*Co esponding au ho : Dipak A. Maga e
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0.
E hnobo any in he digi al age: Oppo uni ies and challenges o adi ional knowledge
digi iza ion
Dipak A. Maga e* and Madhuka . B. Pa il
Depa men o Bo any o UG, PG, Resea ch, J.E.S’s, A s, Science and Comme ce College, Nandu ba -425412, India.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 30 No embe 2024; e ised on 08 Janua y 2025; accep ed on 10 Janua y 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.21.1.0043
Abs ac
Digi iza ion o adi ional medicinal knowledge b idges he gap be ween ancien wisdom and mode n science, ensu ing
he p ese a ion and sus ainable use o his in aluable cul u al he i age. This pape e iews he impo ance o
digi iza ion, highligh ing i s ole in p ese ing o al adi ions, os e ing global esea ch collabo a ion, and p omo ing
biodi e si y conse a ion. I explo es he in eg a ion o adi ional knowledge wi h bioin o ma ics ools o d ug
disco e y and sus ainable ha es ing p ac ices. Fu he mo e, he e iew iden i ies key challenges, such as ensu ing da a
accu acy, e hical conce ns, and accessibili y o ma ginalized communi ies, while p oposing solu ions h ough eme ging
echnologies like a i icial in elligence and blockchain. By le e aging global da abases and ools like TKDL, BOLD, and
GBIF, digi iza ion c ea es a pa hway o ad ancing adi ional medicinal knowledge in o a uni e sally accessible,
scien i ically alida ed esou ce.
Keywo ds: E hnobo any; Digi iza ion; Bioin o ma ics; Da abases
1. In oduc ion
T adi ional medicinal plan and knowledge, o en o ally ansmi ed, ep esen s a ich he i age o human in e ac ion
wi h na u e. [1] I ac as impo an ea u es o medicinal p ac ice due o i s phy ochemicals composi ions like
an ioxidan , an ibac e ial, an i ungal ac i i ies by hei seconda y me aboli es [2]. Howe e , wi h globaliza ion, li es yle
changes, and he aging o adi ional p ac i ione s, his knowledge aces he isk o being los . Digi iza ion o e s a
solu ion by documen ing and p ese ing his in aluable esou ce in a s uc u ed and accessible o ma [3], [4]. By
b idging adi ional p ac ices wi h mode n scien i ic me hodologies, digi iza ion no only ensu es cul u al p ese a ion
bu also os e s inno a ion and collabo a ion in he ields o pha macology, e hnobo any, and biodi e si y conse a ion
[5], [6].
T adi ional medicinal knowledge has his o ically been ansmi ed o ally om gene a ion o gene a ion, o en wi hin
communi ies o amilies [7], [8]. This eliance on o al ansmission makes he knowledge ulne able o loss due o
mode niza ion, globaliza ion, and he passing o adi ional p ac i ione s. Digi iza ion o e s a obus solu ion by
sys ema ically documen ing his knowledge in s uc u ed o ma s. By c ea ing digi al eposi o ies, he endange ed
p ac ices o a ious cul u es a e p ese ed pe manen ly, ensu ing hey emain accessible o u u e gene a ions [9].
These eposi o ies se e as a sa egua d agains he e osion o cul u al he i age and p o ide an endu ing eco d o
adi ional wisdom[10].
Digi al da abases signi ican ly enhance he accessibili y o adi ional medicinal knowledge. Resea che s, p ac i ione s,
and he public can now access as amoun s o in o ma ion globally h ough pla o ms like he T adi ional Knowledge
Digi al Lib a y (TKDL). These pla o ms acili a e c oss-cul u al sha ing, b eaking geog aphical ba ie s and os e ing
collabo a ion [7], [11], [12]. Fo ins ance, a esea che in Eu ope can s udy he medicinal p ac ices o Indian ibes,
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
236
while a p ac i ione in A ica can adop he bal emedies om Asia. This accessibili y p omo es inno a ion in he bal
medicine esea ch and encou ages he sha ing o knowledge among di e se communi ies, b idging he gap be ween
adi ional p ac ices and global medical ad ancemen s.
