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RE
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RESEARCH
SEARCHSEARCH
SEARCH
PAPER
PAPERPAPER
PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
OPEN ACCESSOPEN ACCESS
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E hnobo anic and ecology o
Bo assus ae hiopum
o ma ions in
and a ound Mbam and Dje em na ional pa k, Came oon
Maïyanpa Pauline
*1
, Bobo Kadi i
Se ge
1
, Basubi Muke Ma hieu
1
, Djon a Sengo Magloi e
3
,
Aseaku F ede ick
1
, Kamga Yanick Bo el
2
, Fo so Be na d
4
1
Fo es y Depa men , Facul y o Ag onomy and Ag icul u al Sciences, Uni e si y o Dschang,
Came oon
2Depa men o Plan Biology, Facul y o Science, Uni e si y o Dschang, Came oon
3
Minis y o Fo es s and Wildli e (MINFOF), Came oon
4Wildli e Conse a ion Socie y (WCS), Came oon
A icle published on June 05, 2025
Key wo ds:
B. ae hiopum
,
Flo is ic di e si y, Sus ainable managemen , Mbam and Dje em na ional pa k
,
Popula ion
Abs ac
Bo assus ae hiopum is a species p ized o i s socio-economic po en ial in Came oon. Howe e , i s s ands a e
de e io a ing in bo h quan i y and quali y. This s udy aims o econcile he conse a ion o he oan ee wi h he
sa is ac ion o he needs o he popula ions o he Mbam and Dje em Na ional Pa k. In e iews we e conduc ed
wi h 311 in o man s in eigh locali ies a ound he pa k. In en o ies we e ca ied ou on i e 500 m si es, each
wi h 25, 20×250 m plo s. The esul s e ealed ha ui emains unde s ong p essu e, ollowed by sap, wi h an
Index alue linked o he plan o gans used be ween 0.70 and 0.98. Food and cons uc ion uses domina e in he
illages. A o al o 1500 ees we e in en o ied, di ided in o 76 woody species belonging o 59 gene a and 32
amilies. The mos ep esen ed species we e B. ae hiopum (27.73%) and Daniellia oli e i (5.73%). The mos
abundan amilies we e A ecaceae (433) and Fabaceae (175). A e age di e si y index alues anged om 0.7 o
0.9 o Simpson's index, 2.5 bi s o Shannon's index and 0.75 o 0.95 o Pielou's equi abili y. The ho izon al
and e ical s uc u e shows a p eponde ance o sh ubs and a low numbe o la ge ees, indica ing igo ous
egene a ion. This wo k p o ides a b ie insigh in o he use and ecological po en ial o B. ae hiopum. I could be
a ool o sus ainable managemen , which despi e i s p esence in he PNMD a ea, is su e ing om ex inc ion.
*
Co esponding Au ho : Maïyanpa Pauline paulinemayi@yahoo.
Jou nal o Biodi e si y and En i onmen al Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (P in ) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 26, No. 6, p. 74-85, 2025
h p://www.innspub.ne
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75 | Pauline e al.
In oduc ion
In subsis ence economies, o es s p o ide many
se ices o he li es o local popula ions h ough
non- imbe o es p oduc s (NTFP) (Vandeb oek e
al., 2004). NTFPs accoun o a signi ican
p opo ion o o es p oduc s (Bella on aine e al.,
2001). NTFP species a e di e se and o i al
impo ance o 80% o local popula ions
(Shackle on e al., 2011). In ac , hey a e a
signi ican sou ce o income, con ibu e o ood
secu i y and p o ide many essen ial heal h and
pha macopoeia p oduc s (Bele e al., 2011; Kamga
e al., 2021). Despi e hei impo ance, hese
o es s a e unde h ea oday due o he c ucial
socio-economic needs o a g owing popula ion, he
con e sion o o es s o plan a ions and he
unsus ainable exploi a ion o NTFP. (Ing am,
2010; Anana e al., 2018), Among he NTFP species
wi h mul iple uses and high economic po en ial is a
species o palm, B. ae hiopum, commonly known
as E hiopian Bo asse, A ican ondie , “sen inel o
he sa annahs” o ônie (A ou chou e al., 2022).
