8 Danish Scien i ic Jou nal No100, 2025
CHEMICAL SCIENCES
SACCHARIDE COMPOSITION OF THE AERIAL PART OF THE PLANT HELIOTROPIUM
LASIOCARPUM
Omono a S.
Dok o an (PhD) o he Kokand S a e Uni e si y,
Ma chano A.
doc o o Chemical Sciences,p o esso o he Tashken bioo ganic
Khujae V.
doc o o Chemical Sciences, p o esso o he Kokand S a e Uni e si y,
A ipo a S.
doc o o Chemical Sciences, p o esso , o he Ins i u e o Plan Chemis y o he Academy o Sciences o
he Republic o Uzbekis an,
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17249778
Abs ac
This s udy in es iga es he saccha ide composi iono he ae ial pa s o Helio opium lasioca pum g owing
in he Fe gana Valley, Uzbekis an. Th ough sequen ial ex ac ion, wa e -soluble polysaccha ides, pec ic sub-
s ances, and hemicelluloses we e isola ed om he plan ma e ial. The yield, physicochemical p ope ies, solubil-
i y, iscosi y, and monosaccha ide composi ion o each ac ion we e de e mined. Ch oma og aphic analysis e-
ealed glucose, galac ose, a abinose, and hamnose as he p edominan monosaccha ides. IR spec oscopy con-
i med he p esence o es e g oups, u onic acids, and a ious glycosidic linkages, indica ing ha he isola ed
compounds belong o ca boxypolysaccha ides. The esul s con ibu e o he unde s anding o he chemical com-
posi ion o Helio opium species and highligh hei po en ial pha macological alue. These indings may se e as
a ounda ion o u he biochemical and pha macological s udies, as well as o he de elopmen o biologically
ac i e subs ances wi h p ac ical applica ions in pha macy and medicine.
Keywo ds: Helio opium lasioca pum, ca bohyd a es, polysaccha ides, pec ic subs ances, hemicelluloses,
monosaccha ide composi ion.
In oduc ion. The s udy o ca bohyd a e compo-
si ion in plan s has signi ican implica ions o unde -
s anding hei biochemical p ope ies, nu i ional alue,
and po en ial medicinal applica ions. Helio opium la-
sioca pum is a species widely dis ibu ed in [ e-
gion/coun y], and i s ae ial pa s ha e been adi ion-
ally used in olk medicine. Despi e he adi ional
knowledge, comp ehensi e s udies on he saccha ide
p o ile o his plan emain limi ed. Ca bohyd a es play
a i al ole in plan me abolism, ac ing as ene gy
sou ces and s uc u al componen s. Mo eo e , he iden-
i ica ion o speci ic saccha ides can p o ide insigh s
in o he plan ’s physiological s a e and i s adap a ion
mechanisms o en i onmen al condi ions. P e ious
s udies ha e p ima ily ocused on gene al phy ochemi-
cal sc eening, lea ing a gap in de ailed saccha ide cha -
ac e iza ion. The e o e, his s udy aims o de e mine he
ca bohyd a e composi ion o he ae ial pa o Helio o-
pium lasioca pum, using mode n analy ical echniques.
By p o iding de ailed saccha ide p o iling, he esea ch
con ibu es o he unde s anding o he plan ’s chemical
p ope ies and i s po en ial applica ions in pha maceu-
icals and nu i ion.
The objec i e o his s udyis o in es iga e a i-
ous polysaccha ides om he ae ial pa o Helio opi-
umlasioca pum,collec ed in he Namangan egion o
he Fe gana Valley nea he illage o Mingbulok, and
o de e mine hei physicochemical p ope ies and
monosaccha ide composi ion.
The ca bohyd a e complex—wa e -soluble poly-
saccha ides (WSP), pec ic subs ances (PV), and hemi-
celluloses om he ae ial pa o H. lasioca pum—we e
ex ac ed acco ding o a well-es ablished me hod [7].
Le e a u e Re iew : Li e a u e Re iew
P e ious esea ch on Helio opium lasioca pum
has p ima ily concen a ed on i s gene al phy ochemi-
cal p ope ies, including he iden i ica ion o alkaloids,
la onoids, and phenolic compounds. Howe e , s udies
speci ically ocusing on i s ca bohyd a e composi ion
emain sca ce. Ca bohyd a es, being essen ial me abo-
li es, no only se e as ene gy sou ces bu also play c u-
cial oles in plan s uc u e and physiological unc ions.
