numbe o indica o axonomic g oups
(Tache e al., 2010). These bio ic indices p o ide a
much mo e accu a e pic u e o he in eg i y o an
ecosys em (Tenkiano, 2017). Howe e , acco ding o
(A chaimbaul e al., 2010), non- axonomic measu es
such as biological and ecological ai s can also
p o ide a weal h o in o ma ion. In ac , biological
and ecological ai s b ing oge he all he quali a i e
and quan i a i e in o ma ion ela ed o he biology o
o ganisms and hei ela ionships wi h he
en i onmen . This means ha he bio-ecological ai
app oach p o ides a mo e comp ehensi e pic u e
han he adi ional axonomy-based app oach and
allows o a be e unde s anding o ecosys em
unc ioning (B emne , 2008). As well as ha ing he
po en ial o iden i y an h opogenic dis u bances and
disc imina e be ween di e en ypes o pollu ion, bio-
ecological ai s do no equi e la ge ield app oach o
labo a o y equipmen (K a, 2020). The aim o his
s udy is o de e mine he bioecological cha ac e is ics
o mac oin e eb a es in a numbe o dams in he
no h o I o y Coas .
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy si es
The dams s udied a e loca ed in he no h o I o y
Coas in he Tchologo egion, speci ically a
Ouangolodougou and Fe kessédougou. This egion
has a sub opical clima e. These wo clima es ha e
wo seasons : a d y season om No embe o Ma ch
and a ainy season om Ap il o Oc obe (Aime,
2022). The hyd ological egime in he no h is
cha ac e ised by a single lood (Augus o Oc obe ), a
low wa e pe iod in No embe , June and July, e y
li le un-o in he mon hs p eceding he high wa e
pe iod (Ap il and May) and a e y p onounced low
wa e pe iod wi h e y li le un-o (Decembe ) o
none a all (Janua y, Feb ua y and Ma ch) (Goula,
2006). To ca y ou his wo k, i e (05) ag o-pas o al
dams we e selec ed in he Tchologo egion o
no he n I o y Coas (Fig. 1). These dams a e To la,
Mambiadougou, Ko oka a, Noumousso in he
depa men o Ouangolodougou and Sambakaha in
he depa men o Fe kessédougou. The c i e ia used
o selec hese s a ions we e he pe enniali y o he
wa e , he accessibili y o he s a ion in all seasons,
he di e si y o habi a s and he a ailabili y o
esou ces.
Fig. 1.
Geog aphical loca ion o s udy si es and
sampling s a ions om June 2016 o June 2018
Da a collec ion
The di e en sampling campaigns we e ca ied ou
be ween June 2016 and June 2018. Aqua ic
mac oin e eb a e samples we e collec ed using a
Van Veen bucke and sie e. The samples we e washed
and ixed wi h 5% o maldehyde in labelled ja s. In
he labo a o y, o ganisms we e so ed, iden i ied o
he lowes axonomic le el using iden i ica ion books
(Du and e Lé êque, 1980 ; Dejoux e al., 1981 ; Moo
and Day, 2002 ; Moisan, 2010) hen coun ed.
Da a p ocessing
Bioecological ai s a e a iables ha desc ibe he
biological and ecological po en ial o axa (S a zne and
Bêche, 2010). The use o bioecological ai s in aqua ic
mac oin e eb a es o assess wa e quali y is
independen o seasonal condi ions (Cha e , 1999). To
assess wa e quali y on he basis o bioecological, he i s
s ep is o selec he bioecological ai s. Thus, om he
22 bioecological ai s desc ibed by Tache e al. (2010),
06 ai s comp ising 39 modali ies we e selec ed o his
s udy based on he a ailabili y o a p io i p edic ions in
J. Bio. &
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he li e a u e (K a, 2020). These a e maximum size, li e
cycle, ood ype, eeding mode, espi a ion and
locomo ion mode (Table 1) (K a, 2020).