I s uses a e mul iple and highly di e si ied in he
ields o ood, socio-cul u al, economics, c a s,
medicine, odde , ene gy, ag icul u e and ecology
(Gbesso e al., 2017; A ou chou e al., 2022). In
addi ion, he income-gene a ing ac i i y esul ing
om he exploi a ion o ônie seedlings is o
in e es o pa o he local popula ion, o he
ex en ha i is anked among he impo an
ac i i ies in he s udy a ea (Cosiaux e al., 2016).
This s ong ma ke demand pu s he species in he
uncom o able posi ion o being o e exploi ed in
he MDNP a ea, and may g adually lead o i s
ex inc ion. Mul iple uses ha e led o an h opogenic
p essu es on B. ae hiopum, causing a sha p decline
in i s popula ion (Agya ko e al., 2014; Salako e
al., 2018). Thus, he s ands in he MDNP a ea a e
unde going p o ound socio-economic dis u bances,
leading o a loss o hei social and economic alue,
no o men ion he abandonmen o adi ional
p ac ices. This is leading o an unp eceden ed
de e io a ion in he abundance and quali y o oas
palm s ands and a educ ion in income o he
communi ies ha depend on hem (Ohin e al.,
2018; Ouma ou e al., 2018).
The a ious h ea s acing he ônie s ands
ce ainly comp omise he conse a ion objec i es
o he MDNP, as such a loss o biodi e si y wi hin
he p o ec ed a ea and i s pe iphe y would equi e
inc easingly e ec i e and sus ainable B. ae hiopum
conse a ion s a egies. Wha 's mo e, he measu es
o obse able change a ibu able o he cu en
ana chic exploi a ion o B. ae hiopum emain
no ably as ye unknown. Needless o say, li le o
no wo k has so a been de o ed o he s anding
ecological po en ial, scale and impac o his
exploi a ion on he ecology o he oas palm in he
MDNP a ea (Soua e, 2015). Following his
uncom o able si ua ion o de e io a ion o B.
ae hiopum o ma ions ha he p esen s udy was
conduc ed o econcile he conse a ion o he
oas ing palm and he sa is ac ion o he needs o
he indigenous popula ions o he MDNP. Mo e
speci ically, he aim was o d aw up a ypology o
uses o B. ae hiopum by local popula ions ha
would con ibu e o i s ex inc ion in he MDNP
zone, and o measu e he obse able changes
a ibu able o he cu en ana chic exploi a ion o
he oas palm on he lo is ic composi ion o he
MDNP zone. Ul ima ely, his s udy should p o ide
he necessa y indica o s o he app op ia e
de elopmen o non- imbe o es p oduc species,
wi h a iew o op imizing he con ibu ion o o es
esou ces o imp o ing people's socio-economic
condi ions.
Ma e ials and me hods
S udy si e
The p esen s udy ook place on he ou ski s o he
MDNP, loca ed be ween 5°30' and 6°13' No h
la i ude, and 12°13' and 13°10' Eas longi ude. The
pa k lies a he in e sec ion, in he hea o Came oon,
be ween he Cen e, Adamaoua and Eas egions, in
he Mbam and Kim, Dje em and Lom e Dje em
depa men s espec i ely. I lies a he sou he n edge
o he Adamaoua pla eau and on he no he n edge o
he dense o es o he Congo Basin (Fig. 1).
J. Bio. &
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76 | Pauline e al.
Fig. 1.
Loca ion o he s udy a ea
Fig. 2.
Plo loca ions a sampling si es
I has a o al su ace a ea o 416,512 ha, hal o
which is lowland opical o es and he o he hal
co e ed by wooded sa annah. Be ween he wo,
he e is a wide eco one bel , and abo e all a e y
wide di e si y o habi a s and he e o e g ea
biodi e si y (MINFOF, 2012; Gueguim e al.,
2018). The clima e in his a ea is sub opical, wi h
wo seasons: a ainy season om he second hal o
Ma ch o ea ly No embe , and a d y season.