Figu e 1 Da abase and ools o T adi ional Knowledge Digi iza ion
1.1. Impo ance o Digi iza ion o T adi ional Medicinal Knowledge
The digi iza ion o adi ional medicinal knowledge ep esen s a signi ican s ep o wa d in p ese ing ancien wisdom,
enhancing accessibili y, and os e ing inno a ion in he ield o medicine. The ollowing sec ions elabo a e on he c i ical
aspec s o digi iza ion and i s mul i ace ed impac on socie y, esea ch, and conse a ion.
In eg a ion wi h Mode n Science:The digi iza ion o adi ional medicinal knowledge c ea es a b idge be ween ancien
p ac ices and mode n scien i ic me hodologies. Th ough his in eg a ion, esea che s can analyze adi ional emedies
alongside pha macological s udies o iden i y no el medicinal compounds and unde s and hei he apeu ic p ope ies.
Fo example, digi ized eco ds o adi ional emedies ha e led o he disco e y o e ec i e ea men s o diseases such
as mala ia and cance . This in eg a ion no only alida es he e icacy o adi ional medicine bu also expands he scope
o scien i ic esea ch, po en ially leading o g oundb eaking disco e ies in d ug de elopmen .
Da a Analysis and Resea ch: One o he signi ican ad an ages o digi ized adi ional knowledge is he abili y o employ
ad anced bioin o ma ics ools o analysis. Techniques such as phylogene ic s udies, i ual sc eenings, and in silico
modeling allow esea che s o iden i y pa e ns and ela ionships be ween plan species and hei medicinal
applica ions. These analyses accele a e he p ocess o d ug disco e y and de elopmen , p o iding insigh s in o he
pha macodynamics and pha macokine ics o adi ional emedies. Fo ins ance, a digi ized da abase can e eal ha wo
plan s om di e en con inen s ha e simila bioac i e compounds, guiding esea che s owa d new applica ions o
exis ing medicines.
Biodi e si y Conse a ion:Digi iza ion plays a i al ole in documen ing he biodi e si y o medicinal plan s, which is
c ucial o conse a ion e o s. By ca aloging he dis ibu ion and usage o hese plan s, esea che s can iden i y species
a isk o ex inc ion and de elop s a egies o p o ec hem[13]. This in o ma ion is in aluable o c ea ing conse a ion
plans ha ensu e he sus ainable use o esou ces while p ese ing ecosys ems. Fo example, a digi al eposi o y
documen ing he medicinal p ope ies o an endange ed plan can highligh i s ecological impo ance, mo i a ing e o s
o p o ec i s habi a and p e en o e ha es ing [14].
Educa ion and T ainin: Digi al pla o ms se e as powe ul educa ional ools, p o iding comp ehensi e in o ma ion on
medicinal plan s and hei uses. S uden s and p ac i ione s o adi ional medicine bene i om access o de ailed
da abases ha include in o ma ion on plan species, p epa a ion me hods, and he apeu ic applica ions. These
pla o ms democ a ize knowledge dissemina ion, allowing indi iduals om di e se backg ounds o lea n abou
adi ional medicine[15]. As a esul , he nex gene a ion o p ac i ione s can gain deepe insigh s in o adi ional
p ac ices, ensu ing ha he knowledge con inues o e ol e and adap in mode n con ex s[16].
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
237
P omo ing Sus ainable P ac ices: Digi iza ion con ibu es o sus ainabili y by documen ing he ecological impac s o
ha es ing medicinal plan s and p omo ing esponsible p ac ices. By p o iding da a on sus ainable ha es ing me hods,
hese digi al esou ces guide communi ies and indus ies owa d mo e e hical and en i onmen ally iendly p ac ices
[17]. Fo ins ance, a da abase migh ecommend speci ic ha es ing echniques ha p ese e he plan ’s abili y o
egene a e, ensu ing ha u u e gene a ions can con inue o bene i om i s medicinal p ope ies [18]. This balance
be ween u iliza ion and conse a ion is essen ial o main aining biodi e si y and he long- e m iabili y o na u al
esou ces.