Table 1. Bioecological ai s o selec ed aqua ic
mac oin e eb a es and hei co esponding
modali ies (= ca ego y)
T ai s
Codes
Modali es
1
-
Maximum size
(mm)
TM1
˂
2,5
TM2
2,5
-
5
TM3
5
-
10
TM4
10
-
20
TM5
20
-
40
TM6
40
-
80
TM7
>
80
2
-
Li e cycle
(du a ion)
CV1
≤ 1 yea
CV2
> 1
yea
3
-
Type o ood
TN1
ine sedimen + mic o
-
o ganisms
TN2
Plan deb is
˂
1
mm
TN3
plan deb is
˃
1
mm
TN4
li e mic ophy es
TN5
mac ophy es
i an s
TN6
dead animals
˃
1
mm
TN7
mic oin e éb és
i an s
TN8
li ing mac oin e eb a es
TN9
e eb a es
4
-
Feeding
mode
MA1
abso p ion h ough he
in egumen s
MA2
hin sedimen ea e
MA3
sh edde
MA4
sc ape ,
g aze
MA5
il e
-
eeding
MA6
bu gla (algi o e o sucke
p eda o )
MA7
p eda o
(Cu o swallow)
MA8
pa asi e
5
-
Respi a ion
RP1
in egumen s
RP2
b anchia
RP3
plas on
RP4
s igma a
(ae ial espi a ion)
RP5
hyd os a ic esicle
6
-
Mode o
locomo ion
LO1
lying
LO2
su ace swimme
LO3
Pelagic Swimme (plank on,
nek on)
LO4
ampan
LO5
digge
(épiben hic
)
LO6
endoben hic
(in e s i ial)
LO7
empo a y ixa ion
LO8
pe manen ixa ion
Fuzzy coding was hen used o code he bioecological
ai s o he axa. Fuzzy coding makes i possible o
assign o he di e en axa encoun e ed a alue ha
quan i ies he a ini y o hese axa o he di e en
modali ies o a gi en bioecological ai (Che ene e
al., 1994). Fo each axon, an a ini y sco e is assigned
o each o he modali ies o a gi en ai . This a ini y
sco e can be di ided in o ou [0-3] o six [0-5] le els
and p o ides an es ima e o he ac ual equency o
use o he modali y by he axon. Acco ding o
Che ene e al. (1994) each a ini y le el can be gi en
a e bal meaning, e.g. o a coding wi h ou a ini y
le els he nume ical ansla ions (a bi a y) a e 0 =
'ne e ', 1 = 'some imes', 2 = 'o en' and 3 = 'gene ally'.
The choice o he numbe o a ini y le els used o
code a axon depends on he numbe o ca ego ies
de ined wi hin he desc ibed cha ac e and he
unde lying biological complexi y.
Taxonomic abundances a e hen coupled wi h
bioecological ai s o p oduce a equency
dis ibu ion o modali ies (Tache , 2010). Fo his
pu pose, a da abase o axon abundances pe s a ion
was cons uc ed. The lis ed axa we e hen coded in a
second da abase using an a ini y sco e acco ding o
Tache (2010). The linkage in ol ed mul iplying he
a ini ies o he cha ac e modali ies by he
abundance o each axon pe s a ion. Fo each s a ion,
he sums ob ained o he di e en ai modali ies
can be exp essed as a equency dis ibu ion. This
equency dis ibu ion is p esen ed g aphically.
Finally, an analysis o he equency dis ibu ion o
bioecological ai modali ies was ca ied ou o
p o ide a diagnosis o he ecological s a us o he
en i onmen (Tache , 2010). The analysis o he
dis ibu ion o ela i e equencies o bioecological
ai modali ies was ca ied ou using he me hod o
Tache (2010). This me hod cha ac e ises he
en i onmen by he equency o he highes modali y
o a gi en ai .
Resul s
Global analysis o abundance
Analysis o he axonomic composi ion o all
s a ions in he no h e ealed 68 axa in 35
amilies, 11 o de s and 3 classes (Achae es,
Gas opoda, Insec s). A o al o 2628 aqua ic
mac oin e eb a es we e collec ed om all s a ions
in he no h. Mos o hese o ganisms we e
collec ed a he Ko oka a s a ion (45%) (Fig. 2).
Insec s we e he mos abundan aqua ic
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mac oin e eb a es in he no he n s udy a ea.
They ep esen 98.15% o he samples. They a e
ollowed by gas opods (1.56%) and achae e
(0.29%) (Fig. 3).
Fig. 2.
Rela i e abundance o aqua ic
mac oin e eb a es collec ed a he di e en sampling
s a ions in he no he n zone o I o y Coas s udied
Fig. 3.
Rela i e abundances o main aqua ic
mac oin e eb a e classes collec ed in he no he n
zone o I o y Coas
F equency dis ibu ion o bioecological ai s in
aqua ic mac oin e eb a es in cen al i o y coas
O ganisms in he size class [10-20] mm (TM4)
domina e a all no he n s a ions. Howe e , he
equency alue o he [10-20] mm size class (TM4)
is highes a he Mambiadougou s a ion (Fig. 4A).