Da a collec ion
E hnobo anical su eys we e ca ied ou using a
ques ionnai e sen o 311 in o man s in eigh illages
(Djao o-kombo, Mbakaou, Ca ié e, Gongo oua,
Bolin ing, Medjamba, Mbang i-Mbang, Soulewa)
a ound he MDNP in ol ed in oas ing palm
exploi a ion, i.e. less han 15 km om he pa k, we e
a ge ed aking in o accoun hei accessibili y, in
pa icula by he p esence o a oad be ween he illages.
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77 | Pauline e al.
The in en o y was ca ied ou in 250 m × 20 m (Fig. 2)
nes ed plo s o species in he ee and sh ub s a a (>
10 m o high). Species we e in en o ied, and he heigh
and diame e o species wi h a diame e g ea e han o
equal o 10 cm we e measu ed a 1.30 m (dbh) o
indi iduals wi hou bu esses. Fo hose wi h
bu esses, pa ame e s we e measu ed 30 cm abo e he
bu esses. These indi iduals we e iden i ied and
coun ed. In he case o B. ae hiopum, all indi iduals
we e iden i ied and coun ed in each su ey. Se e al
books we e used in he ield o iden i y ees. These
included he Flo e du Came oun and he manuel
bo anique o es iè e (Le ouzey, 1968, 1982), Recueil
des noms des plan es en langues e hniques du
Came oun (Onana and De ineau, 2002).
Da a p ocessing and analysis
Fo all indi iduals wi h dbh ≥ 10 cm a each sampling
si e, se e al lo is ic pa ame e s we e calcula ed using
he Excel sp eadshee o cha ac e ize he B.
ae hiopum s and. These we e ela i e abundance,
equency, dominance and densi y (Onana and
De ineau, 2002; A ana-Tien cheu e al. 2018; Kamga
e al., 2019).
Taxon abundance p o ides in o ma ion on he
numbe o indi iduals o a species o amily,
ega dless o size. I is used o calcula e he ela i e
densi y o axa (%) and is ob ained by he a io o he
numbe o indi iduals o a species o amily o he
o al numbe o indi iduals in he sample.
The equency/e ec i eness o epe i ion ma ks he
numbe o imes a axon appea s in a plo . I is
exp essed as a pe cen age o he numbe o eco ds
whe e he axon is p esen ou o he o al numbe o
eco ds.
Rela i e equency o species
= F equency o species
To al o all equencies ×100
The dominance o a axon is based on he pe cen age
o basal a ea (G = Di²/4, whe e D is he diame e a
b eas heigh ) occupied by indi iduals belonging o
his axon and is exp essed in m²/ha. I akes in o
accoun he size o he indi iduals and highligh s
which axa occupy he mos space in he ege a ion. I
hus exp esses he p opo ion o basal a ea o a
species o amily in ela ion o he o al basal a ea.
The densi y o a species is he numbe o indi iduals
o ha species pe hec a e. I is e alua ed by he
o mula N = n / S (wi h N: densi y (in s ems/ha), n:
numbe o s ems p esen on he su ace conside ed,
S: su ace conside ed (ha).
The Shannon Wea e Index (H) is used o assess he
le el o di e si y, aking in o accoun he p opo ions
o each species on he plo (F on ie and Picho -Viale,
1998). I is calcula ed acco ding o he ollowing
ela ionship:
H=−Ni
N×ln(Ni
N)
!"
Whe e “s” co esponds o he numbe o species
making up he s and, “Ni” o he numbe o
indi iduals o species i and “N” o he o al numbe
o indi iduals (all species combined)
(Thiombianoe al., 2016).
Piélou equi abili y was calcula ed using he o mula
EH = H/lnS.
Simpson's index (D) "
#=1/∑&'(
')2
(!"
Ecological impo ance index (EII)
The IVI has been used o de e mine he place
occupied by each species in ela ion o he o al
numbe o species in he plan communi y. This index
is commonly used o assess speci ic dominance in
opical o es s, based on he o mula o Cu is and
Macin osh (1950).