Figu e 2 Da abase o T adi ional Knowledge
1.2. Cu en Da abases and Tools in Digi izing T adi ional Medicinal Knowledge
The digi iza ion o adi ional medicinal knowledge elies on obus da abases and ools ha s o e, analyze, and sha e
aluable in o ma ion [6]. These pla o ms acili a e species iden i ica ion, conse a ion, esea ch, and he p e en ion o
in ellec ual p ope y he [20]. Below is a de ailed o some key da abases and ools essen ial o his endea o :
Table 1 Majo Digi ized Da abases
Da abase Name
Type o Da a
Numbe o En ies/De ails
URL/Access
Link
Ba code o Li e Da abase (BOLD)
Gene ic sequences
5,339,196 ba code sequences
BOLD
F eeDELTA
Taxonomic da a
68 da ase s
F eeDELTA
Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion
Facili y (GBIF)
Biodi e si y da a
Millions o eco ds ( a ies by
species)
GBIF
T adi ional Knowledge Digi al
Lib a y (TKDL)
Medicinal plan
knowledge
Speci ic o India ( a ies)
TKDL
Na iKey Se e
Taxonomic
iden i ica ion
22 da ase s
Na iKey
1.2.1. Ba code o Li e Da abase (BOLD)
The Ba code o Li e Da abase (BOLD) is a comp ehensi e eposi o y dedica ed o gene ic in o ma ion, wi h o e 5
million ba code sequences a ailable o species iden i ica ion and biodi e si y esea ch [19]. The da abase aims o
c ea e a s anda dized amewo k o iden i ying species using DNA ba coding [20], [21], [22]. Each ba code sequence
ep esen s a unique iden i ie o a species, enabling p ecise classi ica ion. BOLD is in aluable o biodi e si y
conse a ion, ecological moni o ing, and iden i ying new o c yp ic species. I is ex ensi ely used by axonomis s,
ecologis s, and conse a ionis s o assess species di e si y in a ious ecosys ems.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
238
Signi icance in T adi ional Knowledge: By p o iding gene ic da a o medicinal plan s, BOLD aids esea che s in
alida ing species used in adi ional medicine. This ensu es he co ec iden i ica ion o plan s and minimizes e o s in
documen a ion and applica ion
The global each o BOLD makes i an indispensable ool o in eg a ing gene ic da a in o he s udy o adi ional
medicinal p ac ices.
Table 2 Dis ibu ion o Li e Fo ms in BOLD
Li e Fo m
Numbe o En ies
Animals
176,400
Plan s
65,732
Fungi and O he
20,838
Figu e 3 Dis ibu ion o Li e Fo ms in BOLD
1.2.2. T adi ional Knowledge Digi al Lib a y (TKDL)
The T adi ional Knowledge Digi al Lib a y (TKDL) is an Indian ini ia i e designed o documen adi ional medicinal
p ac ices and sa egua d hem agains biopi acy. The lib a y con ains in o ma ion om ancien ex s such as Ayu eda,
Siddha, and Unani sys ems o medicine. By digi izing his knowledge, TKDL p o ec s indigenous in ellec ual p ope y
igh s and p e en s unau ho ized pa en s [7] . The TKDL is sha ed wi h pa en o ices wo ldwide o ensu e ha
adi ional knowledge is ecognized as p io a . This s ep signi ican ly educes ins ances o biopi acy whe e
co po a ions migh exploi indigenous p ac ices wi hou consen [23]. TKDL also se es as a esea ch ool, o e ing
de ailed insigh s in o adi ional o mula ions, plan species, and p epa a ion me hods. I os e s collabo a ion be ween
adi ional medicine p ac i ione s and mode n esea che s. The TKDL is a pionee ing e o in b idging adi ional
knowledge wi h mode n legal and scien i ic amewo ks, making i a global model o p ese ing and p o ec ing
indigenous he i age.
