HYPERGRYD. This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and
inno a ion p og amme unde g an ag eemen No 101036656
WP3 – ICT MODULES AND SIMULATION TOOLS
Task 3.5 De elopmen o an ene gy ne wo k
modelling ool o plan and ope a e coupled gas,
elec ici y, and he mal ne wo ks
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped
mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o
ne wo k coupling and op imisa ion.
Final e sion
Re . A es(2024)6803103 - 26/09/2024
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 2
DISCLAIMER
The opinion s a ed in his epo e lec s he opinion o he au ho s and no he opinion o he
Eu opean Commission.
All in ellec ual p ope y igh s a e owned by HYPERGRYD conso ium membe s and a e p o ec ed by
he applicable laws. Rep oduc ion is no au ho ised wi hou p io w i en ag eemen .
The comme cial use o any in o ma ion con ained in his documen may equi e a license om he
owne o ha in o ma ion.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion
p og amme unde g an ag eemen Nº 101036656.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 3
P ojec
P ojec Ac onym
HYPERGRYD
P ojec Ti le
Hyb id coupled ne wo ks o he mal-elec ic in eg a ed Sma Ene gy Dis ic s
G an Ag eemen
numbe
101036656
Call iden i ie
H2020-LC-GD-2020
Topic iden i ie
LC-GD-2-1-2020
Inno a i e land-based and o sho e enewable ene gy echnologies and hei
in eg a ion in o he ene gy sys em
Funding Scheme
Resea ch and Inno a ion Ac ion
P ojec du a ion
42 mon hs (F om 1 Oc obe 2021)
Coo dina o
ARCbcn
Websi e
h p://hype g yd.eu
Deli e able
Deli e able No.
3.8
Deli e able i le
Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k
coupling and op imisa ion. Final e sion.
Desc ip ion
Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k
coupling and op imiza ion. Final and e ised e sion.
WP No.
WP3
Rela ed ask
Task 3.5 De elopmen o an ene gy ne wo k modelling ool o plan and ope a e
coupled gas, elec ici y, and he mal ne wo k
Lead Bene icia y
10 - encoo d GmbH
Au ho (s)
Nicola Zacca elli, Edwa d Xu, Ge ne Ayele, Em e U ku Solak
Con ibu o (s)
Mau o Co naglia (ENVIPARK), Michał Gliński (IMP-PAM)
Type
R
Dissemina ion
PU Public
Language
English – GB
Due
30/09/2024
Submission da e
26/09/2024
Ve sion
Da e
Au ho s
Desc ip ion
V.0.1
04/09/2024
encoo d GmbH (ENCO)
The ini ial comple e d a o he documen .
V.0.2
25/09/2024
encoo d GmbH (ENCO)
Re ision based on e iewe s’ commen s
V.1.0
26/09/2024
Coo dina o (ARCbcn)
Final deli e able
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 4
Table o Con en s
1 Execu i e Summa y .............................................................................................. 12
2 In oduc ion ......................................................................................................... 13
2.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Audience ................................................................................................................. 13
2.3 De ini ions / Glossa y.............................................................................................. 13
2.4 Abb e ia ions .......................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Con ibu ions o Pa ne s ....................................................................................... 14
2.6 Rela ion o O he Ac i i ies .................................................................................... 14
2.7 S uc u e ................................................................................................................. 15
3 Gene al S uc u e o SAIn .................................................................................... 16
3.1 P oduc O e iew ................................................................................................... 19
3.2 P oduc A chi ec u e and Use In e aces .............................................................. 20
3.2.1 SAIn GUI.......................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.2 SAIn API .......................................................................................................................... 22
4 Ene gy Sys em Model S uc u e ............................................................................ 26
4.1 Ne wo k .................................................................................................................. 27
4.2 Objec s .................................................................................................................... 27
4.3 Scena ios ................................................................................................................. 27
4.4 Solu ions ................................................................................................................. 28
5 Scena ios in SAIn ................................................................................................. 36
5.1 O e iew o A ailable Scena io Types .................................................................... 36
5.2 Elec ic Scena ios .................................................................................................... 39
5.2.1 Powe Flow (ACPF/UACPF) .............................................................................................. 39
5.2.2 Op imal Powe Flow (ACOPF) .......................................................................................... 41
5.2.3 P oduc ion Cos Modelling (DCUCOPF) ........................................................................... 42
5.3 Gas Scena ios .......................................................................................................... 44
5.4 The mal Scena ios .................................................................................................. 46
5.1 Combined Scena ios and Co-scena ios ................................................................... 48
6 Documen a ion and Da a ...................................................................................... 50
6.1 SAIn Documen a ion ............................................................................................. 50
6.1.1 Re e ence Guide .............................................................................................................. 50
6.1.2 How- o Guides ................................................................................................................. 50
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 5
6.1.3 Tu o ials ........................................................................................................................... 51
6.1.4 Lea n Mo e ...................................................................................................................... 52
6.2 Da a P o ide In eg a ion ....................................................................................... 52
6.2.1 Sola Wea he Da a ......................................................................................................... 52
6.2.2 Wind Wea he Da a ......................................................................................................... 52
6.3 Model-Ready Da ase s ............................................................................................ 55
6.3.1 Non-comme cial Model- eady Da ase s ......................................................................... 55
6.3.2 Comme cial Model- eady Da ase s ................................................................................. 56
7 Da a Impo ing Tools ............................................................................................ 57
7.1 Syne gi Gas o SAIn ................................................................................................ 57
7.2 CYME o SAIn ......................................................................................................... 57
7.3 OpenDSS o SAIn ................................................................................................... 58
7.4 PSS®E o SAIn ......................................................................................................... 58
8 So wa e Ins alla ion and Managemen ................................................................ 59
8.1 Sys em Requi emen s ............................................................................................. 59
8.2 SAIn Download and License Managemen ............................................................ 59
8.3 License Types .......................................................................................................... 59
9 SAIn Objec s O e iew ........................................................................................ 60
9.1 Elec ic objec s ........................................................................................................ 62
9.2 Gas objec s .............................................................................................................. 65
9.3 The mal objec s ...................................................................................................... 68
9.4 Combined elec ic-gas objec s ................................................................................ 70
10 Ma hema ical Models ........................................................................................... 72
10.1 S eady-s a e Model o a The mal Ne wo k ............................................................ 72
10.1.1 Node le el equa ions................................................................................................... 73
10.1.2 B anch Le el Equa ions ............................................................................................... 75
10.1.3 Ex e nals ...................................................................................................................... 76
10.1.4 Con ol Mode .............................................................................................................. 77
10.2 Simula ion and Complexi y o he P oblem............................................................ 78
10.3 S eady-s a e AC Powe Flow (ACPF) Model o Elec ic Ne wo k ........................... 79
10.3.1 B anch Equa ion .......................................................................................................... 80
10.3.2 Nodal Equa ion ............................................................................................................ 80
10.3.3 Equa ions o Ex e nals ............................................................................................... 81
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 6
10.3.4 Con ol Modes in ACPF ............................................................................................... 81
11 Examples o Applica ions ...................................................................................... 83
11.1 Elec ic Ne wo k Example ....................................................................................... 83
11.1.1 The IEEE 39-bus Tes Bench ........................................................................................ 83
11.1.2 P elimina y Model o he En iPa k Elec ic Ne wo k ................................................ 87
11.2 The mal Ne wo k Example ..................................................................................... 90
11.2.1 Ba y Island es bed .................................................................................................... 90
11.2.2 P o o ype model o he Sonnenpla z he mal ne wo k ............................................ 94
11.3 Elec ic-The mal Co-Simula ion Example ............................................................... 98
11.3.1 P elimina y model o he En iPa k combined elec ic and he mal ne wo ks ........... 98
12 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 104
13 Re e ences ......................................................................................................... 105
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 7
Lis o Figu es
Figu e 1. So wa e a chi ec u e o SAIn and CodeMe e o license managemen . ......................... 20
Figu e 2. Main elemen s o he dock panel o SAIn GUI. Numbe s indica e: (1) he p ojec explo e ,
(2) he model explo e , (3) he map window, (4) he sc ip edi o , (5) he p ope y edi o , (6) he
wo kspace, (7) he command window, (8) log window, and (9) he cha window. Numbe (10)
indica es he en y View in he ibbon ba om whe e he use can con ol he p e ious windows.22
Figu e 3. SAIn s uc u e whe e a model has a ne wo k, scena ios, and solu ions laye s. This model
app oach add esses he e icien simula ion o op imiza ion o single ene gy sys ems. SAIn allows o
an ex a class o ne wo ks, called HUBS, which de ines he coupling poin s be ween exis ing single-
ene gy sys ems o ca y ou a combined simula ion o a co-simula ion. ........................................... 26
Figu e 4. Sola wea he esou ce da a p o ide s co e ed by NSRD and PVGIS (colou s desc ibed in
Table 5). ............................................................................................................................................... 53
Figu e 5. Wind wea he esou ce da a p o ide s co e ed by NREL Wind Toolki (colou s desc ibed in
Table 6) ................................................................................................................................................ 54
Figu e 6. Diag am ep esen ing all suppo ed objec s in SAIn 3.5 and hei pa en -child ela ionships.