IVI=-Ni
N
.
(!" + Gi
G
.
(!" 1× 100
Wi h: he ela i e dominance o a species is he
quo ien o i s basal a ea (Gi) wi h he o al basal a ea
(G) o all species mul iplied by one hund ed; he
ela i e abundance o a species is he a io o he
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78 | Pauline e al.
numbe o indi iduals o he species (Ni) o he o al
numbe o indi iduals o all species (N).
Family impo ance alue (FIV) = ela i e dominance
+ ela i e densi y + ela i e di e si y.
The assessmen o o al biomass and C s ocks also
ocuses on non-comme cial componen s exp essed
in onnes o d y weigh . To de i e o es biomass
and i s a ia ions, he indi ec me hod was used in
he p esen s udy. Which in ol ed measu ing
a ibu es o ee samples in he ield, such as
diame e and heigh , and applying allome ic
equa ions o biomass ables based on hese
equa ions, ei he once o epea edly (IPCC, 2006).
The o al biomass o s anding woody plan s is
di ided in o abo e-g ound biomass (AGB) and
below-g ound biomass (BGB):
Abo e-g ound biomass: he abo e-g ound biomass
(AGB) o associa ed ees a he sampling si es was
es ima ed using he allome ic model o Cha e e
al. (2014), based on dbh, o al ee heigh and
speci ic wood densi y. AGB= 0,067 * (ρD
2
H)
0,976.
Whe e: AGB is he abo e-g ound biomass o he
ee (in kg); D is he diame e o he ee (in cm); H
is he o al heigh o he ee (in m); ρ is he
speci ic densi y o he ee in (g.cm
-1
).
The speci ic wood densi ies o he di e en species
sampled we e collec ed om he Global Wood
Densi y Da abase (Zanne e al., 2009). The a e age
densi y o A ican wood (0.65) was used o species
wi h unknown speci ic densi y (IPCC, 2006).
Below-g ound ee biomass: he es ima ion o oo
biomass (AGB) o s anding woody plan s ollowed
he guidelines es ablished by he IPCC (2006).
Acco ding o he IPCC, he oo biomass
equi alence o s anding woody plan s is ound by
mul iplying he abo e-g ound biomass alue (AGB)
by a coe icien R whose alue is es ima ed a 0.24.
BGB= AGB×R
Whe e: BGB is below-g ound biomass; AGB is abo e-
g ound biomass and R is he oo /s em a io.
ANOVA was used o compa e he densi y means o
he di e en su eys o see i he e was a signi ican
di e ence, and he DUNCAN es a he 5%
signi icance le el (XLSTAT so wa e e sion 23.0)
was used o sepa a e hese means.
Resul s
Pa s used and ca ego iza ions o he di e si y o
uses o B. ae hiopum
Fig. 3 p esen s an e hnobo anical use ne wo k o B.
ae hiopum wi h i s di e en pa s used. This igu e
shows ha he ui /nu s and sap a e he mos
equen ly used pa s in he illages a ound he
MDNP. I illus a es an e hnological ne wo k linking
he di e en uses o B. ae hiopum o ac o s and hei
locali ies a ound he MDNP. The mul iple
connec ions be ween ood and cons uc ion uses o
he a ious illages sugges ha hey a e dominan ,
indica ing a s ong geog aphical a iabili y o he uses
o he palmy a palm. Some locali ies may a o one
unc ion mo e han ano he . On he o he hand,
medicinal, a isanal, odde and e iliza ion uses a e
limi ed in numbe o connec ions, which could mean
ha hey a e p ac iced by small g oups.
Analysis o he Index alue linked o he o gans used
The e alua ion o he p essu e exe ed on he
di e en pa s o B. ae hiopum is eco ded in Table 1.
I shows ha he Hypoco yl emains unde he
g ea es p essu e, wi h a e y high IVO index (0.98).