1.2.3. Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y (GBIF)
The Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y (GBIF) is an in e na ional ne wo k ha p o ides open access o
biodi e si y da a o suppo esea ch and conse a ion. GBIF agg ega es da a om a ious sou ces, including museum
collec ions, ield obse a ions, and ci izen science con ibu ions. I s da abase encompasses millions o eco ds co e ing
di e se li e o ms, including plan s used in adi ional medicine. The pla o m is ins umen al in iden i ying endange ed
species and de ising conse a ion s a egies. Resea che s and policymake s use GBIF da a o ack changes in
biodi e si y and assess he impac o human ac i i ies on ecosys ems (Sec e a ia o he Con en ion on Biological
Di e si y) [36]. By p o iding de ailed dis ibu ion da a, GBIF helps documen he habi a s o medicinal plan s. This
in o ma ion is c i ical o conse ing species ha a e o e ha es ed o h ea ened by habi a loss. GBIF's commi men
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
239
o open da a sha ing makes i a aluable esou ce o in eg a ing biodi e si y in o ma ion in o he s udy and applica ion
o adi ional medicinal knowledge [24].
1.2.4. F eeDELTA
F eeDELTA is an open-sou ce so wa e pla o m designed o he compila ion and analysis o axonomic da a, wi h a
p ima y ocus on plan sciences. The pla o m suppo s da ase c ea ion, managemen , and analysis, making i a
p e e ed ool o esea che s documen ing plan species. F eeDELTA allows use s o gene a e de ailed axonomic
desc ip ions and classi ica ions. As an open-sou ce ool, F eeDELTA is cus omizable, enabling esea che s o ailo i o
hei speci ic needs. I s use - iendly in e ace and comp ehensi e analy ical capabili ies make i a p ac ical choice o
axonomis s [24]. F eeDELTA aids in s anda dizing he classi ica ion o medicinal plan s, ensu ing consis ency in
documen a ion. This is pa icula ly impo an o c ea ing da abases ha align wi h in e na ional axonomic s anda ds.
The e sa ili y and accessibili y o F eeDELTA con ibu e o i s widesp ead use in documen ing and analyzing
adi ional medicinal plan s.
1.2.5. Na iKey Se e
Na iKey Se e is a axonomic iden i ica ion ool ha acili a es accu a e classi ica ion o plan species based on
mo phological and o he cha ac e is ics. The se e enables use s o inpu speci ic ai s o a plan and ecei e po en ial
ma ches om i s da abase [25]. This in e ac i e iden i ica ion p ocess is highly e icien o ield esea che s and
axonomis s. Na iKey is also a aluable educa ional ool, helping s uden s and p ac i ione s unde s and plan axonomy
and imp o e hei iden i ica ion skills. By p o iding p ecise iden i ica ion o medicinal plan s, Na iKey minimizes e o s
in he documen a ion and applica ion o adi ional emedies. Accu a e classi ica ion is c ucial o ensu ing he e icacy
and sa e y o adi ional medicines. [26]. Na iKey’s in ui i e app oach o species iden i ica ion makes i an essen ial ool
o esea che s wo king a he in e sec ion o axonomy and adi ional knowledge.
Table 3 Types o Da a in Biodi e si y Da abases
Da abase Name
Taxonomic Da a
Ecological Da a
Gene ic Da a
E hnobo anical Da a
BOLD
Yes
No
Yes
No
GBIF
Yes
Yes
No
No
TKDL
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
F eeDELTA
Yes
No
Yes
No
While digi iza ion o e s signi ican bene i s in p ese ing and u ilizing adi ional medicinal knowledge, se e al
challenges mus be add essed o ensu e i s success and sus ainabili y. Addi ionally, u u e di ec ions highligh he
po en ial o echnological ad ancemen s and inclusi i y o enhance he scope and impac o digi iza ion e o s [13].
A p ima y challenge lies in ensu ing da a accu acy du ing collec ion and documen a ion. T adi ional medicinal
knowledge o en o igina es om o al adi ions, which can be suscep ible o e o s in ansla ion, in e p e a ion, o
eco ding [7], [12]. Rigo ous da a collec ion me hodologies mus be employed o cap u e his knowledge ai h ully. This
includes wo king closely wi h adi ional p ac i ione s o e i y in o ma ion and c oss- e e encing da a wi h eliable
sou ces such as ancien manusc ip s o published esea ch. Ensu ing accu acy is c i ical o main aining he c edibili y
and scien i ic u ili y o digi ized da abases.