F om he op-le co ne and clockwise, he hie a chical s uc u e o an elec ic ne wo k, a gas
ne wo k, a he mal ne wo k, and a hub sys em o coupling elec ic and gas sys ems. .................... 61
Figu e 7. The wo modelling iewpoin s used in SAIn o desc ibe a he mal ne wo k. A he op, he
hyd aulic iewpoin sees wa e pumped o ci cula e wi hin pipelines and hea exchange s in he ho
and cold sub-ne wo ks. A he bo om, he hea iewpoin ocuses only on he ho pa , which deli e s
hea om supplies o demands. ......................................................................................................... 72
Figu e 8. PI-equi alen model o an elec ic b anch. 𝑍12=𝑅+𝑗𝑋 ep esen s he se ies impedance
o he line, while he 𝑌11 and 𝑌22 ep esen he shun admi ance pa s. Fo an elec ic line and a
ans o me wi h a nominal u n a io, Y11, and Y22 a e equal and ep esen hal o he shun
admi ance o he b anch. Fo a ans o me wi h an o -nominal u ns a io, o wi h a ap posi ion
and phase adjus men , 𝑌11 and 𝑌22 will be gene ally di e en . The same is ue i he e a e di e en
shun capaci o s a he wo sides o he node. ................................................................................... 80
Figu e 9. Example o he SAIn in e ace showing: he Model Explo e wi h he main objec s making
up he model o he IEEE 39-bus powe sys em (see numbe s in b acke s o he coun o such
objec s), he Map Window wi h powe sys em wi h nodes indica ing he ol age magni ude (pe uni )
and lines indica ing he ol age angle (in deg ee) o a s eady s a e ACPF simula ion, and he P ope y
Edi o showing some o he de ails o he selec ed bus numbe 2. ................................................... 84
Figu e 10. An example o he hou ly dynamic o he o al ac i e powe o one o he demands in he
elec ic model (i.e., demand “A2_OFFICE”) o he ACPF scena io o he En iPa k model du ing he
simula ed pe iod. The example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional da a ma ching he ange
o he eal demand and i is used as a p oo o concep ..................................................................... 88
Figu e 11. Ac i e powe ex ac ed om he ex e nal ansmission line (A) and p oduced by he
hyd opowe acili y (B) o he pho o ol aic panels (C) in he En iPa k complex du ing he simula ed
pe iod. The hyd opowe and PV da a a e ac ual p o iles used as inpu o he model. The ex e nal
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 8
ansmission line da a a e one o he esul s o he ACPF simula ion. The example is based on a i ual
scena io using ic ional da a and is used as a p oo o concep . ........................................................ 88
Figu e 12. An example o he SAIn in e ace showing: he Model Explo e wi h he main objec s
making up he model (see numbe s in b acke s o he coun o such objec s), he Map Window wi h
a p o o ype elec ic ne wo k o En iPa k on op o Google Map, wi h nodes and lines indica ing he
base ol age, and he P ope y Edi o showing de ails o he elec ic demand “A2_OFFICE”. Ac i e
powe alues a e o he sol ed s eady s a e ACPF simula ion used as ini ialisa ion s a e o he quasi-
dynamic ACPF simula ion. ................................................................................................................... 89
Figu e 13. An example o he SAIn in e ace showing: he Model Explo e wi h he main objec s
making up he Ba y Island ne wo k (see numbe s in b acke s o he coun o such objec s), he Map
Window wi h he schema ic o he Ba y Island he mal sys em, and he e en able (on he igh )
wi h he lis o e en s o he hea demand ex e nals. The s eady s a e he mal scena io is sol ed. 91
Figu e 14. Example o he SAIn in e ace showing: he Model Explo e wi h he main objec s making
up he he mal model o he case s udy o Sonnenpla z (see numbe s in b acke s o he coun o
such objec s), and he Map Window wi h he simpli ied he mal ne wo k and he solu ion o he
supply poin and wo demand poin s o he s eady s a e scena io. Nodes a e desc ibed using he mass
low o he luid, while pipelines a e colou ed based on he hea loss on he ho side o he ne wo k.
