Essay No pee - e iewed e sion
Fundamen al Reasons o he Failu e o
His o ical G and Uni ied Theo ies om
he Pe spec i e o he "G ea Tao Model"
Jiqing Zeng *
Pos ed Da e: 22 Sep embe 2025
doi: 10.20944/p ep in s202509.1756. 1
Keywo ds: G ea Tao Model; Theo y o E e y hing; g and uni ied heo y; exis ence ield; elemen a y pa icles;
classical physics
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Essay
Fundamen al Reasons o he Failu e o His o ical
G and Uni ied Theo ies om he Pe spec i e o he
ʺG ea Tao Modelʺ
Jiqing Zeng
Sou h China Bo anical Ga den, Chinese Academy o Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
Based on he "G ea Tao Model" p oposed by he Jiqing Zeng’s eam—a amewo k oo ed in classical
physics, wi h he Yin-Yang model o elemen a y pa icles and he heo y o exis ence ields a i s co e,
and embodying he essen ial cha ac e is ics o a Theo y o E e y hing (TOE)— his pape conduc s a
sys ema ic analysis o nume ous impo an a emp s o pu sue g and uni ied heo ies in he his o y
o science (such as he S anda d Model o pa icle physics, supe s ing heo y, and loop quan um
g a i y). The s udy e eals ha he undamen al easons o he ailu e o his o ical g and uni ied
heo ies lie in he ollowing aspec s: de ia ion om i s p inciples, mis aking de i a i e phenomena
in quan um mechanics (such as coun e in ui i e p obabilis ic in e p e a ions and wa e-pa icle
duali y) o essen ial laws; succumbing o ma hema ical o malism, whe e edundan assump ions
(e.g., supe symme y, ex a dimensions) a e added o co e up he lack o physical essence; and
se e ing he in insic connec ion be ween undamen al physical quan i ies (cha ge and mass) and
elemen a y pa icles, leading o agmen a ion o he heo e ical amewo k. In con as , s a ing om
he essen ial de ini ion o elemen a y pa icles (elec ons, posi ons, and subs ons) and he inhe en
p ope ies o he wo undamen al physical quan i ies (cha ge and mass), he "G ea Tao Model"
uni o mly desc ibes all physical in e ac ions and cosmic e olu ion h ough he heo y o exis ence
ields. I achie es a ue g and uni ica ion ha is logically consis en , o mally concise, and highly
consis en wi h expe imen al obse a ions, p o iding a new pa h o esol e he dilemmas o his o ical
heo ies.
Keywo ds: G ea Tao Model; Theo y o E e y hing; g and uni ied heo y; exis ence ield; elemen a y
pa icles; classical physics
1. In oduc ion: A Cen u y o Explo a ion and Co e Dilemmas o G and Uni ied
Theo ies
Since he es ablishmen o ela i i y and quan um mechanics in he ea ly 20 h cen u y,
cons uc ing a "Theo y o E e y hing" (g and uni ied heo y) capable o uni o mly desc ibing all
undamen al in e ac ions (elec omagne ic o ce, g a i a ional o ce, s ong in e ac ion, weak
in e ac ion) and mic o-mac o physical phenomena has always been he ul ima e goal o physics. O e
he pas cen u y, many heo ies, om Eins eins la e "Uni ied Field Theo y"[1] and he S anda d
Model o Pa icle Physics (SMPP)[2] o supe s ing heo y (M- heo y) [3,4] and loop quan um g a i y
[5], ha e made b eak h oughs in speci ic ields (e.g., he S anda d Model uni ying he elec omagne ic
o ce and he weak in e ac ion). Howe e , none o hem ha e achie ed ue uni e sal uni ica ion.