The high in ensi y o exploi a ion (5/5) and he la ge
numbe o use s (307) poin o po en ial
o e exploi a ion. Sap also e ains a high p essu e
(0.70) due o use by 275 esou ce pe sons wi h high
in ensi y (4/5). The unk and ui show simila IVO
indices (a ound 0.19), sugges ing mode a e bu
signi ican p essu e o use. Lea es (0.17) and oo s
(0.006), on he o he hand, a e unde ela i ely low
p essu e, especially oo s, which a e used by only 10
people wi h e y low in ensi y (1/5).
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79 | Pauline e al.
Fig. 3.
Pa s used and ypology o uses acco ding o he illages a ound he Mbam and Dje em na ional pa k
Table 1. Index alue associa ed wi h he plan o gans o B. ae hiopum exploi ed by local communi ies in he
Mbam and Dje em na ional pa k a ea
Used pa s
Numbe
A e age in ensi y
Index alue
Hypoco yl
307
5
0,98
Sap
275
4
0,70
T unk
102
3
0,19
F ui s
150
2
0,19
Lea es
90
3
0,17
Roo
10
1
0,006
Table 2. P edominan woody amilies a sampling si es
Family
Debi o
Malao
Miyé é I
Miyé é I
Soulewa
To al
Nesp
Nesp
Nesp
Nesp
Nesp
N esp
Anaca diaceae
2
3
3
3
3
15
Apocynaceae
-
1
-
-
2
3
A aliaceae
1
-
2
1
1
5
A ecaceae
1
2
1
2
1
7
Bignoniaceae
-
-
-
1
1
2
Bo aginaceae
1
-
1
1
2
4
Caesalpinaceae
1
1
1
2
1
6
Comb e aceae
3
1
2
2
3
11
Fabaceae
4
3
4
7
5
24
Lamiaceae
2
1
1
1
1
6
Mal aceae
1
1
1
-
3
6
Meliaceae
1
1
2
1
2
7
Mimosaceae
-
-
1
1
2
4
Mo aceae
6
3
2
4
4
19
Ochnaceae
2
1
1
2
1
7
Phyllan hacaea
5
4
5
2
4
20
Rubiaceae
3
2
1
2
1
9
Flo is ic di e si y o B. ae hiopum se lemen
A o al o 76 species we e iden i ied in B.
ae hiopum se lemen s (dbh ≥ 10 cm), di ided in o
59 gene a and 32 amilies (Table 2). O hese
amilies, 14 ha e a leas 2 species. The o he
amilies a e ep esen ed by a single species. These
include Bignoniaceae (1), My aceae (1), Oleaceae
(1) and U icaceae (1). O he 76 species, B.
ae hiopum was p esen in all 25 su eys, i.e. a
ela i e equency o 100%. The ela i e equency
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80 | Pauline e al.
and abundance o hese amilies a ied acco ding
o he sampling si es.
Ecological impo ance o species eco ded a a ious
sampling si es
Table 3 shows he a ia ion in species Impo ance
Value (IVI) ac oss he di e en sampling si es. The
species wi h he highes o e all impo ance index
alues (50 o 130) we e: Pseudospongdias
mic oca pa (Soulewa: 128.04), Daniellia oli e i
(Malao: 80.04), B. ae hiopum (Debo o: 59.79),
Syzyiguim guineense and Te minalia albida (Miyé é
II: 58.64 and 38.06 espec i ely). O he species had
index alues o ela i ely low impo ance (< 20).
These include Ve nonia spp., Cussunia a bo ea,
Comb e um mic an hum, Te minalia glaucescens,
Ficus mic oca pa and Ficus honningii.