The P ope y Edi o shows some de ails o he hea demand HD_01. The example is based on a i ual
scena io using ic ional da a, and i is used as a p oo o concep . .................................................... 95
Figu e 15. Example o a s ochas ic p o ile used o de ine he hou ly dynamic o a demand poin in he
model o he Sonnenpla z ne wo k. On he igh he nume ical egion used o gene a e he p o ile,
wi h median alue and s anda d de ia ion o he chosen p obabili y dis ibu ion (i.e., uni o m). The
example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional da a, and i is used as a p oo o concep . ..... 96
Figu e 16. Examples o he esul s o he supplied hea (in kW) and he mass low (in kg/s) o he
supply poin in he dynamic scena io o he model o he Sonnenpla z ne wo k o he e e ence day
o 14-02-2023. As expec ed, hey ha e he same shape, bu di e en uni s o he y-axis. The example
is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional da a, and i is used as a p oo o concep . ................... 96
Figu e 17. Example o he SAIn in e ace showing he mass low a node le el and hea loss on he
ho side a pipeline le el o he simula ed day o 14-02-2023 o he he mal model o he case s udy
o Sonnenpla z. The cha shows he he mal and hyd aulic iew o he demand in he sou he n pa
o he model (i.e., see he selec ed label). The example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional
da a, and i is used as a p oo o concep . .......................................................................................... 97
Figu e 18. S age one o he quasi-dynamic co-simula ion o he he mal-elec ic sys em o he
En iPa k complex (simula ion ime 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020). The pic u e shows he elec ic g id, and
he ac i e powe ex ac ed om he ex e nal ansmission line a he node
“CENTRALE_TERMICA_MW” along wi h he elec ic demand a he coupling poin “A2_U ici
(elec ic)” (elec ic side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side). The a ow in he cen e indica es he elec ic
line on which he new ex a he mal load will be ac i a ed. In his s ep, he elec ic sys em is ope a ed
in isola ion, and he equi alen he mal load is assumed o be ze o. ................................................ 99
Figu e 19 S age wo o he quasi-dynamic co-simula ion o he he mal-elec ic ne wo k o he
En iPa k complex (simula ion ime 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020). The pic u e shows he he mal g id and
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 9
he hea ex ac ed om he ex e nal dis ic hea ing sys em a he node “CENTRALE_TERMICA” along
wi h he hea demand a he coupling poin “A2_U ici (elec ic)” (elec ic side) / “A2_UFFICI”
( he mal side). In his s ep, he he mal sys em is ope a ed in isola ion, and he he mal load o he
hea pump is assumed o be p o ided by he ex e nal dis ic hea ing sys em. .............................. 101
Figu e 20. S age h ee o he quasi-dynamic co-simula ion o he he mal-elec ic ne wo k o he
En iPa k complex (simula ion ime 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020). The pic u e shows he ac i e powe on
he elec ic side (pu ple- ed colou legend o elec ic lines) and he o al he mal powe and he mass
low on he he mal side (yellow-g een colou legend o he mal pipelines) a he coupling poin
“A2_U ici (elec ic)” (elec ic side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side). The he mal load om s age wo is
used as elec ic demand and emo ed om he he mal load. The elec ic and he mal ne wo ks a e
upda ed and ope a ed a he same ime. The a ow in he cen e indica es he elec ic line wi h he
new ex a he mal load wi h low ol age pe uni alues. The backg ound map is changed o Bings
Map, “can as g ey” o acili a e he eade . ..................................................................................... 102
Figu e 21. Change in he o al ac i e powe ex ac ed om he node whe e he coupling poin
“A2_U ici (elec ic)” (elec ic side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side) is o (A, powe demand o he
ex e nal) and on (C, powe demand o he node). The ac i e powe demand om he newly con e ed
hea load is shown in B. The example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional da a and is used as
a p oo o concep . ............................................................................................................................ 103
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 16
3 Gene al S uc u e o SAIn
As a di ec consequence o he en i onmen al and clima ic impac s o ossil-based ene gy usage, he
ene gy policies and objec i es de ined by he Eu opean Union a e a ge ing g ea e pene a ion and
usage o enewable ene gy sou ces (RES) (Di ec o a e-Gene al o Ene gy, Eu opean Commission,
2019). High u ilisa ion o RES has mul iple ad an ages: (1) he po en ial o educe g eenhouse gas
emissions, (2) inc ease he sha e o locally p oduced enewable elec ici y, (3) making use s less
dependen on he g id a ou ing ene gy secu i y and educing ene gy cos s, (4) ans o m he
indi idual use om consume s in o p osume s, o (5) inc ease e iciency (Owusu & Asumadu-
Sa kodie, 2016). Howe e , ce ain ypes o enewable ene gy sou ces come wi h isks. Elec ici y
p oduc ion om RES is subjec o in e mi ency, and i s a ailabili y can luc ua e wi hin a day and
h oughou di e en seasons.
To cope wi h ce ain RES sho comings, i is possible o adop speci ic s a egies like di e si ica ion o
sou ces (Wałachowska & Ignasiak-Szulc, 2021) and sec o coupling. Di e si ying he po olio o
sou ces o enewable ene gy allows o compensa ing o possible seasonal una ailabili y and
changes in amoun s and s eng hens esilience by enhancing edundancy in supply pa hs. Sec o
coupling, on he o he hand, is he concep o in eg a ing mul iple ene gy ne wo ks in o one ene gy
sys em (Lund, Øs e gaa d, Connolly, & Ma hiesen, 2017). This s a egy enables highe local
e iciencies and u ilisa ion o domes ic enewable ene gy, p omo ing deca bonisa ion, and
in oducing lexibili y in mee ing he ene gy demand (Jasmine Ramsebne , 2021).
O e he las decade, he coupling o powe , hea , and gas sec o s has been ecognised as a pi o al
enable o a mo e sus ainable ene gy sys em. Resea ch and expe imen a ion ha e es ed and
assessed di e en enabling echnologies allowing o a solid unde s anding o s eng hs and
weaknesses a he componen le el. Bu wha is s ill missing is an unde s anding o e ec s and
in e ac ions a he ene gy sys em le el, bo h a coupling poin s in mul i-ene gy sys ems o e en mo e
so in hyb id ene gy ne wo ks (Ramsebne , e al., 2021).
As clea ly add essed in hei compa a i e e iew o so wa e ools, Widl e al. (2022) poin o he lack
o ools o he assessmen o mul i- and hyb id ene gy ne wo ks. The Au ho s ma k how he
esea ch, o he indus ial audience, can choose om a a ie y o well-es ablished ools o sys em
design, op imisa ion, and ope a ion o all ele an domains (hea , powe , gas, e c.). Those ools a e
widely adop ed in he ene gy indus y and ha e a high s anda d o quali y o mee he designing and
managemen needs o a single domain only. Widl e al. (2022) also indica e ha he es ablished ools
(a he ime o he e iew) o modelling mul i-ene gy sys ems ha e impo an limi a ions, like no
being able o add ess ce ain speci ic ne wo k-le el p ope ies (e.g., ne wo k capaci y o conges ion).
The Au ho s also ecognize he e o ha , in ecen yea s, he esea ch communi y o he indus ial
sec o has been pu ing in o de eloping new ools and me hods o he assessmen o mul i- and
hyb id ene gy sys ems. In hei pape Widl e al. (2022)) e iew ou een di e en so wa e ools
a ailable o he public unde di e en ypes o comme cial and open-sou ce licenses. The lis was he
esul o a sc eening phase based on an online su ey and li e a u e e iew, ollowed by a selec ion
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 17
p ocedu e o achie e a consolida ed sho lis . The selec ed ools we e classi ied and discussed based
on a se o c i e ia co e ing: he spa ial esolu ion o componen models, he empo al esolu ion o
componen models, he a ge ed scale o he sys em model, he a ge ed ime ho izon o he sys em
model, he applica ion class, he ypes o ne wo k models, and he use o ene gy s o age objec s. One
o he e iewed so wa e was he “Scena io Analysis In e ace o Ene gy Sys ems” ool (SAIn )
( elease 3.0 by he beginning o he yea 2022).
In ano he e iew, Lohmeie e al. (2020) p o ide an analysis o he a ailable app oaches and he
needed equi emen s o so wa e pla o ms ocusing on coupled ene gy in as uc u e (Table 1).
They e iew g id simula ion ools, ene gy sys em modelling and op imiza ion ools, and mul i-ene gy
g id simula ion ools. In hei pape , he Au ho s s ess how he so wa e landscape has e ol ed in
he las en yea s by p ima ily adding new open-sou ce ools. These ools a e o special in e es o
he esea ch communi y because hey can be cus omised and au oma ised, and mos ly, hey a e ee
o cha ge. On he o he hand, comme cial ools usually ocus on use in e ace and usabili y, and hey
p o ide cus ome suppo , e e ences, and aining ma e ial o educe he s eepness o he lea ning
cu e.