Se e al analy ical me hods ha e been applied in
he s udy o plan saccha ides, such as high-pe o -
mance liquid ch oma og aphy (HPLC), gas ch oma og-
aphy (GC), and colo ime ic assays. These echniques
enable accu a e quan i ica ion and p o iling o mono-
saccha ides, oligosaccha ides, and polysaccha ides,
p o iding de ailed insigh in o he plan ’s chemical
makeup. Fo ins ance, s udies on ela ed species in he
genus Helio opium ha e demons a ed he p esence o
glucose, uc ose, and suc ose as p edominan suga s,
sugges ing ha simila p o iles migh be expec ed in E.
lasioca pum.
Discussion o Resul s
The aw ma e ial (ae ial pa ) was ex ac ed wi h
boiling (82 ℃) e hyl alcohol, and alcohol-soluble sug-
a s (ASS) we e isola ed, which ch oma og aphic anal-
ysis iden i ied as uc ose and suc ose. Subsequen ly,
Danish Scien i ic Jou nal No100, 2025 9
ex ac ion wi h cold and ho wa e yielded WSP–x and
WSP–g; pec ic subs ances we e ob ained using a mix-
u e o oxalic acid and ammonium oxala e, and hemi-
celluloses we e ex ac ed wi h a 5% NaOH solu ion.
Polysaccha ides om he ex ac s we e p ecipi a ed
wi h alcohol. The ca bohyd a e con en in H. lasio-
ca pumis p esen ed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Yield o polysaccha ides om he ae ial pa o H. lasioca pumand hei monosaccha ide composi ion
Type
PV
Yield,
%
Monosaccha ide esidue a io, GC
UA, %
Gal
Glc
A a
Man
Xyl
Rha
Ae ialpa
WSP
PV
CMC
6.2
5.0
4.3
3.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
3.5
2.5
2.7
-
-
-
1.0
e c.
5.0
3.0
1.5
2.0
22
43
50
As shown in Table 1, he p incipal monosaccha-
ides a e glucose, galac ose, a abinose, and hamnose.
The isola ed polysaccha ides (PS) we e ligh c eam-
colo ed powde s.
WSP and PV a e amo phous powde s, highly sol-
uble in wa e , o ming iscous solu ions ( ela i e is-
cosi y 3.6–5.1 mg/dL).
WSP om he ae ial pa was ob ained by cold wa-
e ex ac ion ollowed by pu i ica ion wi h Fehling's
solu ion. The monosaccha ide composi ion o he pu i-
ied polysaccha ide comp ised a abinose, glucose, and
galac ose.
The pec ic subs ances appea ed as powde s o a
c eamy colo wi h a yellowish hue. The pec ic sub-
s ances we e cha ac e ized by a high con en o a abi-
nose, galac ose, glucose, and ace amoun s o xylose.
In he hyd olysa es o he pec ic subs ances, galac-
u onic acid was p esen alongside neu al monosaccha-
ides. Acco ding o i ime ic analysis, he pec ins a e
classi ied as low-es e i ied, wi h a deg ee o es e i ica-
ion o 28.0% (Table 2) [8].
Table 2.
Physical pa ame e s o PV om he ae ial pa H. lasioca pum
Typeo PS
Ti ime icindica o s, %
Kx
Ke
Ko
SE, λ
PV
4.8
12.3
17.1
28.0
In mos cases, he p ope ies o high-molecula -
weigh subs ances, such as polysaccha ides, a e de e -
mined by hei iscosi y, which a ec s hei swelling
and solubili y. Acco ding o he ob ained esul s, he
iscosi y o pec ic subs ances (PV) is se e al imes
highe han ha o wa e -soluble polysaccha ides
(WSP) and hemicelluloses (CMC). Expe imen al and
calcula ed da a a e p esen ed in Table 3.
Table 3.
Viscosi y o aqueous solu ions o WSP, PV, and CMC isola ed om he ae ial pa o H. lasioca pum
Typeo PS
Conc.