The common dilemmas o hese heo ies can be summa ized in h ee poin s: Fi s , he heo e ical
ounda ion is disconnec ed om physical eali y. Fo ins ance, he S anda d Model in oduces 61
ypes o "elemen a y pa icles", o e 90% o which (such as Z bosons and op qua ks) ha e ex emely
sho li espans (10-25 seconds), ailing o mee he essen ial de ini ion ha "elemen a y pa icles should
exis s ably". Second, ma hema ical complexi y akes p ecedence o e physical in ui ion. Supe s ing
heo y assumes "10/11-dimensional space ime" and "s ing ib a ion modes", ye he ex a
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2 o 7
dimensions a e oo small (10-35 me e s) o be e i ied h ough expe imen s, educing i o a pu ely
ma hema ical cons uc . Thi d, philosophical con usion in quan um in e p e a ion. F om "wa e-
pa icle duali y" o he "unce ain y p inciple", his o ical heo ies ha e mis aken he p obabilis ic
desc ip ion o mic o-phenomena o he essence o na u e, leading o he passi e si ua ion o "shu
up and calcula e" and losing he abili y o p o ide in-dep h explana ions o physical mechanisms.
The "G ea Tao Model" [6] p oposed by he Jiqing Zeng’s eam, cen e ed on he "Yin-Yang model
o elemen a y pa icles" and he " heo y o exis ence ields", comple ely a oids he a o emen ioned
dilemmas by s a ing om i s p inciples. This pape will use his model as a e e ence o
sys ema ically analyze he undamen al easons o he ailu e o his o ical g and uni ied heo ies
and cla i y he co e logic h ough which he "G ea Tao Model" achie es uni ica ion.
2. Co e De ec s o His o ical G and Uni ied Theo ies: De ia ion om Fi s
P inciples and Classical Reali y
2.1. Con usion in he De ini ion o Elemen a y Pa icles: Abandoning he Co e A ibu es o ʺS abili y,
Simplici y, and Subs an iali yʺ
As he ul ima e uni o cosmic ma e , elemen a y pa icles should essen ially be "indi isible,
s ably exis ing, and possess ixed undamen al physical quan i ies (cha ge/mass)". Howe e , all
his o ical a emp s a g and uni ied heo ies ha e iola ed his p inciple, esul ing in chao ic
heo e ical ounda ions:
The ʺpa icle zooʺ o he S anda d Model: Classi ying 61 ypes o pa icles, including qua ks,
lep ons, and gauge bosons, as "elemen a y pa icles". Mos o hese pa icles (e.g., π mesons, W
bosons) ha e ex emely sho li espans, and hei masses a e acqui ed h ough he hypo he ical
"Higgs ield" a he han being inhe en p ope ies. Fo example, al hough he Higgs boson has been
de ec ed, he mechanism o i s coupling wi h o he pa icles s ill lacks a physical explana ion; i is
essen ially a ma hema ical ool added o i expe imen al da a.
The ʺnon-subs an ialʺ misunde s anding o supe s ing heo y: By ega ding elemen a y
pa icles as " ib a ion modes o one-dimensional s ings", his pe spec i e comple ely nega es he
subs an i e na u e o pa icles. The ib a ions o s ings canno explain "why elec ons ca y a ixed
nega i e cha ge" o "why ce ain pa icles (such as neu ons) ha e mass bu no cha ge". Ins ead,
physical quan i ies can only be a bi a ily co espondingly assigned h ough " ib a ion equency
assignmen ", which de ia es om he i s p inciple ha "elemen a y pa icles a e subs an ial en i ies".
Misjudgmen o ʺ ansien pa iclesʺ in ea ly quan um ield heo y: In he 1930s, Hideki
Yukawa p oposed he hypo hesis ha "π mesons ansmi he nuclea o ce" o explain he nuclea
o ce, classi ying π mesons (wi h a li espan o 10-8 seconds) as elemen a y pa icles. Howe e , he
ailed o ecognize ha he nuclea o ce is ac ually he sho - ange elec os a ic a ac ion be ween
p o ons (posi ons + subs ons) and neu ons (elec ons + p o ons) (wi h an in ensi y o 10²² N when
he dis ance is less han 10-15 me e s). This led subsequen nuclea o ce heo ies o all in o he w ong
pa h o " o ce ansmission by i ual pa icles".