Tool
CRITERIA
Type
OS
Powe
Gas
DH
De ailed
G id Model
Coupled
simula ion
O he ea u es
SINCAL
GS
✓
✓
✓
✓
GUI, OPF, (TOP) ***
STATNET
GS
✓
✓
✓
✓
GUI, TC (DH), (TOP)
***
TRNSYS
GS
✓
✓
GUI, TC (DH), CTRL
MATPOWER
GS
✓
✓
✓
OPF, (TOP) ***, LIB
PyPSA
GS
✓
✓
(✓)**
(✓)**
✓
OPF, (TOP) ***, LIB
pandapowe
GS
✓
✓
✓
OPF, CTRL, TOP, LIB
pandapipes
GS
✓
✓
✓
✓
CTRL, TOP, LIB
OSeMOSYS
ESMO
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Balmo el
ESMO
(✓)*
✓
✓
✓
calliope
ESMO
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
LIB
Swi ch
ESMO
✓
✓
✓
LIB
oemo
ESMO
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
TOP, LIB
SAIn
MEGS
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
GUI, OPF, TC (G)
HyFlow
MEGS
✓
✓
✓
(✓)**
✓
MYNTS
MEGS
✓
✓
✓
✓
GUI, TC (all), CTRL
T ansiEn
MEGS
(✓)*
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
TC (all), CTRL
Pandapipes
mul i-ene gy
MEGS
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
OPF, CTRL, LIB
DH Dis ic Hea ing, * Only usable wi h p op ie a y so wa e. ** Simpli ied model. *** Only connec ed componen s. OS, open sou ce; GS,
g id simula ion ool; ESMO, ene gy sys em modelling and op imiza ion ool; MEGS, mul i-ene gy g id simula ion ool; GUI, g aphical use
in e ace; OPF, op imal powe low ( o powe g id); TC, ansien calcula ion; DH, dis ic hea ing g id; G, gas g id; CTRL, e alua ion o
con ol s a egies; TOP, analysis o g id opology; LIB, ex e nal lib a ies o e alua ion usable (e.g., Py hon and MATLAB).
Table 1. Upda ed able o powe , gas and dis ic hea ing simula ion ools as e iewed in Lohmeie e al. (2020).
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 18
When i comes o g id simula ion ools, Lohmeie e al (2020) no e ha hey o e de ailed g id
models, some imes e en o di e en in as uc u es. Wha hese ools lack is he possibili y o
coupling di e en sys ems wi hin he same simula ion. Ene gy sys em modelling and op imiza ion
ools a e mainly so wa e used o analyse powe lows be ween de ined a eas wi h a s ong ocus on
ene gy balancing. Such ools can p ecisely model powe plan s and de ices wi h hei con ol
s a egies and cha ac e is ics (e.g., e iciency o amp a es), bu hey do no p o ide de ailed g id
models, and in doing so hey can easily in eg a e all in as uc u es wi hin one simula ion. These
op ions can be used o op imal powe sys em design o powe plan deploymen planning, bu hey
do no o e sophis ica ed models o in eg a ed in as uc u es, as ei he he g id model is simpli ied,
o a coupled simula ion is no possible.
When i comes o mul i-ene gy g id simula ion ools, Lohmeie e al. (2020) show how wo
app oaches a e p ominen : (1) combining dedica ed ools wi h he help o a co-simula ion pla o m
and (2) in eg a ing all models in one ool (i.e., combined simula ion). The main ad an age o a co-
simula ion app oach is he possibili y o in eg a ing any ool, while lea ing he de elopmen o he
espec i e expe s (Widl, e al., 2020). A co-simula ion app oach is open o dis ibu ed simula ions
and may educe he need o exchange sensi i e da a. Howe e , co-simula ions ha e p oblems like
da a exchange be ween pla o ms, which could be e y challenging and ime-consuming and ac as a
bo leneck o complex simula ions esol ed in space and ime. Mo eo e , he design, unc ionali ies,
and licensing o coupled ools migh in oduce di icul ies o he use in se ing up a model. And mos
co-simula ion app oaches a e ailo -made. Many o hese issues a e add essed and sol ed by applying
a combined simula ion app oach. Wild e al. (2015) poin o he ac ha in mul i-ene gy g id
simula ions, he main challenge lies in he complexi y o he add essed p oblems. The Au ho s
unde line ha any ool designed o sol e a mul i ude o di e en p oblems in his ield mus ocus on
ackling he complexi y o he p oblem and mus p o ide a good «use expe ience» which migh
g ea ly a ec he ool's success. Lohmeie e al. (2020) iden i y h ee main c i e ia o assess he
quali y o a combined simula ion ool:
1. da a s uc u e: a clea da a s uc u e able o cap u e la ge amoun s o da a and balance
simplici y wi h igou .
2. adap able model se up: cons uc ion and adap a ion o a ull simula ion model should be
simple and e icien . This equi es p e-de ined, bu adap able models o g id componen s
and sec o coupling acili ies wi h hei physical p ope ies and espec i e con ol s a egies.
The p esence o ex ensi e componen lib a ies is an impo an pa o he ools.
3. pe o mance: om he use ’s poin o iew, spending a lo o ime wai ing o calcula ions o
inish can be e y incon enien and ine icien . The use is in e es ed in e alua ing many
di e en se ups and use cases, which p omp s easonable compu ing imes. Model e iciency
and simula ion speed a e o main conce n in many ools.
SAIn is a so wa e pla o m designed o model in eg a ed and mul i-ene gy ne wo ks and ma ke s.
Thanks o he ac i i ies ca ied ou in he HYPERGRYD p ojec , he company behind SAIn , encoo d
GmbH, has been able o u he ex end i s modelling capabili ies o co e no only ene gy ma ke s,
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 19
elec ici y ne wo ks, gas ne wo ks, coupled elec ic and gas ne wo ks, bu also he mal ne wo ks and
combined elec ic- he mal sys ems, and imp o e elec ic ACPF simula ions. SAIn has been de eloped
wi h a clea s a egy in mind o add ess and sol e he majo i y o he conce ns aised by he e iews
quo ed in he p e ious pa ag aphs.
This epo p o ides a gene al o e iew o he capabili ies o he so wa e and ocuses on he
con ibu ion o he HYPERGRYD p ojec o he elease 3.5 o SAIn .
Key ea u es o SAIn a e:
• de ailed modelling o single ene gy ca ie o elec ic, gas, and he mal ansmission and
dis ibu ion sys ems;
• s eady s a e and dynamic simula ion o hyd aulic sys ems;
• s eady s a e and quasi-dynamic AC powe low simula ions o elec ic ne wo ks;
• s eady s a e and quasi-dynamic simula ions o he mal ne wo ks;
• uni -commi men and p oduc ion cos op imiza ion o elec ic ne wo ks (DCUCOPF);
• combined simula ion o elec ic-gas sys ems;
• co-simula ion o elec ic ma ke s and hyd aulic sys ems;
• co-simula ion o s eady-s a e and quasi-dynamic elec ic- he mal sys ems;
• use - iendly g aphical use in e ace;
• lexible API o in eg a ion in Py hon so wa e o o he so wa e ia C#, C++, o VB;
• de ailed documen a ion;
• ex ensi e cus ome suppo .
3.1 P oduc O e iew
SAIn is he i s comme cial so wa e applica ion ha enables he simula ion o elec ici y, gas, and
he mal ne wo ks in a single in eg a ed simula ion en i onmen and g aphical use in e ace. SAIn
was de eloped in MS Visual S udio using he ully objec -o ien ed p og amming languages VB.NET
and C#. The so wa e also uses I onPy hon as a sc ip ing language o communica e wi h he use
h ough Py hon exp essions.