C, %
Flow ime , s
el
sp
p
Con ol (H2O)
-
27
-
-
-
WSP
1
97.2
3.6
2.6
2.6
PV
1
137.7
5.1
4.1
4.1
CMC
1
62.1
2.3
1.3
1.3
IR spec um o wa e -soluble polysaccha ides
(WSP).
Ae ial pa o H. lasioca pum.
Abso p ion bands obse ed in he IR spec um o
WSP also indica e ha he analyzed subs ance belongs
o ca boxypolysaccha ides.
A b oad and in ense abso p ion band a 3305 cm-1
indica es he p esence o nume ous OH g oups in he
polysaccha ide. A low-in ensi y abso p ion band a
2977 cm-1 co esponds o CH g oups. Ca boxypolysac-
cha ides a e cha ac e ized by he p esence o ionized
ca boxyl g oups (COO-), coo dina ed wi h me als,
which is mani es ed in he IR spec um by abso p ion
bands a 1575 and 1405 cm-1.
The subsequen g oup o abso p ion bands a 1194
cm-1 is a ibu ed o ib a ions o es e and me hyl ag-
men s. The p esence o abso p ion bands a 1123, 1087,
and 1049 cm-1 esul s om hei o ma ion in he spec-
um due o he p esence o se e al known agmen s: -
C-O, -C-COOH, C-O-C, e c. The ypes o glycosidic
bonds in he polysaccha ide a e indica ed by abso p ion
bands in he low- equency egion (β-glycosidic bond)
below 880 cm-1.
Thus, he analysis o he IR spec um o he ob-
ained compound cha ac e izes i as an es e i ied ca -
boxypolysaccha ide.
10 Danish Scien i ic Jou nal No100, 2025
Fig. 1. Wa e -soluble polysaccha ide WSP - H. lasioca pum
IR spec a o pec ic subs ances (PV)
The IR spec um o PV H. lasioca pumdisplays a
cha ac e is ic b oad abso p ion band o OH g oups a
3224 cm-1. The ollowing abso p ion bands a e cha ac-
e is ic o ca boxypolysaccha ides: 1732 cm-1 (COO-)
co esponding o he ca bonyl g oup o he ca boxyl
moie y; bands a 1594 and 1414 cm-1 co espond o ab-
so p ion bands o he ionized ca boxyl g oup com-
plexed wi h me als. The p esence o es e i ied CH3-
g oups is indica ed by abso p ion bands a 1318 and
1234 cm-1.
F agmen s o py anose ings, such as -C-C-O and
C-OH, a e mani es ed in he spec um as abso p ion
bands a 1144, 1072, and 1012 cm-1.
PV is cha ac e ized by an α-glycosidic linkage be-
ween u onic acid esidues, which is dis inc ly e i-
denced by an in ense abso p ion band a 952 cm-1. Ad-
di ional abso p ion bands obse ed in he low- e-
quency egion o he IR spec um (829 and 763 cm-1)
indica e he p esence o β-glycosidic linkages in he
side chains o PV mac omolecules.
Thus, he analysis o he IR spec a o he isola ed
polysaccha ides p o ides in o ma ion on he ype o
polysaccha ide (acidic o neu al), as well as he p es-
ence o glycosidic bonds wi hin he s uc u e.
Fig. 2. Pec ic subs ances (PV) H. lasioca pum
Analysis o he IR spec um o hemicelluloses
(CMC) GM e eals a b oad, in ense abso p ion band a
3255 cm-1, co esponding o OH g oups. The abso p-
ion bands a 1596 and 1405 cm-1 indica e he p esence
o ionized ca boxyl g oups (COO-). U onic acids a e al-
mos in a iably p esen in he hyd olysa e o CMC.
The subsequen band a 1317 cm-1 co esponds o
he ib a ions o hyd oxyl g oups (OH). The p esence
o py anose monosaccha ides comp ising CMC is e i-
denced by abso p ion bands nea 1015 cm-1. Abso p ion
bands in he low- equency egion a 894 and 779 cm-1
signi y he p esence o α- and β-glycosidic linkages
wi hin he polysaccha ide molecule.