In con as , he "G ea Tao Model" s ic ly adhe es o he essen ial de ini ion o elemen a y
pa icles: he e a e only h ee ypes o elemen a y pa icles—elec ons (nega i ely cha ged), posi ons
(posi i ely cha ged), and subs ons (uncha ged, mass-dominan )—all wi h in ini e li espans and ixed
physical quan i ies. Composi e pa icles such as p o ons and neu ons a e o med by he combina ion
o hese h ee (e.g., p o on = posi on + subs on, neu on = elec on + p o on + subs on). This
undamen ally achie es simplici y and s abili y in he pa icle sys em, laying a clea ma e ial
ounda ion o uni ica ion.
2.2. F agmen a ion o Physical Fields and In e ac ions: Igno ing he Fac Tha ʺCha ge and Mass A e he
Only Fundamen al Physical Quan i iesʺ
The essence o all physical in e ac ions s ems om he mu ual in luence o he undamen al
physical quan i ies (cha ge and mass) o elemen a y pa icles. Howe e , his o ical g and uni ied
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3 o 7
heo ies ha e agmen ed his connec ion, c ea ing obs acles o uni ica ion by adding "new o ces"
and "new physical quan i ies":
Redundan classi ica ion o o ces: The S anda d Model classi ies in e ac ions in o ou
ca ego ies—elec omagne ic o ce, s ong in e ac ion, weak in e ac ion, and g a i a ional o ce. To
uni y he i s h ee, i cons uc s he "gauge ield heo y" and in oduces non- undamen al physical
quan i ies such as "colo cha ge" and " la o cha ge". "Colo cha ge" is only used o explain qua k
con inemen and lacks di ec expe imen al e idence; he weak in e ac ion elies on "W/Z bosons o
ansmission", ye i canno explain why he mass o bosons is much g ea e han ha o p o ons.
Incompa ibili y be ween g a i y and quan um o ces: Gene al ela i i y a ibu es g a i y o
"space ime cu a u e", while quan um mechanics a ibu es o ces such as he elec omagne ic o ce
o " ansmission by i ual pa icles". The wo ha e undamen al con adic ions in he na u e o
space ime (absolu e e e ence ame s. ela i e space ime) and causali y (de e minism s.
p obabilism). Supe s ing heo y a emp s o econcile hem h ough "11-dimensional space ime", bu
due o he unde ec able na u e o ex a dimensions, i has ne e been able o es ablish a physical
connec ion be ween g a i y and quan um o ces.
Misunde s anding o he na u e o ields: Al hough Maxwells elec omagne ism uni ies
elec ici y and magne ism, i ails o ecognize ha "magne ic ields a e he dynamic o m o elec ic
momen um ields"; Eins eins "Uni ied Field Theo y" a emp s o inco po a e g a i y in o he
elec omagne ic amewo k bu igno es ha "cha ge and mass a e independen undamen al physical
quan i ies". The heo y o exis ence ields in he "G ea Tao Model" clea ly s a es ha al hough he
exis ence ield o cha ge (elec ic ield) and he exis ence ield o mass (g a i a ional ield) bo h
p opaga e a he speed o ligh c, hei ield cons an s a e diffe en ( he cha ge ield cons an is 1/ε₀,
and he mass ield cons an is 4πG). Only "exis ence ields o he same physical quan i y can in e ac
wi h each o he "; hey ha e a uni ied o m bu exis independen ly and do no need o be o ced in o
educ ion.
Th ough he heo y o exis ence ields, he "G ea Tao Model" uni ies all in e ac ions in o
"in e ac ions be ween he exis ence ields o undamen al physical quan i ies and hei de i ed
ields":
S a ic s a e: The o ce o m is 𝑭
=𝑸𝑬
(Coulomb o ce co esponds o he cha ge exis ence
ield, and g a i a ional o ce co esponds o he mass exis ence ield).