SAIn is speci ically designed o analyse he ope a ion and in e dependency o in e connec ed
elec ici y, gas, and he mal ne wo ks. SAIn can be used as a s andalone powe sys em simula o ,
gas sys em simula o , and he mal simula o . In addi ion, SAIn can be used as a combined mul i- ime
pe iod powe sys em and gas simula o .
Wha dis inguishes SAIn om o he exis ing ools on he ma ke is i s abili y o model, simula e, and
analyse di e en ene gy ec o s in a single in eg a ed use in e ace and simula ion en i onmen .
The e o e, i a oids ime-consuming and e o -p one i e a i e da a exchanges be ween any wo
s uc u ally sepa a ed elec ici y, gas, o he mal sys em sol e s.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 20
3.2 P oduc A chi ec u e and Use In e aces
SAIn ‘s a chi ec u e is di ided in o ou laye s, he in e ace, co e, and da a laye , as shown in Figu e
1. The in e ace laye is he main access poin o he use o in e ac wi h he so wa e and comp ises
h ee assemblies:
1. G aphical Use In e ace (GUI), which is a Windows Fo ms desk op applica ion ha enables
he use o in e ac wi h he so wa e ia mouse and keyboa d inpu .
2. Applica ion P og amming In e ace (API), which is a dynamic link lib a y ha exposes a
collec ion o callable unc ions o ex e nal applica ions and p og amming languages such as
Py hon, C#/C++ o Ma lab.
3. Command Line In e ace (CLI), which is a console applica ion ha allows he use o in e ac
wi h he so wa e ia command line inpu .
4. Feed Manage : a dynamic link lib a y ha handles he impo and expo o da a in o and
om SAIn na i e o ma and o he o ma s like Mic oso Excel ™, comma-sepa a ed alues,
and ASCII ex o ma .
The ou assemblies in he in e ace laye communica e di ec ly wi h he main lib a y o he so wa e
(SAIn -Co e.dll) which cons i u es he co e laye . The co e laye con ains he objec model, business
logic, and he implemen a ion o he ma hema ical algo i hms. The objec model includes he
abs ac ion o he di e en ne wo k ypes (elec ici y, gas, and he mal) and hei componen s
(elec ic lines, gene a o s, s o age, e c.) in e ms o p ope ies, ac ions, and unc ions.
Figu e 1. So wa e a chi ec u e o SAIn and CodeMe e o license managemen .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 21
The da a laye communica es di ec ly wi h he co e laye and con ains he model da a and da a
o ma . An ene gy sys em model in SAIn equi es wo ypes o na i e inpu iles, he ne wo k and
scena io iles. These iles a e sa ed as eX ensible Ma kup Language (XML) iles. The ne wo k ile is
used o build he ene gy sys em amewo k by de ining he ne wo k opology, e e ence p ope ies,
and asse s o he ne wo k (line impedances, comp ession a io o a uni , he mal pipeline leng h,
e c.). The scena io ile is used o c ea e a case s udy ha de ines he ma hema ical algo i hm used
o he analysis and con ains any dynamic inpu da a (load and gene a ion p o iles, con ol se poin s,
uel p ice, gas s o age in en o y, e c.). The use can c ea e any numbe o scena ios o a single
ne wo k. The esul s o a scena io un a e sa ed in a solu ion ile, which is a SQLi e da abase.
SAIn uses he hi d-pa y solu ion CodeMe e by Wibu-Sys ems AG (www.wibu.com) o i s so wa e
p o ec ion and license managemen (SPLM). The SPLM is an in eg al pa o SAIn and is ins alled
oge he wi h he SAIn assemblies du ing he so wa e ins alla ion p ocess. The use can use he
SPLM in e ace o c ea e license eques s, upda e exis ing licenses, and iew a ailable license
con aine s and license en ies.
3.2.1 SAIn GUI
SAIn ’s GUI con ains h ee main con ols: ibbon ba , dock panel, and s a us ba . The GUI has many
windows ha se e di e en pu poses and can be ea anged based on he p e e ences o he use .
Windows in he GUI include (Figu e 2):
• P ojec explo e : The p ojec explo e gi es an o e iew o he model iles a ailable in he
p ojec di ec o y. The ile ypes include ne wo k, scena io, s a e, solu ion, p o ile, label,
e ex, log, and sc ip .
• Model explo e : The model explo e shows he hie a chical o e iew o he di e en objec s
in he ne wo k model g ouped by di e en objec ypes (e.g., subs, zones, g oups, nodes,
b anches, ex e nals).
• P ope y edi o : The p ope y edi o allows he use o edi he p ope ies o he ne wo k,
scena io, and hei child objec s. The p ope y edi o il e s he lis o p ope ies depending
on he loaded scena io ype.
• Map window: The map window shows a opological ep esen a ion o he ne wo k, isualizes
di e ences ac oss a ne wo k (e.g., p ope ies), and shows anima ions o solu ions ob ained
om execu ing a scena io. I da a ha e a geog aphic a ibu e (i.e., a alid coo dina e
e e ence sys ems) he model is displayed using a se ice map se ice – like OpenS ee Maps
– as base image.
• Wo kspace: The wo kspace lis s he p ede ined and use -de ined unc ions and a iables
accessible om he command window and sc ip edi o o he GUI. The lis includes he name,
syn ax, and he desc ip ion o he unc ions.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 22
Figu e 2. Main elemen s o he dock panel o SAIn GUI. Numbe s indica e: (1) he p ojec explo e , (2) he model explo e ,
(3) he map window, (4) he sc ip edi o , (5) he p ope y edi o , (6) he wo kspace, (7) he command window, (8) log
window, and (9) he cha window. Numbe (10) indica es he en y View in he ibbon ba om whe e he use can con ol
he p e ious windows.
• Cha window: The cha window displays plo s o one o mul iple p ope ies o ne wo k
objec s. The plo s can ei he be de i ed om he esul s o a simula ion o inpu pa ame e s.
• Command window: The command window is a con ol ha uses p e-de ined unc ions in an
I onPy hon en i onmen o pe o m a ious asks such as ma k objec s, c ea e plo s, ables,
e alua e p ope ies. I uses he In elliSense ea u e o guide he use while en e ing he
commands.
• Sc ip edi o : The sc ip edi o allows he use o c ea e and sa e cus omized codes using
I onPy hon unc ionali ies. Like he command window, i uses he In elliSense ea u e o
guide he use while en e ing he commands.
• Log window: The log window is he p ima y sou ce o in o ma ion o he GUI ope a ions. I
displays he log o ne wo k and scena io ope a ions including he scena io execu ion logs.
3.2.2 SAIn API
SAIn -API is a powe ul ool o au oma e he manual p ocesses in he GUI. I gi es access o mul iple
ne wo k and scena io da a p ocessing and execu ion unc ions. The API can be used wi h Py hon,
Ma lab, C++, and o he p og amming languages. The API o e s mo e han 100 callable unc ions o
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 23
impo , open, sa e, and expo ne wo k, scena io and solu ion iles. I o e s he possibili y o se ialize
o pa allelize he execu ion o mul iple scena ios.
The API has been ex ended o inco po a e calls and unc ions co e ing he mal modelling in SAIn as
a di ec esul o he HYPERGRYD p ojec . Table 2 p o ides an o e iew o he new en y poin s o
SAIn API o expose he new modelling capabili ies conce ning he mal simula ions.
The API has also been imp o ed o inco po a e changes o he ACPF simula ion capabili ies in SAIn
in ligh o be e co-simula ion wi h he mal sys ems and gene al imp o emen s o he objec s’
desc ip ion. Table 3 p o ides an o e iew o he en y poin s o SAIn API o expose he ACPF
modelling capabili ies conce ning elec ic simula ions.