O ganisms wi h a li e cycle o less han one (1) yea
(CV1) a e ela i ely dominan in he no he n
sampling s a ions, excep a Sambakaha s a ion whe e
o ganisms wi h a li e cycle o mo e han one (1) yea
(CV2) domina e (Fig. 4B). In e ms o ood ype (TN),
o ganisms consuming de i us smalle han 1 mm
(TN2) domina ed a To la, Ko oka a, Noumousso and
Mambiadougou s a ions. On he o he hand, a he
Sambakaha s a ion, o ganisms consuming li e
mac oin e eb a es (TN8) domina ed (Fig. 4C). In
e ms o eeding mode, o ganisms eeding on ine
sedimen s (MA2) domina ed a To la, Ko oka a,
Noumousso and Mambiadougou s a ions. In con as
o he o he no he n s a ions, c ushing o ganisms
(MA3) domina e a Sambakaha (Fig. 4D). In e ms o
espi a ion, egumen-b ea hing o ganisms (RP1)
domina e a To la, Ko oka a, Noumousso and
Mambiadougou s a ions. In e ms o locomo ion,
c awling o ganisms (LO4) domina e he aqua ic
mac oin e eb a e communi ies a he To la,
Ko oka a, Noumousso and Mambiadougou s a ions,
whe eas open-wa e swimme s (LO3) a e in he
majo i y a he Sambakaha s a ion (Fig. 4F).
Fig. 4.
F equency dis ibu ion o modali ies o he six (6) bioecological ai s o aqua ic mac oin e eb a es
a
s a ions in no he n I o y Coas : A= Maximum size (TM); B= Li e cycle (CV); C= Type o ood (TN); D= Mode o
eeding (MA); E= Respi a ion (RP); F= Mode o locomo ion (LO); See able page o modali y codes
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Discussion
The aim o he s udy o he aqua ic mac oin e eb a e
popula ion o a numbe o dams in he cen e is o
de e mine he quali y o hei wa e on he basis o
bio-ecological cha ac e is ics. O ganisms be ween
[10-20] mm (TM4) domina e a he To la, Ko oka a,
Noumousso, Mambiadougou and Sambakaha. In
addi ion, he aqua ic mac oin e eb a es collec ed a
all dams consis ed mainly o small o ganisms
(maximum size <40 mm). Acco ding o K a (2020),
la ge o ganisms ange in size om 40 mm o 80 mm
o mo e. The small size o aqua ic mac oin e eb a es
in all he dams is a ibu ed o s ong an h opogenic
p essu e. Tape (2020) made he same obse a ion in
he u ban ese oi s o Yamoussouk o. He s essed
ha he aqua ic mac oin e eb a es collec ed we e
mainly small o ganisms due o he high
an h opogenic p essu e ha hese u ban lakes a e
subjec ed o. The analysis o cha ac e is ics ela ed o
mobili y e ealed a dominance o c awling o ganisms
(LO4) a he Ko oka a, Noumousso and
Mambiadougou s a ions. This mode o mo emen
acili a es he sea ch o shel e and ecoloniza ion
(Nie o e al., 2017). These o ganisms could he e o e
ha e e ugia away om dis u bed a eas (K a, 2020).
Howe e , a he Sambakaha s a ion, he majo i y o
o ganisms mo e in open wa e (LO3). This ype o
mo emen would equi e dissol ed oxygen. In his
s udy o Lake Kodjoboué (Cô e d'I oi e), Cha e
(1999) showed ha dissol ed oxygen is signi ican ly
associa ed wi h he LO3 modali y (swimming in open
wa e ). The dominance o egumen-b ea hing
o ganisms (RP1) a he To la, Ko oka a, Noumousso,
and Mambiadougou s a ions e ec i ely con i ms ha
hese ese oi s a e s ongly a ec ed by o ganic
pollu ion. Fu he mo e, he p eponde ance o
o ganisms wi h egumen a y espi a ion would
indica e a s ong dis u bance (K a, 2020). Simila
obse a ions we e made by Feio and Dolédec (2012),
who associa ed egumen a y espi a ion wi h high
o ganic pollu ion. Fu he mo e, he dominance o ai -
b ea hing o ganisms (RP4) a he Sambakaha s a ion
may be due o esis ance o he e ec s o
an h opogenic ac i i ies. Indeed, esis ance ai s
allow o ganisms o wi hs and he e ec s o a complex
se o ha m ul o e en le hal ac o s ha occu du ing
an un a ou able pe iod (Calapez e al., 2018). A all
si es he o ganisms a e sho -li ed (li e cycle <1 yea )
(CV1) excep a Sambakaha s a ion, whe e o ganisms
a e long-li ed (li e cycle >1 yea ) (CV2). The esul s
ob ained a To la, Ko oka a, Noumousso and
Mambiadougou a e cha ac e is ic o esilience. In
ac , sho li e cycles a e also an ad an age o
ecoloniza ion o e ugia in dis u bed en i onmen s,
hus p omo ing g ea e esilience o pollu ion (Snook
and Milne , 2002). In he case o he Sambakaha
dam, he long li espan o he o ganisms obse ed
would be cha ac e is ic o esis ance due o he
cons ancy o he habi a s. In ac , mo e cons an
habi a s should suppo long-li ed species ha can
ha e mul iple ep oduc i e episodes and a e he e o e
cha ac e is ic o esis ance (Townsend and Hild ew,
1994). Food ype (TN) and eeding mode (MA) a e
wo insepa able a iables (Cha e e al., 2000). The
impo ance o he ine sedimen eede s (MA2) in he
To la, Ko oka a, Noumousso and Mambiadougou
s a ions a e due o he ac ha all his dam would be
e y exposed o inpu s o was ewa e and uno ich
in o ganic ma e . On he o he hand, in he
Sambakaha s a ion, he dominance o sh edde s
(MA3) would be linked o he a ailabili y o li e
mac ophy es (TN5); li e mac oin e eb a es (TN8).