Table 3. Value impo ance index o he mos p eponde an woody species a he sampling si es Wi h D : Species
Dominance, IVI: Index
Scien i ic name
Sampling si es
Debi o
Malao
Miyé é I
Miyé é II
Soulewa
IVI
D
IVI
D
IVI
D
IVI
D
IVI
D
Pseudospondias
mic oca pa
-
-
21,89
12,09
11,26
0,13
25,24
2,62
128,04
2,62
Cussonia a bo ea
9,65
1,10
9,82
-
13,49
4,37
11,83
1,04
28,40
-
Comb e um
mic an hum
9,75
1,91
6,70
-
9,01
0,23
6,90
0,87
23,96
-
Syzygium guineense
13,58
2,84
18,59
-
23,82
0,21
58,64
-
21,32
-
Ficus honningii
2,34
0,54
0
6,54
7,04
-
2,86
1,63
20,63
6,45
Te minalia glaucescens
19,18
4,65
15,51
8,17
60,13
0,79
-
6,22
19,88
4,83
Vi ex doniana
3,79
0,18
-
5,35
19,42
1,74
6,34
10,13
13,10
1,91
Daniellia oli e i
26,91
13,09
80,04
-
5,86
29,70
6,58
13,93
12,67
2,07
T ichilia eme ica
19,08
6,75
-
1,55
2,78
6,22
-
21,93
10,31
6,17
Ficus mic oca pa
7,52
1,00
4,58
0,23
11,17
1,33
16,21
0,78
8,08
-
Pa kia biglobosa
-
-
12,06
-
5,87
3,22
10,87
3,46
6,89
9,00
Be linia g andi lo a
-
-
34,79
29,60
98,16
-
16,16
-
2,95
-
Te minalia albida
20,60
6,34
-
-
-
-
38,06
0,2
-
0,47
Ficus exaspe a a
16,73
6,42
-
-
-
0,50
24,31
5,41
-
0,15
Bo assus ae hiopum
59,79
26,57
6,85
31,29
-
44,81
23,00
18,35
-
60,07
Hymenoca dia acida
15,56
1,91
4,71
0,67
13,92
0,54
20,90
0,13
-
0,46
Pilios igma honningii
8,95
1,11
-
0,10
6,61
-
13,33
0,46
-
0,93
C ossop e yx eb i uga
18,80
4,97
-
1,90
2,86
1,2
10,02
4,78
-
-
A zelia a icana
7,30
-
31,12
-
8,53
-
5,67
-
-
-
Lophi a lanceola a
40,40
19,54
53,28
0,87
-
3,89
3,00
3,18
-
-
Albizia
zigia
7,30
1,00
6,85
1,60
5,86
0,56
16,16
4,72
21,32
4,81
Family impo ance alue
Table 4 showed he Family Impo ance Values
(FIV) o he di e en sampling si es. i showed
ha he highes FIVI alues we e be ween 30 and
70, o he Fabaceae (Mi é é I: 65.89), A ecaceae
(Debi o: 49.54), Comb e aceae (Debi o: 36.39) and
Mo aceae (Debi o: 32.91) amilies. The leas
impo an a e Mimosaceae and S e culiaceae
(Miyé é II: 19.34, 15.61 espec i ely),
Anaca diaceae and Mimosaceae (Soulewa: 16.63,
14.65 espec i ely), Annonaceae (Malao: 10.38)
and Annonaceae (Soulewa: 10.30). O he amilies
had ela i ely low FIVI alues (< 20). These
included Apocynaceae (6.33), Bignoniaceae (5.10),
Meliaceae (5.70) and S e culiaceae (2.85).
Densi y o indi iduals pe species in Bo assus
ae hiopum-based o ma ions by si e
The a e age densi y o oas ed palms a ied om
one sampling uni o ano he (Fig. 4). The a e age
densi y o B. ae hiopum appea s o be highes a
Soulewa (53.6 ±5.54 s ems/ha), ollowed by Debi o
(46.0±8.12 s ems/ha); i emains ela i ely low a
he o he si es (< 20 s ems/ha). On a e age, he e
a e 46.0±8.12 s ems/ha, 15.6±16.45 s ems/ha,
32.8±29.07 s ems/ha, 18.4±21.69 s ems/ha,
53.6±5.54 s ems/ha, espec i ely o he Debi o,
Malao, Miyé é I, Miyé é II and Soulewa sampling
uni s. Analyses o a iance (dl = 4; p = 0.02) showed
ha he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he
J. Bio. &
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81 | Pauline e al.
mean densi y o he di e en sampling si es.