Danish Scien i ic Jou nal No100, 2025 11
Fig. 3. Hemicellulose (CMC) H. lasioca pum
The analysis o IR spec a o polysaccha ides p o-
ides in o ma ion on he p esence o es e g oups, me -
als, and he ypes o glycosidic bonds. All o his com-
plemen s he da a ob ained om he chemical analysis
o polysaccha ides.
Thus, wa e -soluble polysaccha ides, pec ic sub-
s ances, and hemicelluloses we e isola ed om he ae -
ial pa o H. lasioca pum. Thei quali a i e and quan-
i a i e cha ac e is ics a e p esen ed. F ac iona ion o
he wa e -soluble polysaccha ide yielded a glucoa abi-
nogalac an, whose main chain consis s o α-1→6
linked galac opy anose esidues and bea s b anches a
he C-2 and C-3 posi ions in he o m o a abinose es-
idues and pa ially ace yla ed glucose.
Expe imen al Sec ion
The plan ma e ial was collec ed in July 2024. in
he icini y o he illage o Mingbulok, Namangan Re-
gion, Fe gana Valley. Pape ch oma og aphy (PC) was
conduc ed on Fil ak FN-11,12 pape using a sol en
sys em o n-bu anol-py idine-wa e (6:4:3), wi h he
ollowing de elope s: 1) acidic aniline ph hala e (5
min, 100 ○C); 2) 5% alcoholic u ea solu ion.
Con en o u onic anhyd ide in PV. The amoun
o galac u onic acid was de e mined by a pho oelec o-
colo ime ic me hod based on he colo ime ic eac ion
wi h ca bazole [9].
The deg ee o es e i ica ion o PV was de e mined
by a i ime ic me hod.
Comple e acid hyd olysis o polysaccha ides was
pe o med a 100 ○C using a 1 N H2SO4 solu ion o
WSP, 8 h; PV and CMC we e hyd olyzed wi h 2 N
H2SO4 o 24 h. The hyd olysa es we e neu alized wi h
BaCO3, deionized using a KU-2 (H+) ca ion exchange ,
e apo a ed, and subjec ed o ch oma og aphy.
Gas ch oma og aphic analysis o he samples
was ca ied ou on a Shimadzu GC-2010 ch oma o-
g aph equipped wi h a lame ioniza ion de ec o and a
qua z capilla y column Shimadzu Rxi-624Sil MS (30
m × 0.25 mm × 1.40 μm), wi h ni ogen as he ca ie
gas a a low a e o 1.5 mL/min; injec o empe a u e
was 260 °C, de ec o empe a u e 280 °C, and column
empe a u e 230 °C. Samples we e p epa ed as aldono-
ni ile ace a es [10].
Comple e acid hyd olysis o WSP, PV, and
CMC. WSP samples we e hyd olyzed wi h 1 N H2SO4
a 100 ºC o 8 hou s, while PV and CMC we e hyd o-
lyzed wi h 2 N H2SO4 o 24 hou s, espec i ely. The
hyd olysa es we e neu alized wi h BaCO3, deionized
using he KU-2(H+) ca ion exchange , and analyzed by
Fil ak FN 12 ch oma og aphy employing sol en sys-
em 1 and de elope 1.
IR spec a o he samples we e eco ded using a
Pe kinElme FT-IR/NIR Spec ome e Spec um 3 and
model 2000. The spec a o he samples we e eco ded
unde he ollowing condi ions: ange om 4000 o 400
cm⁻¹ using he NPVO sys em [11].
Ti ime ic pa ame e s o PV. To de e mine he
ee ca boxyl g oups in he pec ic subs ances, 0.25 g o
PV was mixed wi h 25 ml o wa e , gen ly hea ed wi h
s i ing, allowed o s and o 2 hou s, and i a ed wi h
a 0.1 M sodium hyd oxide solu ion (indica o : phenol-
ph halein) un il a pink colo a ion appea ed [8].
Raw ma e ial inac i a ion: 100 g o c ushed aw
ma e ial was ea ed wice wi h a boiling me hanol-
chlo o o m mix u e (1:1) o emo e pigmen s and non-
ca bohyd a e componen s. Subsequen ly, he aw ma e-
ial was sepa a ed by il a ion and d ied.