Objec
Type
API Calls
Desc ip ion
ne wo k
openTNET(s ing TNETFile)
Open he mal ne wo k model and load i in o memo y.
impo TNET(s ing Impo File)
Impo he mal ne wo k model om a ne wo k impo ile and load i in o
memo y.
expo TNET(s ing Impo File)
Expo he mal ne wo k o ne wo k impo ile.
includeTNET(s ing TNETFile)
Include he mal ne wo k model om a ne wo k ile o loaded he mal
ne wo k model.
pa aimpo TNET(s ing Impo File)
Impo pa ame e impo ile and apply i o loaded he mal ne wo k
model.
includeTNET(s ing MainTNETFile, s ing
TNETFileToAdd, s ing a ge TNETFile,
bool P ese eCon aine s, bool
LoadA e )
Include a he mal ne wo k model om a ne wo k ile o ano he he mal
ne wo k model om ne wo k ile and sa e he joined ne wo k o he
a ge ile. Each ne wo k mus be in a di e en di ec o y.
includeInLoadedTNET(s ing
TNETFileToAdd, s ing a ge Ne File,
bool P ese eCon aine s, bool
LoadA e )
Include he mal ne wo k model om a ne wo k ile o loaded he mal
ne wo k model and sa e he joined ne wo k o he a ge ile. Each
ne wo k mus be in a di e en di ec o y.
con e CRSTNET(s ing a ge FileName,
s ing sou ceEPSG_ID, s ing
a ge EPSG_ID, bool ans e WholeNe )
Con e he coo dina es and, op ionally, make a copy o he ne wo k om
a sou ce o a a ge e e ence coo dina e e e ence sys em.
expo TNETByEPSGID(s ing Impo File,
s ing EPSG_ID)
Expo a he mal ne wo k o ne wo k impo ile wi h a new CRS indica ed
by an EPSG code.
scena io
newTSCE(s ing Scena ioNameS , s ing
Scena ioTypeS , s ing S a TimeS ,
s ing EndTimeS , in TimeS ep)
C ea e new he mal scena io o loaded he mal ne wo k model.
openTSCE(s ing TSCEFile)
Open he mal scena io o loaded he mal ne wo k model.
impo TSCE(s ing FileName)
Impo scena io e en s om impo ile o loaded he mal scena io.
expo TSCE(s ing FileName)
Expo he mal scena io e en s o scena io e en impo ile.
includeTSCE(s ing FileName, s ing
S a TimeS , s ing EndTimeS )
Include he mal scena io o loaded ne wo k model and scena io.
scena io
p o iles
impo TPRF(s ing FileName)
Impo p o ile impo ile o loaded he mal scena io.
expo TPRF(s ing FileName)
Expo p o iles om cu en he mal scena io o expo ile.
includeTPRF(s ing FileName)
Include p o iles om p o ile ile o cu en he mal scena io.
scena io
execu ion
unTSIM()
Run he mal scena io o loaded he mal ne wo k, scena io and condi ion
ile.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 24
Table 2. O e iew o he API calls o he mal simula ions and he mal ne wo ks added o co e he new he mal modelling
capabili ies in SAIn .
Objec
Type
API Calls
Desc ip ion
unTSIMCus omDLL(s ing
AssemblyPa h, s ing NamespaceName,
s ing ClassName)
Run he mal scena io o loaded he mal ne wo k, scena io and condi ion
ile using cus om dll ile.
scena io
solu ions
openTSOL(s ing SOLFile)
Open he mal solu ion ile o loaded he mal ne wo k model.
w i eTSOL(s ing SOLInpu File, s ing
SOLOu pu File)
W i e he mal scena io esul s o ile using esul desc ip ion ile.
openTCON(s ing CONFile)
Open s a e/condi ion ile o loaded he mal ne wo k model.
w i eTCON(bool w i e ile)
Swi ch be ween w i ing and no w i ing he mal ne wo k s a e ile a e
simula ion.
expo TCON(s ing Filename, s ing
TimeS )
Expo he mal ne wo k s a e a he speci ied simula ion ime o a s a e
ile.
Objec
Type
API Calls
Desc ip ion
ne wo k
openENET(s ing ENETFile)
Open an elec ic ne wo k model and load i in o memo y.
impo ENET(s ing Impo File)
Impo an elec ic ne wo k model om a ne wo k impo ile and load i
in o memo y.
expo ENET(s ing Impo File)
Expo an elec ic ne wo k o ne wo k impo ile.
pa aimpo ENET(s ing Impo File)
Impo a pa ame e impo ile and apply i o a loaded elec ic ne wo k
model.
pa aexpo ENET(s ing Expo File)
Expo an inpu pa ame e o an elec ic ne wo k model.
impo WTPC(s ing Impo File)
Impo a wind u bine powe cu e o a loaded elec ic ne wo k.
includeWTPC(s ing WTPCFile)
Include a wind u bine powe cu e o a loaded elec ic ne wo k.
expo WTPC(s ing Expo File)
Expo a wind u bine powe cu e om a loaded elec ic ne wo k o an
impo o include ile.
impo FCC(s ing Impo File)
Impo a uel consump ion cu e o a loaded elec ic ne wo k.
includeFCC(s ing FCCFile)
Include a uel consump ion cu e o a loaded elec ic ne wo k.
expo FCC(s ing Expo File)
Expo a uel consump ion cu e om a loaded elec ic ne wo k o an
impo o include ile.
includeENET(s ing MainENETFile, s ing
ENETFileToAdd, s ing a ge ENETFile,
bool P ese eCon aine s, bool
LoadA e )
Include an elec ic ne wo k model om a ne wo k ile o ano he elec ic
ne wo k model om ne wo k ile and sa e he joined ne wo k o he
a ge ile. Each ne wo k mus be in a di e en di ec o y.
includeInLoadedENET(s ing
ENETFileToAdd, s ing a ge Ne File,
bool P ese eCon aine s, bool
LoadA e )
Include an elec ic ne wo k model om a ne wo k ile o loaded elec ic
ne wo k model and sa e he joined ne wo k o he a ge ile. Each
ne wo k mus be in a di e en di ec o y.
con e CRSENET(s ing a ge FileName,
s ing sou ceEPSG_ID, s ing
a ge EPSG_ID, bool ans e WholeNe )
Con e he coo dina es and, op ionally, make a copy o he ne wo k om
a sou ce o a a ge e e ence coo dina e e e ence sys em.
expo ENETByEPSGID(s ing Impo File,
s ing EPSG_ID)
Expo an elec ic ne wo k o ne wo k impo ile wi h a new CRS indica ed
by an EPSG code.
scena io
newESCE(s ing Scena ioNameS , s ing
Scena ioTypeS , s ing S a TimeS ,
s ing EndTimeS , in TimeS ep)
C ea e new elec ic scena io o loaded elec ic ne wo k model.
openESCE(s ing ESCEFile)
• Open elec ic scena io o loaded elec ic ne wo k model.
impo ESCE(s ing FileName)
Impo scena io e en s om impo ile o loaded elec ic scena io.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 25
Table 3. O e iew o he API calls o elec ic simula ions and elec ic ne wo ks in he ACPF modelling capabili ies in SAIn .