Dynamic s a e: The o ce o m is 𝑭
=𝑷
×𝑬
𝒑 (Lo en z o ce co esponds o he elec ic
momen um ield, and mass momen um o ce co esponds o he mass momen um ield).
Spin s a e: The o ce o m is 𝑭
=𝑸𝒔𝑬
𝒔 (spin magne ic o ce co esponds o he cha ge spin
ield).
The ield in ensi y o mulas in he h ee s a es all ollow a uni ied o m o "being p opo ional o
he undamen al physical quan i y and in e sely p opo ional o he squa e o he dis ance" (e.g.,
𝑬
𝑸∝𝑸/𝒓𝟐 ， 𝑬
𝑷∝（𝑷
×𝒓
）/𝒓𝟑 ), wi h a clea physical image and no edundan
assump ions.
2.3. Misin e p e a ion o Quan um Phenomena: T ea ing De i a i e Phenomena as Essen ial Laws
The deepes dilemma o his o ical g and uni ied heo ies lies in mis aking de i a i e phenomena
in quan um mechanics, such as "p obabilis ic in e p e a ion" and "wa e-pa icle duali y", o he
essen ial laws o he mic ocosm, leading o he sepa a ion o he heo e ical amewo k om classical
eali y:
Misunde s anding o he na u e o quan iza ion: The Boh model in oduces he assump ion
o "o bi al quan iza ion" bu canno explain why elec on ansi ions a e "ins an jumps"; he S anda d
Model a ibu es "disc e e ene gy le els" o "wa e unc ion bounda y condi ions" bu igno es ha
"quan iza ion is he con inuous ene gy accumula ion effec o cha ged pa icles in accele a ed
mo ion". The "G ea Tao Model" clea ly s a es ha elec on ansi ion is he con inuous mo ion o
elec ons accele a ing/decele a ing a ound he nucleus, and he disc e eness o adian ene gy
P ep in s.o g (www.p ep in s.o g) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Pos ed: Pos ed: 22 Sep embe 2025doi:10.20944/p ep in s202509.1756. 1
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o igina es om he "minimum ene gy uni ε=h" (each addi ional o bi o elec on accele a ed mo ion
co esponds o an elec omagne ic wa e o a speci ic equency)[7,8], wi hou he need o in oduce
"quan um jumps".
Philosophical ap o wa e-pa icle duali y: De B oglies "ma e wa e" hypo hesis a ibu es
he diff ac ion-like phenomena o elec ons o he "wa e na u e o pa icles", and quan um mechanics
u he de elops he "p obabilis ic in e p e a ion o wa e unc ions". Howe e , he "G ea Tao Model"
p o es h ough he "pa icle low diff ac ion-like mechanism"[9] ha he in e e ence-like/diff ac ion-
like phenomena o elec ons a e he s a is ical sca e ing effec s be ween pa icles and he de ec ion
sc een, a he han he pa icles hemsel es ha ing wa e na u e. His o ical heo ies ha e mis aken
"obse a ion effec s" o "pa icle essence", leading subsequen uni ied heo ies (such as quan um
ield heo y) o be based on he non- ealis ic ounda ion o "p obabili y wa es".
Fallacy o spin as an ʺin insic p ope yʺ: Quan um mechanics ea s elec on spin as an
"in insic p ope y," assigning i a "spin quan um numbe o ±1/2" wi hou being able o explain i s
physical o igin. In con as , he "G ea Tao Model" e eals ha spin is he classical o a ion o an
elec on a ound i s own axis, wi h i s angula eloci y synch onized wi h he angula eloci y o i s
o bi al mo ion a ound he nucleus (ω_ o a ion = ω_ e olu ion)[10]. This app oach elimina es he
need o in oduce he ad hoc concep o "in insic p ope ies," demons a ing ha he so-called spin
quan um numbe is ac ually a i ing co ec ion pa ame e esul ing om a concep ual e o
ega ding magne ic momen .