S udies in Guinean i e s ha e sugges ed ha he
densi y o sh edde s is con olled by he a ailabili y o
o ganic ma e (Tenkiano, 2017). In sho , he To la,
Ko oka a, Noumousso a e Mambiadougou dams a e
cha ac e is ically esilien , wi h small o ganisms,
sho li e cycles and egumen a y espi a ion. The
co esponding axa a e mainly snails and bi al es
(K a, 2020). In addi ion, he Sambakaha s a ion
would be cha ac e is ic o esis ance wi h o ganisms
o small size, sho li e cycle and ae ial espi a ion.
The ele an axa a e He e op e a and Coleop e a
(K a, 2020).
The aqua ic mac oin e eb a es collec ed in he
ese oi s s udied a he cen e comp ise 68 axa in
35 amilies, 11 o de s and 3 classes (Achae es,
Gas opoda, Insec s). The numbe o axa ob ained is
highe han he 55 axa collec ed by Yapo e al.
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(2020). in he wo Ko hogo dam lakes. This
di e ence is due o he sampling pe iod. The
collec ion o aqua ic mac oin e eb a es in he wo
Ko hogo dam lakes was ca ied ou om Janua y o
Ma ch 2020, which co esponds o he d y season.
Howe e , he p esen s udy was ca ied ou du ing
bo h seasons (d y and ainy). The aunal composi ion
o he aqua ic mac oin e eb a es p esen in ou
s udy co esponds in gene al o ha o A ican
eshwa e s and in pa icula o ha o Wes A ica
(Sa e al., 2011; Yapo e al., 2012; Sanogo e al.,
2014). The axonomic composi ion showed ha
insec s ep esen ed 98.15% o he axonomic ichness
ob ained a he cen e . This dominance o insec s is
due o he ac ha hey ep esen almos 95% o he
o ganisms p esen in aqua ic en i onmen s (Gagnon
and Pedneau, 2006). In addi ion, he sho li e cycle
o insec s, wi h se e al gene a ions pe yea , gi es
hem an excep ional capaci y o adap (Casa and
Pincebou de, 2017). Some au ho s (Edia, 2008;
Cama a, 2013). ha e also no ed he high p opo ion o
insec s in he wa e ways o opical A ica.
Conclusion
This s udy enabled he bioecological cha ac e is ics o
a numbe o dams in no he n I o y Cos o be
de e mined. The To la, Ko oka a, Noumousso,
Mambiadougou and Kongobo dams would be
cha ac e is ic o esis ance wi h o ganisms o small
size, sho li e cycle and egumen a y espi a ion. On
he o he hand, he Sambakaha s a ion would be
cha ac e is ic o esis ance wi h small o ganisms,
sho li e cycle and ae ial espi a ion. The aqua ic
mac oin e eb a es collec ed om he dams s udied
in he no h comp ise 68 axa, 35 amilies, 11 o de s
and 3 classes (Achae es, Gas opods and Insec s) wi h
an abundance o insec s.
Recommenda ion(s)
Al hough hese esul s we e ob ained om a small
numbe o si es, hey a e p omising. This app oach
he e o e dese es o be u he de eloped in o de
o make be e use o i , as i s obus ness has al eady
been demons a ed in se e al s udies. i s obus ness
has al eady been demons a ed in se e al s udies.
To ind ou mo e abou he bio-ecological ai
app oach, we need o: (1) Con inue o accumula e
knowledge on he ecology o mac oin e eb a e
species in I o ian hyd osys ems by Deepen and
ex end his s udy o o he bioecological ai s
( ophic le el, ep oduc ion, e c.) in o de o
es ablish o he diagnoses on he causes o he
deg ada ion o hese ecosys ems. (2) Deepen and
ex end his s udy o o he bio-ecological ai s
( ophic le el, ep oduc ion, e c.) in o de o
es ablish o he diagnoses on he o igin o he
deg ada ion o hese hyd osys ems; (3) To ca y ou
ecological esea ch ocusing on he biology o
species ound in I o ian hyd osys ems in o de o
make ull use o his app oach in he managemen o
wa e esou ces. wa e esou ces.
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