Table 4 Summa y o Digi iza ion Tools o Na u al P oduc s
Tool Name
Type o Na u al P oduc
B ie Desc ip ion
URL
F eeDELTA
Plan , animal
A ool o axonomic da a compila ion
F eeDELTA
Na iKey
Plan
A se e o axonomic iden i ica ion
Na iKey
Ano he p essing issue is imp o ing accessibili y o ma ginalized communi ies. Many adi ional p ac i ione s and
indigenous heale s lack he esou ces o echnical expe ise o engage wi h digi al pla o ms [27], [28]. To add ess his,
da abases mus be designed wi h use - iendly in e aces and suppo o mul iple languages. E o s should also be
made o ain p ac i ione s and communi y membe s in using digi al ools, empowe ing hem o con ibu e o and
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
240
bene i om hese esou ces. Inclusi e accessibili y ensu es ha digi iza ion e o s do no aliena e he e y
communi ies ha a e he cus odians o adi ional knowledge.
Table 5 Compa ison o Key Fea u es
Da abase/Tool
P ima y Focus
Applica ions
Rele ance o T adi ional
Knowledge
BOLD
Gene ic da a (DNA
ba coding)
Species iden i ica ion,
biodi e si y esea ch
Valida ion o medicinal plan species
TKDL
T adi ional p ac ices
Biopi acy p e en ion, esea ch
collabo a ion
Documen a ion and p o ec ion o
indigenous knowledge
GBIF
Biodi e si y da a
Conse a ion, ecological
s udies
Dis ibu ion mapping o medicinal
plan s
F eeDELTA
Taxonomic da a
Da ase managemen ,
axonomic analysis
S anda diza ion o plan classi ica ions
Na iKey Se e
Taxonomic
iden i ica ion
In e ac i e iden i ica ion,
educa ion
Accu a e classi ica ion o medicinal
plan s
E hical conce ns a e ano he signi ican challenge in he digi iza ion p ocess. P ope acknowledgmen and equi able
bene i s mus be p o ided o he communi ies ha sha e hei adi ional knowledge [12], [16], [29]. This includes
ecognizing hei in ellec ual p ope y igh s and ensu ing hey ecei e ai compensa ion o o he o ms o suppo .
T anspa en mechanisms should be es ablished o in ol e hese communi ies in decision-making p ocesses and
p e en exploi a ion. E hical digi iza ion p ac ices a e essen ial o building us and os e ing collabo a ion be ween
esea che s and indigenous g oups.
Expanding da abase co e age is a c ucial u u e di ec ion o digi iza ion. Many exis ing da abases ocus on well-
documen ed medicinal plan s and p ac ices, o en o e looking lesse -known emedies o hose om emo e egions.
To ensu e inclusi i y, e o s mus be made o documen di e se knowledge sys ems, including hose om
unde ep esen ed cul u es. This expansion no only en iches he scope o digi ized knowledge bu also p o ides a mo e
comp ehensi e esou ce o esea che s and p ac i ione s globally [30], [31]. Finally, le e aging eme ging echnologies
such as a i icial in elligence (AI) and blockchain p esen s exci ing oppo uni ies o he u u e o digi iza ion. AI can be
used o analyze la ge da ase s, iden i y pa e ns, and p edic po en ial medicinal applica ions o plan s . Blockchain
echnology, on he o he hand, o e s obus solu ions o au hen ica ing da a and p o ec ing in ellec ual p ope y igh s
[32], [33], [34], [35]. By inco po a ing hese echnologies, digi iza ion e o s can become mo e e icien , secu e, and
impac ul.