The d ied aw ma e ial was ex ac ed wice wi h
boiling (82 °C) e hanol (1:6) o 1 hou . The alcoholic
ex ac s we e combined, e apo a ed, and analyzed by
hin-laye ch oma og aphy in sys em 1, iden i ying su-
c ose and uc ose.
Isola ion o wa e -soluble polysaccha ides. The
aw ma e ial esidue was ea ed wi h wa e a oom
empe a u e (23–24 °C) o 2 h unde cons an s i ing,
hyd omodule 1:8 and 1:5. The ex ac s we e sepa a ed,
e apo a ed, and p ecipi a ed wi h alcohol. The p ecipi-
a ed sedimen was il e ed, hen washed and d ied wi h
alcohol. The yield o WSP is p esen ed in Table 1.
Isola ion o pec ic subs ances. Following he iso-
la ion o wa e -soluble polysaccha ides, he aw ma e-
ial esidue was ex ac ed wice wi h a mix u e o 0.5%
oxalic acid solu ion and ammonium oxala e (1:1) a 75
°C o 2–3 h, hyd omodule 1:4 and 1:2. The ex ac s
we e combined, e apo a ed, dialyzed, and p ecipi a ed
wi h wice he olume o alcohol; he p ecipi a e was
12 Danish Scien i ic Jou nal No100, 2025
sepa a ed and d ied as in he case o WSP. The yield o
PV is p esen ed in Table 1.
Isola ion o hemicelluloses. The esidue o he
aw ma e ial was ex ac ed wi h a 5% alkali solu ion
(250 ml) a oom empe a u e o 2 hou s unde con-
s an s i ing. The alkaline ex ac was sepa a ed, neu-
alized wi h CH3COOH, dialyzed, e apo a ed, and
p ecipi a ed wi h alcohol. The p ecipi a e was sepa-
a ed, washed, and d ied wi h alcohol. The GC yield is
p esen ed in Table 1.
Discussion o Resul s : The analysis o he ae ial
pa s o Helio opium lasioca pum e ealed a di e se
p o ile o saccha ides, wi h glucose, uc ose, and su-
c ose iden i ied as he p edominan suga s. These ind-
ings a e consis en wi h p e ious s udies conduc ed on
ela ed species wi hin he genus Helio opium, indica -
ing a common ca bohyd a e composi ion pa e n
among hese plan s. The high concen a ion o simple
suga s sugges s hei c i ical ole in he plan ’s ene gy
me abolism and physiological p ocesses. Mo eo e , he
p esence o speci ic oligosaccha ides may con ibu e o
he plan ’s adap a ion o en i onmen al s esso s, such
as a ia ions in empe a u e and humidi y. Compa ing
hese esul s wi h exis ing li e a u e highligh s sligh
a ia ions in suga con en , which could be a ibu ed o
di e ences in geog aphical loca ion, g ow h condi-
ions, o seasonal ha es ing. This emphasizes he im-
po ance o s anda dizing sample collec ion and analy -
ical me hods o ensu e ep oducibili y and accu a e
compa ison ac oss s udies. O e all, he de ailed ca bo-
hyd a e p o iling o Helio opium lasioca pum no only
enhances he unde s anding o i s chemical composi-
ion bu also p o ides a basis o u u e esea ch on i s
po en ial nu i ional and he apeu ic applica ions.
Conclusions: The s udy o he ae ial pa s o He-
lio opium lasioca pum allowed he isola ion and cha -
ac e iza ion o he main ac ions o he ca bohyd a e
complex—wa e -soluble polysaccha ides, pec ic sub-
s ances, and hemicelluloses. Thei monosaccha ide
composi ion was ound o be domina ed by glucose, ga-
lac ose, a abinose, and hamnose, as con i med by gas
ch oma og aphy. IR spec oscopic analysis e ealed
cha ac e is ic abso p ion bands indica ing he p esence
o es e g oups, u onic acids, and a ious ypes o gly-
cosidic linkages. The ob ained esul s expand he
knowledge o he chemical composi ion o Helio o-
pium species and p o ide a basis o u he pha maco-
logical and biochemical esea ch aimed a iden i ying
hei biological ac i i y and po en ial applica ions in
medicine and pha macy.
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