Objec
Type
API Calls
Desc ip ion
expo ESCE(s ing FileName)
Expo elec ic scena io e en s o scena io e en impo ile.
includeESCE(s ing FileName, s ing
S a TimeS , s ing EndTimeS )
Include elec ic scena io o loaded ne wo k model and scena io.
scena io
p o iles
impo EPRF(s ing FileName)
Impo p o ile impo ile o loaded elec ic scena io.
expo EPRF(s ing FileName)
Expo p o iles om cu en elec ic scena io o expo ile.
includeEPRF(s ing FileName)
Include p o iles om p o ile ile o cu en elec ic scena io.
scena io
execu ion
unESIM()
Run elec ic scena io o loaded elec ic ne wo k, scena io and condi ion
ile.
unESIMCus omDLL(s ing
AssemblyPa h, s ing NamespaceName,
s ing ClassName)
Run elec ic scena io o loaded elec ic ne wo k, scena io and condi ion
ile using cus om dll ile.
scena io
solu ions
openESOL(s ing SOLFile)
Open elec ic solu ion ile o loaded elec ic ne wo k model.
w i eESOL(s ing SOLInpu File, s ing
SOLOu pu File)
W i e elec ic scena io esul s o ile using esul desc ip ion ile.
openECON(s ing CONFile)
Open s a e/condi ion ile o loaded elec ic ne wo k model.
w i eECON(bool w i e ile)
Swi ch be ween w i ing and no w i ing he mal ne wo k s a e ile a e
simula ion.
expo ECON(s ing Filename, s ing
TimeS )
Expo elec ic ne wo k s a e a he speci ied simula ion ime o a s a e
ile.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 32
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
Resul Type
PXGEN
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om all gene ic gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub,
zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PHGEN
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om all hyd o gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub,
zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PIN
To al ac i e powe injec ion o he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup by all ex e nals.
I also includes s o ages and hyd os when discha ging
de i ed
PL
To al ac i e powe loss o all b anches in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. In
DCUCOPF losses a e conside ed i INCLUDELOSSES (ne wo k) e en is applied
de i ed
PLSTR
To al ac i e powe losses om all s o ages objec s in he ne wo k, sub, zone o
g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o all s o ages losses (PL)
de i ed
PNS
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all gene a o s in
he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PPHSTR
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om all pumped hyd o s o ages in he ne wo k,
sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PSHT
To al Ac i e Powe Demand by connec ed Shun s
de i ed
PPV
To al ac i e powe gene a ion o all sola gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub, zone
o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PSTR
To al ac i e powe cha ge(-)/discha ge(+) om all elec ic s o ages in he
ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he di e ence be ween cha ging (P
wi h nega i e sign) and discha ging (P wi h posi i e sign)
de i ed
PWIND
To al ac i e powe gene a ion by wind gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub, zone o
g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PNSDEM
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all elec ic
demands in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET
minus P
de i ed
PNSFGEN
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all uel gene a o s
in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PNSXGEN
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all gene ic
gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET
minus P
de i ed
PNSHGEN
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all hyd o
gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET
minus P
de i ed
PNSPV
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all sola
gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET
minus P
de i ed
PNSWIND
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all wind
gene a o s in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET
minus P
de i ed
QLC
To al line cha ging
de i ed
QFB
Reac i e powe low balance
de i ed
QD
To al eac i e powe demand
de i ed
QFGEN
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om uel gene a o s
de i ed
QG
To al eac i e powe gene a ion
de i ed
QHGEN
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om hyd o gene a o s
de i ed
QL
To al eac i e powe loss
de i ed
QSHT
To al Reac i e Powe Supply by connec ed Shun s
de i ed
QVRG
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om a iable enewable gene a o s
de i ed
STRINV
To al s o age in en o y o all s o ages in he ne wo k, sub, zone o g oup.
Calcula ed as he mul iplica ion be ween s a e o cha ge (SOC) and maximum
s o ages capaci ies (MaxCap)
de i ed
node
VA
Vol age Angle
base
VPU
Vol age magni ude pe uni
base
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 33
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
Resul Type
P
To al ac i e powe supply minus demands om ex e nals. Demand is he sum o
demand, s o age and hyd o when cha ging. Calcula ed as (PIN) minus (POUT)
de i ed
PD
To al ac i e powe ex ac ion om he node by all elec ic demands objec s
de i ed
POUT
To al ac i e powe ex ac ion om he node by all ex e nals (demands, s o ages
and hyd o when cha ging)
de i ed
PFGEN
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om all uel gene a o s connec ed o he node.
Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PG
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om all gene a o s objec s connec ed o he
node. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PXGEN
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om all gene ic gene a o s connec ed o he
node. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PHGEN
To al ac i e powe gene a ion om all hyd o gene a o s connec ed o he node.
Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PIN
To al ac i e powe injec ion om he node by all ex e nals including s o ages
and hyd o when discha ging
de i ed
PSHT
To al ac i e powe abso p ion(-)/injec ion(+) om all shun s connec ed o he
node. Calcula ed as he di e ence be ween abso p ion (P wi h nega i e sign)
and injec ion (P wi h posi i e sign)
de i ed
PLSTR
To al ac i e powe losses om all s o ages connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as
he sum o all s o ages losses (PL)
de i ed
PNS
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all ex e nals
connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PEPS
To al ac i e powe gene a ion/demand om all elec ic p osume s connec ed o
he node. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PPHSTR
To al ac i e powe gene a ion/demand om all pumped hyd o gene a o s
connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PPV
To al ac i e powe gene a ion by sola gene a o s connec ed o he node.
Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PSTR
To al ac i e powe cha ge(-)/discha ge(+) om all s o ages connec ed o he
node. Calcula ed as he di e ence be ween cha ging (P wi h nega i e sign) and
discha ging (P wi h posi i e sign)
de i ed
PWIND
To al ac i e powe gene a ion by wind gene a o s connec ed o he node.