2. Conclusion
The digi iza ion o adi ional medicinal knowledge is pi o al o p ese ing cul u al he i age and os e ing inno a ion
in medicine and conse a ion. By sys ema ically documen ing o al adi ions, digi iza ion sa egua ds in aluable
p ac ices om he isks posed by mode niza ion and he loss o adi ional cus odians. Da abases such as BOLD, TKDL,
and GBIF se e as c i ical eposi o ies, enabling esea che s o alida e species, p e en biopi acy, and p omo e
sus ainable esou ce managemen . Despi e i s many ad an ages, digi iza ion aces challenges such as da a accu acy,
inclusi i y, and e hical conside a ions. Add essing hese equi es igo ous me hodologies, use - iendly pla o ms, and
equi able amewo ks o acknowledge and bene i indigenous communi ies. Fu u e di ec ions poin owa d expanding
da abase co e age and le e aging eme ging echnologies like a i icial in elligence and blockchain o enhance da a
analysis, au hen ici y, and in ellec ual p ope y p o ec ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s exp ess hei since e g a i ude o D . M. H. Mali, Head o he Depa men a Taloda College, o his in aluable
suppo and guidance. We also ex end ou hea el hanks o he P incipal, s a , and esea ch colleagues o Jijama a
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
241
College, Nandu ba , o hei encou agemen and assis ance h oughou his wo k. Finally, we acknowledge he
con ibu ions o he s a whose suppo was ins umen al in comple ing his esea ch.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
Re e ences
[1] M. B. Pa il and P. A. Khan, “E hnobo anical, phy ochemical and Fou ie T ans o m In a ed Spec opho ome e
(FTIR) s udies o Ca una egam spinosa (Thunb.) Ti en,” ol. 10, no. 2, 2017, doi:
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.7562415.
[2] A. Khan, K. C. Mo e, M. H. Mali, S. V. Deo e, and M. B. Pa il, “Phy ochemical sc eening and Gas ch oma og aphy-
mass spec ome y analysis on Ischaemum pilosum (Kleinex Willd.),” Plan Sci. Today, Sep. 2023, doi:
10.14719/ps .2349.
[3] R. Abbasi, P. Ma inez, and R. Ahmad, “The digi iza ion o ag icul u al indus y – a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
on ag icul u e 4.0,” Sma Ag icul u al Technology, ol. 2, p. 100042, Dec. 2022, doi:
10.1016/j.a ech.2022.100042.
[4] K. Ka unamoo hi, K. Jegajee an am, J. Vijayalakshmi, and E. Mengis ie, “T adi ional Medicinal Plan s: A Sou ce
o Phy o he apeu ic Modali y in Resou ce-Cons ained Heal h Ca e Se ings,” J E id Based Complemen a y Al e n
Med, ol. 18, no. 1, pp. 67–74, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1177/2156587212460241.
[5] M. B. Pa il and P. A. Khan, “E hnobo anical, phy ochemical and Fou ie T ans o m In a ed Spec opho ome e
(FTIR) s udies o Ca una egam spinosa (Thunb.) Ti en.,” Jou nal o Chemical and Pha maceu ical Sciences, ol.
10, no. 03, pp. 950–955, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.7562415.
[6] R. P amanik, “Documen a ion and Digi isa ion o Access o T adi ional Medicine Knowledge in Sou he n
Odisha,” in Shi ing Pe spec i es in T ibal S udies, M. C. Behe a, Ed., Singapo e: Sp inge Singapo e, 2019, pp.
233–250. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-8090-7_12.
[7] M. S. Ansa i, “Role o T adi ional Knowledge Digi al Lib a y (TKDL) in P ese a ion and P o ec ion o Indigenous
Medicinal Knowledge o India,” in He bal Medicine in India, S. Sen and R. Chak abo y, Eds., Singapo e: Sp inge
Singapo e, 2020, pp. 609–620. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-7248-3_38.
[8] Fi oj Shaikh, A. Khan, and S. I. Sa i, “Re iew on Genus Acacia: Special Re e ence o Vachelli aebu nea – an
Unexplo ed T adi ional Medicinal Plan o Indian Subcon inen ,” May 2023, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.8130317.
[9] A. Khan, R.L. Pawa , M.H. Mali, Kamlaka Mo e, and S. V. Deo e, “P o eomics: An Eme ging Tools, Da abase and
Technique o Unde s anding Biological Sys em.,” Ap . 2023, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.7837890.