Analysis o he densi y o indi iduals pe species in
B. ae hiopum o ma ions a he di e en si es
showed ha B. ae hiopum (50.06 s ems/ha) has a
densi y o indi iduals a dbh ≥ 10 cm a highe han
hose o he o he species a he si es s udied. This is
ollowed by Daniellia oli e i (19.79 s ems/ha),
Be linia g andi lo a (16.27 s ems/ha) and
Te minalia glaucescens (15.50 s ems/ha). The
o he species iden i ied had a densi y o be ween
14.50 and 0.21 s ems pe hec a e. These include
Lophi a lanceola a, Pseudospondias mic oca pa,
Cussonia a bo ea, Ficus honningii and
Te minalia glaucescens. O e all, he a e age
densi y o species associa ed wi h oas ed palms
a ied acco ding o he sampling si es. A e age
coun s we e 154.8±70.73 s ems/ha, 60.4±26.88
s ems/ha, 60.0±14.56 s ems/ha, 54.4±14.17
s ems/ha, 104.0±36.11 s ems/ha, espec i ely o
he Debi o, Malao, Miyé é I, Miyé é II and Soulewa
sampling uni s. S a is ical analysis (K uskal-Wallis
es ) showed ha densi y in Debi o (154.8
s ems/ha) is signi ican ly highe han in he o he
sampling a eas (dl= 4; p = 0.03).
Table 4. Family impo ance alue index o he mos p eponde an species (D : Rela i e dominance o amilies)
Family
Sampling si es
Debi o
Malao
Miyé é I
Miyé é II
Soulewa
FIVI
D
FIVI
D
FIVI
D
FIVI
D
FIVI
D
Anaca diaceae
9,81
1,93
35,53
11,85
10,62
0,97
27,52
4,38
16,63
2,06
Apocynaceae
-
-
4,83
0,10
-
-
-
-
16,01
1,44
A aliaceae
5,92
0,98
67,23
-
74,80
3,65
47,90
0,84
23,17
1,18
A ecaceae
49,54
23,64
-
28,73
8,94
35,55
-
15,13
10,30
46,17
Bignoniaceae
-
-
-
-
-
-
8,69
0,33
3,01
0,84
Bo aginaceae
3,62
0,48
-
-
-
4,56
4,97
9,21
1,42
Caesalpiniaceae
6,73
0,99
4,81
0,08
20,16
0,11
12,84
1,83
-
-
Comb e aceae
36,29
11,49
22,40
7,06
7,488
0,10
16,31
5,77
3,19
4,14
Fabaceae
38,50
15,76
55,58
28,00
65,89
30,27
60,51
23,71
84,47
6,08
Lamiaceae
7,11
0,43
12,70
4,62
17,13
1,38
26,84
8,21
5,76
1,47
Mal aceae
3,90
0,56
4,85
0,12
5,70
5,05
-
-
5,2735
4,37
Meliaceae
12,95
6,01
7,745
1,35
13,50
5,87
14,23
17,72
15,83
5,64
Mimosaceae
-
-
-
-
7,31
2,55
11,39
2,80
4,83
7,14
Mo aceae
32,91
9,01
23,98
7,01
12,34
1,51
13,63
6,60
14,65
8,48
My aceae
9,46
2,52
-
-
6,66
0,17
-
-
-
-
Ochnaceae
35,94
16,89
6,038
0,75
4,05
3,08
9,75
2,73
6,21
0,80
Oleaceae
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6,21
0,71
Phyllan haceae
25,02
3,72
30,71
3,99
9,59
6,21
17,63
0,99
22,83
4,84
Rubiaceae
22,23
5,43
23,55
6,28
31,75
0,98
20,31
3,87
26,21
0,09
U icaceae
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8,70
2,41
Fig.
4
.