His o ical heo ies ha e ea ed he "desc ip i e laws" o quan um phenomena (such as
p obabili y dis ibu ion) as "explana o y essence", leading o he heo e ical misunde s anding ha
"ma hema ical i ing akes p ecedence o e physical mechanisms". The S anda d Model co ec s
in ini ies h ough " eno maliza ion", and supe s ing heo y elimina es di e gences h ough
"supe symme y"; essen ially, hey all use ma hema ical echniques o co e up he lack o physical
essence a he han undamen ally explaining phenomena.
3. The Uni ica ion Logic o he G ea Tao Model: Success ul P ac ice o
Re u ning o Fi s P inciples
The eason why he "G ea Tao Model" can achie e ue g and uni ica ion lies in i s adhe ence
o he i s p inciple o "s a ing om he de ini ion o elemen a y pa icles and he ac s o
undamen al physical quan i ies" and i s abandonmen o he ma hema ical o malism and quan um
misunde s andings o his o ical heo ies.
3.1. S a ing Poin Uni ica ion: Yin-Yang Classi ica ion and Minimalis Sys em o Elemen a y Pa icles
Based on he ancien Chinese philosophical hough o "Tao gene a es one, one gene a es wo,
wo gene a es h ee, and h ee gene a es all hings" and combined wi h classical physical ealism, he
"G ea Tao Model" classi ies elemen a y pa icles in o h ee ca ego ies:
Yin pa icles (elec ons): Ca y a uni nega i e cha ge (-e), ha e a ixed mass, and a e he
ul ima e ca ie s o nega i e elec ical p ope ies.
Yang pa icles (posi ons): Ca y a uni posi i e cha ge (+e), ha e he same mass as elec ons,
and a e he ul ima e ca ie s o posi i e elec ical p ope ies.
Neu al pa icles (subs ons): Ha e no cha ge, a mass much la ge han ha o elec ons
(app oxima ely 1836 imes ha o elec ons), a e he dominan ca ie s o mass p ope ies, and a e
also he essence o da k ma e .
Th ough "Yin-Yang combina ion", hese h ee ypes o elemen a y pa icles o m i e ypes o
composi e pa icles (p o ons, an ip o ons, neu ons, an ineu ons, neu inos), which u he
cons i u e a oms, molecules, celes ial bodies, and e en he uni e se. Fo example, p o ons a e o med
by posi ons o a ing a ound subs ons, neu ons by elec ons o a ing a ound p o ons, and neu inos
by he combina ion o elec ons and posi ons. This sys em ully con o ms o he de ini ion o
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5 o 7
"elemen a y pa icles being minimalis , s able, and subs an ial", a oiding he "pa icle edundancy"
p oblem o his o ical heo ies om he e y beginning.
3.2. F amewo k Uni ica ion: Global Co e age o he Theo y o Exis ence Fields
The heo y o exis ence ields is he co e amewo k o he "G ea Tao Model" o achie e
uni ica ion. I s co e idea is ha he undamen al physical quan i y (Q) o an elemen a y pa icle has
he inhe en p ope y o "con inuously and uni o mly diffusing physical in o ma ion o he
su ounding space", and his p ope y is called he "exis ence ield" (𝐸
); elemen a y pa icles
ansmi physical in o ma ion h ough exis ence ields and in e ac by ecei ing exis ence ield
in o ma ion om o he pa icles.
The ma hema ical o m o his heo y is highly uni ied:
Exis ence ield in ensi y: 𝐸
=𝑘 𝑄/𝑟 (whe e 𝑘 is he ield cons an , Q is he
undamen al physical quan i y, and is he dis ance).