[10] R. Pandey and V. Kuma , “Explo ing he Impedimen s o Digi iza ion and Digi al P ese a ion o Cul u al He i age
Resou ces: A Selec i e Re iew,” P ese a ion, Digi al Technology & Cul u e, ol. 49, no. 1, pp. 26–37, Ap . 2020,
doi: 10.1515/pd c-2020-0006.
[11] A. Abdullahi, “T ends and Challenges o T adi ional Medicine in A ica,” A . J. T ad. Compl. Al . Med., ol. 8, no.
5S, Jul. 2011, doi: 10.4314/aj cam. 8i5S.5.
[12] M. B. Pa il and P. A. Khan, “Economical and E hical Aspec s in Medicinal Plan Resea ch,” RESEARCH REVIEW
In e na ional Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y, ol. 02, no. 02, pp. 25–31, 2017, doi:
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.7562447.
[13] E. R. Ellwood e al., “Accele a ing he Digi iza ion o Biodi e si y Resea ch Specimens h ough Online Public
Pa icipa ion,” BioScience, ol. 65, no. 4, pp. 383–396, Ap . 2015, doi: 10.1093/biosci/bi 005.
[14] B. Basso and J. An le, “Digi al ag icul u e o design sus ainable ag icul u al sys ems,” Na Sus ain, ol. 3, no. 4, pp.
254–256, Ap . 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41893-020-0510-0.
[15] M. A. Dayioğlu and U. Tu ke , “Digi al T ans o ma ion o Sus ainable Fu u e - Ag icul u e 4.0 : A e iew,” Ta ım
Bilimle i De gisi, No . 2021, doi: 10.15832/anku bd.986431.
[16] L. Bishop, “E hical Sha ing and Reuse o Quali a i e Da a,” Aus J Social Issues, ol. 44, no. 3, pp. 255–272, Ma .
2009, doi: 10.1002/j.1839-4655.2009. b00145.x.
[17] A. Balm o d e al., “The Con en ion on Biological Di e si y’s 2010 Ta ge ,” Science, ol. 307, no. 5707, pp. 212–
213, Jan. 2005, doi: 10.1126/science.1106281.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 21(01), 235-242
242
[18] M. E. Mondeja e al., “Digi aliza ion o achie e sus ainable de elopmen goals: S eps owa ds a Sma G een
Plane ,” Science o The To al En i onmen , ol. 794, p. 148539, No . 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.sci o en .2021.148539.
[19] S. Ra nasingham and P. D. N. Hebe , “BOLD: The Ba code o Li e Da a Sys em,” Molecula Ecology No es, ol. 7,
no. 3, pp. 355–364, May 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x.
[20] D Amanulla Khan and Miss Dakh e Ayman, “P og ess in DNA Sequencing Technology: Recen B eak h oughs
and Fu u e P ospec s,” Ap . 01, 2024, Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.12502838.
[21] V. Sa olainen, R. S. Cowan, A. P. Vogle , G. K. Rode ick, and R. Lane, “Towa ds w i ing he encyclopaedia o li e: an
in oduc ion o DNA ba coding,” Phil. T ans. R. Soc. B, ol. 360, no. 1462, pp. 1805–1811, Oc . 2005, doi:
10.1098/ s b.2005.1730.
[22] P. Y. Yousu , P. A. Shabi , and K. R. Hakeem, miRNAomics and S ess Managemen in Plan s, 1s ed. Boca Ra on:
CRC P ess, 2024. doi: 10.1201/9781003248453.
[23] L. Hea on and F. Cha olin, “In oduc ion: digi al pa icipa o y biodi e si y science,” Science as Cul u e, ol. 33,
no. 3, pp. 285–296, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1080/09505431.2024.2332287.
[24] J. M. Hebe ling, J. T. Mille , D. Noesgaa d, S. B. Weinga , and D. Schigel, “Da a in eg a ion enables global
biodi e si y syn hesis,” P oc. Na l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., ol. 118, no. 6, p. e2018093118, Feb. 2021, doi:
10.1073/pnas.2018093118.