A e age s and densi y by si e in
B. ae hiopum
o ma ions
NB: Means wi h he same le e s a e no signi ican ly
di e en a he p obabili y h eshold P > 0.05
Basal a ea in B. ae hiopum se lemen s
Fig. 5 shows he a ia ion in basal a ea (m²/ha) o
species a di e en si es. O e all, basal a ea is highes a
Debi o (20.98 m²/ha), ollowed by Soulewa (16.42
m²/ha) and lowes a Miyé é I (12.83 m²/ha). In Debi o,
he basal a ea o associa ed species (20.98 m²/ha) was
signi ican ly highe han ha o B. ae hiopum (7.58
m²/ha). The basal a ea o associa ed species (13.34
m²/ha) was highe han ha o B. ae hiopum (4.43
m²/ha), wi h a less ma ked s a is ical di e ence han in
Debi o. In Miyé é I, associa ed species had a basal a ea
(12.83 m²/ha) almos double ha o B. ae hiopum (6.99
m²/ha), showing co-dominance wi h simila di e ences
J. Bio. &
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82 | Pauline e al.
o o he locali ies; while Miyé é II, had he lowes basal
a ea o B. ae hiopum (2.51 m²/ha) among all sampling
uni s. The di e ence was signi ican wi h associa ed
species (14.00 m²/ha). Soulewa was he only uni whe e
he basal a ea o B. ae hiopum (15.32 m²/ha) was almos
equi alen o ha o associa ed species (16.42 m²/ha),
which is unique compa ed wi h he o he si es.
Fig.
5
.
Compa ison o basal a ea o
B. ae hiopum
and
associa ed species in di e en locali ies
NB: Means wi h he same le e s a e no signi ican ly
di e en a he p obabili y h eshold P >0.05.
Fig.
6
.
Heigh dis ibu ion o
B.
ae hiopum
a
di e en sampling si es
Diame e and heigh class dis ibu ion o B.
ae hiopum popula ions
The dis ibu ion o B. ae hiopum indi iduals
acco ding o diame e class a he a ious sampling
si es showed a high ep esen a ion o young
indi iduals a all si es ([10 - 20[cm and [20 - 30[cm),
wi h a sca ci y o la ge ees (Fig. 6). Be ween 0 and
30 cm in diame e , Miyé é I and Soulewa had a
highe numbe o indi iduals han he o he si es (21
indi iduals). The la ge diame e classes ([40 - 50[cm
and abo e) showed much lowe numbe s a all si es.
On he o he hand, he dis ibu ion o indi iduals in
B. ae hiopum heigh classes in he sample uni s
showed ha he majo i y o ees we e in he lowe
heigh classes, pa icula ly in he [10 - 20[m and [20 -
30[m classes, wi h a ma ked peak in he la e class a
Soulewa (110). The highe heigh classes ([30 - 40[m
and o e ) show ela i ely low numbe s a all si es.
Fig.
7
.
A e age alue o di e si y index acco ding o
s udy si es
NB: Means wi h he same le e s a e no signi ican ly
di e en a p > 0.05.
B. ae hiopum se lemen s di e si y indexes
Shannon di e si y index (SHI) alues ange om 2.1
o 2.5 bi s o all si es. Piélou equi abili y a ies
be ween 0.83 and 0.90. Simpson's di e si y index
(D') a ies li le (0.83-0.92) be ween plo s (Fig. 7).
These di e en indices show a ia ions di ec ly linked
o he numbe o species and indi iduals in en o ied,
and o he dis ibu ion o indi iduals be ween species.
Howe e , s a is ical analysis a he 5% p obabili y
le el showed ha hese alues we e compa able a all
si es. On he o he hand, Simpson's index alues in
he di e en sampling uni s we e mainly be ween 0.7
and 0.9. Debi o showed g ea e a iabili y, wi h a
Simpson index luc ua ing be ween a ound 0.7 and
0.9. Malao had a lowe and less a iable Simpson
index (a ound 0.8). Miyé é II has he highes
Simpson index (a ound 0.9). The o he sampling
uni s (Miyé é I and Soulewa) showed simila indices
o Debi o, bu wi h sligh ly lowe a iabili y. The
a ious sampling si es showed ai ly simila Piélou
equi abili y indices, all a ound 0.75 o 0.95. Debi o
had a sligh ly lowe equi abili y index (a ound 0.75 o
0.90) han he o he si es. Malao, Miyé é I, and