In e ac ion o ce: 𝐹
=𝑄∙𝐸
(s a ic s a e), 𝐹
=𝑃
×𝐸
(dynamic s a e, whe e 𝑃
=𝑄𝑣 is
he momen um).
Spin in e ac ion: 𝐹
=𝑄∙𝐸
(whe e 𝑄=𝑄𝜔 is he spin quan i y and 𝐸
is he spin ield).
This amewo k no only uni ies he elec omagne ic o ce and g a i a ional o ce bu also
inco po a es nuclea o ces, spin magne ic o ces, and o he s. Fo example, he nuclea o ce is
essen ially he elec os a ic a ac ion be ween p o ons and neu ons a sho dis ances (<10-15 me e s),
wi hou he need o in oduce he "s ong in e ac ion"; spin magne ic o ce is he in e ac ion o he
elec on spin ield, explaining he di ec ionali y o chemical bonds (such as he e ahed al
con igu a ion o me hane).
3.3. Phenomenon Uni ica ion: Cohe en Explana ion om Mic o-Pa icles o Cosmic E olu ion
Based on he "Yin-Yang model o elemen a y pa icles" and he " heo y o exis ence ields", he
"G ea Tao Model" can logically and consis en ly explain all physical phenomena om he mic ocosm
o he mac ocosm wi hou adding any ad hoc assump ions:
A omic and molecula s uc u e: Th ough he "dynamic en i y model o elec on o bi s", he
o bi al mo ion o elec ons a ound he nucleus is ega ded as a "spa io empo ally accumula ed
dynamic en i y" (such as a sphe e o ellipsoid). The "expansion/con ac ion" o he o bi co esponds
o ene gy le el ansi ions, and spin pai ing (synch onized angula eloci y) explains he essence o
chemical bonds (α/β bonds)[10], co ec ing con adic ions such as "d-o bi al illing excep ions" in
quan um mechanics.
Nuclea physics and nuclea adia ion: The binding o ce be ween p o ons and neu ons is
sho - ange elec os a ic a ac ion, and a omic nuclei ha e a spa ial s uc u e simila o ionic c ys als;
β decay is essen ially he " adia ion and combina ion eac ion (RC eac ion)" o elec ons and
posi ons in neu ons, wi hou he need o in oduce he "weak in e ac ion".
Cosmic e olu ion: P imo dial celes ial bodies a e composed o hyd ogen molecules and
an ihyd ogen molecules. Th ough he RC eac ion (hyd ogen molecules + an ihyd ogen molecules
→ subs ons + neu inos + adian ene gy), a "big bang" occu s. The emaining subs ons o m da k
ma e (accoun ing o 84% o he cosmic mass), and he mul i-le el celes ial explosion explains he
accele a ed expansion o he uni e se wi hou in oducing "da k ene gy".
Resolu ion o unsol ed mys e ies: Neu inos a e composi e pa icles o elec ons and posi ons
(no elemen a y pa icles), and hei "oscilla ion" o igina es om changes in he ene gy s a e o he
composi e s uc u e; black holes a e ac ually "da k s a s" (subs on condensa es), wi hou
"singula i ies" o "e en ho izons". The g a i a ional ield and elec omagne ic ield ac
independen ly, allowing ligh o escape.
These explana ions a e all based on classical physical mechanisms (elec omagne ic in e ac ion,
ene gy conse a ion), wi hou any coun e in ui i e assump ions, and a e highly consis en wi h
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exis ing expe imen al da a (such as hyd ogen a omic spec a, da k ma e mass p opo ion, and
neu ino mass uppe limi ).
4. Conclusions: The Roo Cause o His o ical Failu es and he Implica ions o he
G ea Tao Model
The ailu e o his o ical g and uni ied heo ies is no due o he inhe en complexi y o cosmic
laws, bu a he he undamen al de ia ion o hei esea ch pa hs om " i s p inciples" and "classical
physical ealism":
W ong s a ing poin : Classi ying ansien pa icles and non-subs an ial ma hema ical objec s
(such as s ing ib a ions) as elemen a y pa icles, iola ing he essen ial de ini ion o "elemen a y
pa icles being s able and subs an ial".