[25] M. Mu guía-Rome o, B. Se ano-Es ada, E. O iz, and J. L. Villaseño , “Taxonomic iden i ica ion keys on he web:
ools o be e knowledge o biodi e si y,” Re .Mex.Biodi ., ol. 92, no. 0, p. 923592, Sep. 2021, doi:
10.22201/ib.20078706e.2021.92.3592.
[26] O. A. Malik, N. Ismail, B. R. Hussein, and U. Yahya, “Au oma ed Real-Time Iden i ica ion o Medicinal Plan s Species
in Na u al En i onmen Using Deep Lea ning Models—A Case S udy om Bo neo Region,” Plan s, ol. 11, no. 15,
p. 1952, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.3390/plan s11151952.
[27] A. Khan and A. Ha iz, “Medicinal Pe spec i e and The apeu ics S udies on Glo iosa supe ba,” IJETIR, ol. 3, no. 3,
pp. 16–20, Ma . 2023, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.7804131.
[28] A. Kuma , S. Kuma , Komal, N. Ramchia y, and P. Singh, “Role o T adi ional E hnobo anical Knowledge and
Indigenous Communi ies in Achie ing Sus ainable De elopmen Goals,” Sus ainabili y, ol. 13, no. 6, p. 3062, Ma .
2021, doi: 10.3390/su13063062.
[29] E. R. Ellwood e al., “Accele a ing he Digi iza ion o Biodi e si y Resea ch Specimens h ough Online Public
Pa icipa ion,” BioScience, ol. 65, no. 4, pp. 383–396, Ap . 2015, doi: 10.1093/biosci/bi 005.
[30] Kaul MK, Medicinal plan s o Kashmi and Ladakh: empe a e and cold a id Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus
publishing co, 1997.
[31] N. A. Wagay, S. Ra iq, A. Khan, Z. A. Kaloo, A. R. Malik, and P. V. Pula e, “Impac o Phenolics on D ough S ess and
Exp ession o Phenylp opanoid Pa hway Genes,” in Plan Phenolics in Abio ic S ess Managemen , R. Lone, S.
Khan, and A. Mohammed Al-Sadi, Eds., Singapo e: Sp inge Na u e Singapo e, 2023, pp. 265–285. doi:
10.1007/978-981-19-6426-8_13.
[32] U. A chana, A. Khan, A. Suda shanam, C. Sa hya, A. K. Kosha iya, and R. K ishnamoo hy, “Plan Disease De ec ion
using ResNe ,” in 2023 In e na ional Con e ence on In en i e Compu a ion Technologies (ICICT), Lali pu , Nepal:
IEEE, Ap . 2023, pp. 614–618. doi: 10.1109/ICICT57646.2023.10133938.
[33] Jeba Sonia J, D. J. Joel De adass Daniel, D . R. Sabin Begum, A. K. N. K. Pa han, D . Vee a Talukda , and V. D.
Sola ande, “AI Techniques o E icien Heal hca e Sys ems in ECG Wa e Based Ca diac Disease De ec ion by High
Pe o mance Modelling,” Jan. 2023, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.7562589.
[34] V. Rishiwal, R. Chaudh y, M. Yada , K. R. Singh, and P. Yada , “A i icial In elligence Based Plan Disease
De ec ion,” in Towa ds he In eg a ion o IoT, Cloud and Big Da a, ol. 137, V. Rishiwal, P. Kuma , A. Toma , and
P. Mala izhi Kuma , Eds., in S udies in Big Da a, ol. 137. , Singapo e: Sp inge Na u e Singapo e, 2023, pp. 75–
96. doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-6034-7_5.
[35] N. A. Wagay, N. A. Khan, S. Ra iq, and P. Pula e, “A epo o aneuploidy and cy omixis in a e and endemic species
o cen al India: Cya hocline lu ea Law ex Wigh ,” Nucleus, ol. 63, no. 1, pp. 87–90, Ap . 2020, doi:
10.1007/s13237-019-00296-x.
[36] Sec e a ia o he Con en ion on Biological Di e si y. Global Biodi e si y In o ma ion Facili y (GBIF) [In e ne ].
A ailable om: h ps://www.cbd.in /coope a ion/csp/gbi .sh ml