F agmen ed amewo k: Adding edundan " o ces" and "physical quan i ies" (such as
s ong/weak in e ac ions and colo cha ge), se e ing he independen p ope ies o cha ge and mass,
and leading o heo e ical agmen a ion.
Misin e p e a ion o essence: T ea ing he p obabilis ic desc ip ions and obse a ion effec s o
quan um phenomena as he essence o na u e, abandoning classical causali y and physical eali y,
and alling in o he ap o ma hema ical o malism.
The success o he "G ea Tao Model" p o es ha he undamen al laws o he uni e se a e
concise, in ui i e, and consis en wi h classical physical in ui ion. By e u ning o he essen ial
de ini ion o elemen a y pa icles, he inhe en p ope ies o undamen al physical quan i ies, and he
in e ac ion mechanism o exis ence ields, his model abandons he edundan assump ions o
quan um mechanics and ul ima ely es ablishes a uni e sally uni ied amewo k co e ing mic o-
pa icles, a omic nuclei, celes ial bodies, and e en he uni e se. This is no only a majo b eak h ough
in physics bu also a ec i ica ion in he philosophy o science—i ma ks ha human unde s anding
o na u e has e u ned o he co ec pa h o " aking physical eali y as he ounda ion and i s
p inciples as guidance", p o iding a new pa adigm o he de elopmen o physics in he u u e.
In he u u e, he e i ica ion o he "G ea Tao Model" should ocus on key expe imen s (such
as he di ec de ec ion o subs ons, he pola iza ion measu emen o mass momen um wa es, and he
measu emen o elec on spin pai ing angles). I expe imen s u he con i m i s p edic ions, i will
comple ely end he "mys icism" o quan um mechanics and p omo e physics in o a new e a o
"classical uni ica ion".
Re e ences
1. Eins ein A .The Meaning o Rela i i y. Physics Today, 2003.DOI:10.1063/1.3059795.
2. Co ingham, W. N. and G eenwood, D.A. “An In oduc ion o he S anda d Model o Pa icle Physics”,
Second Edi ion, Camb idge Uni e si y P ess (2023).
3. Polchinski J , Ha ey J A . S ing Theo y. Physics Today, 1999, 52(6):59-60. DOI:10.1063/1.882705.
4. G een M B , Schwa z J H , Wi en E .Supe s ing Theo y. Vol.1 .Camb idge Uni e si y P ess,2012.
5. Ro elli, C. Loop Quan um G a i y. Li ing Re . Rela i . 1, 1 (1998). h ps://doi.o g/10.12942/l -1998-1
6. Zeng, J.; Zeng, T. The G ea Tao Model: The Theo y o Elemen a y Pa icles and Thei In e ac ions.
P ep in s 2025, 2025011006. h ps://doi.o g/10.20944/p ep in s202501.1006. 1
7. Zeng JQ. Classical physical mechanism o quan um p oduc ion and i s explana ion o hyd ogen a om
s uc u e and pho oelec ic e ec . Physics Essays, 2021, 34(4):529-537
8. Zeng JQ. Classical physics de i a ion o quan iza ion o elec on ellip ical o bi in hyd ogenlike a om.
Physics Essays, 2022, 35: 147-151.
9. Zeng JQ, Zeng TH. S udy on he di ac ion-like and in e e ence-like mechanisms o pa icle low. Applied
Physics Resea ch,2023,5(2):157-172. h ps://doi.o g/10.5539/ap . 15n2p157
10. Zeng, T.; Zeng, J. A Uni ied Theo y o A omic and Molecula S uc u e. P ep in s 2025, 2025011033.
h ps://doi.o g/10.20944/p ep in s202501.1033. 1
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Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose
o he indi idual au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s)
disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o
p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
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