Calcula ed as he sum o all ac i e powe (P)
de i ed
PNSDEM
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all demands
connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PNSFGEN
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all uel gene a o s
connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PNSXGEN
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all gene ic
gene a o s connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PNSHGEN
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all hyd o
gene a o s connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PNSPV
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all sola
gene a o s connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
PNSWIND
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe o all wind
gene a o s connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
QSHT
Reac i e powe injec ion om shun s (-) abso p ion / (+) injec ion
de i ed
SOC
S a e o cha ge o he in se ice s o age(s) calcula ed as he weigh ed ene gy
a e age s o ed (in %) o he s o ages connec ed o he node
de i ed
STRINV
To al s o age in en o y o all s o ages connec ed o he node. Calcula ed as he
mul iplica ion be ween s a e o cha ge (SOC) and maximum s o ages capaci ies
(MaxCap)
de i ed
S
Magni ude o he ne appa en powe a he node
de i ed
Q
To al eac i e powe supply minus demand om ex e nals
de i ed
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 34
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
Resul Type
QD
Reac i e Powe Demand
de i ed
QG
To al eac i e powe supply om ex e nals
de i ed
VM
Vol age Magni ude ( o UACPF, he a e age o line- o-line ol age magni udes
o a ailable phases a he node)
de i ed
B anch
(elec ic
line)
S a e
Cu en ope a ing s a e o objec . Pe mi ed s a es a e ON and OFF. When
e e ed o a node, all ex e nals connec ed o he node inhe i he s a e
base
PF
To al ac i e powe low (+) lea ing / (-) en e ing he F omNode
de i ed
LLP
Ac i e powe loading calcula ed as a a io be ween ac i e powe (P) and
maximum ac i e powe (PMAX). PMAX = PMAXDEF i no PMAX e en de ined
( o unbalanced sys em, i e u ns he maximum loading among he h ee
phases)
de i ed
PL
To al ac i e powe loss in he b anch
de i ed
PT
To al ac i e powe low (+) lea ing / (-) en e ing he ToNode
de i ed
SF
To al appa en powe passing h ough he b anch, nex o " om" node, o all
he phases o pa allel b anches
de i ed
LLS
Appa en powe loading gi en as a io be ween appa en powe and maximum
appa en powe ( o unbalanced sys em, i e u ns he maximum loading among
he h ee phases)
de i ed
ST
To al appa en powe passing h ough he b anch, nex o " o" node, o all he
phases o pa allel b anches
de i ed
QLCF
Cha ging eac i e powe F omNode side
de i ed
QLCT
Cha ging eac i e powe ToNode side
de i ed
I
Magni ude o he cu en in he middle pa o PI-model di ec ed om he
F omNode o ToNode
de i ed
IA
Phase angle o he cu en in he middle pa o PI-model di ec ed om
F omNode o ToNode
de i ed
IAF
Phase angle o cu en lowing in o F omNode
de i ed
IAT
Phase angle o cu en lowing in o ToNode
de i ed
LLI
Cu en loading gi en as a io be ween cu en and maximum cu en ( o
unbalanced sys em, i e u ns he maximum loading among he h ee phases)
de i ed
IF
Magni ude o he cu en lowing in o he b anch om he F omNode assuming
a balanced h ee-phase sys em
de i ed
IT
Magni ude o he cu en lowing in o he b anch om he ToNode assuming a
balanced h ee-phase sys em
de i ed
IPU
Magni ude o he cu en in he middle pa o PI-model in ne wo k pe uni
di ec ed om F omNode o ToNode
de i ed
QF
To al eac i e powe low (+) lea ing / (-) en e ing he F omNode
de i ed
QL
To al eac i e powe consump ion in he se ies pa
de i ed
QT
To al eac i e powe low (+) lea ing / (-) en e ing he ToNode
de i ed
QLC
To al cha ging eac i e powe lowing h ough he shun pa
de i ed
VAD
Vol age angle di e ence calcula ed as he di e ence be ween "ToNode" and
"F omNode" ol age angles (VA)
de i ed
VAF
Vol age angle a F omNode
de i ed
VAT
Vol age angle a ToNode
de i ed
VMD
Magni ude o he ol age di e ence be ween ToNode and F omNode
de i ed
VMF
Vol age magni ude a F omNode ( o UACPF, he a e age line- o-line ol age a
he F omNode is aken)
de i ed
VMR
Vol age magni ude a io, a io be ween ToNode and F omNode ol age
magni udes ( o UACPF, he a io be ween he a e age line- o-line ol ages a
he wo sides is aken)
de i ed
VMT
Vol age magni ude ToNode ( o UACPF, he a e age line- o-line ol age a he
ToNode is aken)
de i ed
P
To al ac i e powe
base
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 35
Table 5. Lis o he basic and de i ed esul s SAIn can model in elec ic ne wo ks and o elec ic objec s in ACPF simula ions
o some selec ed objec s. The ex ension is he ac ual name used in SAIn . The lis does no co e all objec s bu showcases
some examples.
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
Resul Type
elec ic
demand
S a e
Cu en ope a ing s a e o objec . Pe mi ed s a es a e ON and OFF. When
e e ed o a node, all ex e nals connec ed o he node inhe i he s a e
base
Q
To al eac i e powe
base
PNS
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe . Calcula ed as he
sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
VMAX
Maximum Vol age Magni ude in ne wo k pe -uni
de i ed
VMIN
Minimum Vol age Magni ude in ne wo k pe -uni
de i ed
VA
Vol age Angle
de i ed
VM
Vol age Magni ude ( o UACPF, he a e age o line- o-line ol age magni udes
o a ailable phases a he node)
de i ed
VPU
Vol age magni ude pe uni
de i ed
elec ic
supply
(e.g.,
gene ic
gene a o
)
P
To al ac i e powe
base
S a e
Cu en ope a ing s a e o objec . Pe mi ed s a es a e ON and OFF. When
e e ed o a node, all ex e nals connec ed o he node inhe i he s a e
base
Q
To al eac i e powe
base
PNS
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe . Calcula ed as he
sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
VMAX
Maximum Vol age Magni ude in ne wo k pe -uni
de i ed
VMIN
Minimum Vol age Magni ude in ne wo k pe -uni
de i ed
RampRa e
Ac i e powe amp a e. Change in ac i e powe pe ime be ween wo
consecu i e ime s eps
de i ed
VA
Vol age Angle
de i ed
VM
Vol age Magni ude ( o UACPF, he a e age o line- o-line ol age magni udes
o a ailable phases a he node)
de i ed
VPU
Vol age magni ude pe uni
de i ed
P
To al ac i e powe
base
S a e
Cu en ope a ing s a e o objec . Pe mi ed s a es a e ON and OFF. When
e e ed o a node, all ex e nals connec ed o he node inhe i he s a e
base
elec ic
supply
(e.g.,
sola
gene a o
)
Q
To al eac i e powe
base
PNS
Di e ence be ween scheduled and deli e ed ac i e powe . Calcula ed as he
sum o PSET minus P
de i ed
VMAX
Maximum Vol age Magni ude in ne wo k pe -uni
de i ed
VMIN
Minimum Vol age Magni ude in ne wo k pe -uni
de i ed
RampRa e
Ac i e powe amp a e. Change in ac i e powe pe ime be ween wo
consecu i e ime s eps
de i ed
VA
Vol age Angle
de i ed
VM
Vol age Magni ude ( o UACPF, he a e age o line- o-line ol age magni udes
o a ailable phases a he node)
de i ed
VPU
Vol age magni ude pe uni
de i ed
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 36
5 Scena ios in SAIn
A scena io is a case s udy pe o med on a ne wo k. A scena io consis s o a se o e en s, cons ain s,
and condi ions o be accommoda ed by he ne wo k. Time dependency is inco po a ed in a scena io
by using p o iles o e en s o by speci ying he ime an e en mus occu . E e y scena io has a s a -
and end- ime, and a ime s ep de ining i s ime g anula i y. A scena io can ei he be a simula ion o
an op imiza ion case, depending on he ype o p oblem he ne wo k is used o add ess. SAIn
add esses elec ic ne wo k op imisa ion p oblems by sol ing a DCUCOPF scena io. All o he cases o
elec ic, he mal o gas sys ems a e physical simula ions. In case o an op imisa ion p oblem,
lookahead ime and lookahead ime-s ep a e also needed.
In SAIn a ne wo k can be linked o an in ini e numbe o scena ios. Scena ios a e sa ed wi h he
ex ension *.gsce, *.esce o *. sce o gas, elec ici y o he mal cases, espec i ely.
5.1 O e iew o A ailable Scena io Types
SAIn o e s a a ie y o scena io ypes o add ess physical simula ions o ene gy ne wo ks o op imise
ene gy ma ke s.
In he case o elec ic ne wo ks, SAIn o e s (
1
):
• S eady AC-Powe Flow: S eady (single- ime s ep) al e na ing cu en powe low. Simula ion
o powe lows in an elec ic ne wo k using AC powe low equa ions wi h a dis ibu ed slack
bus model.
• S eady AC-Op imal Powe Flow: S eady (single ime s ep) al e na ing cu en op imal powe
low. Op imiza ion o elec ici y gene a ion dispa ch in an elec ic ne wo k conside ing
gene a o and ansmission cons ain s using AC powe low equa ions.
• S eady Unbalanced AC-Powe Flow: S eady (single- ime s ep) al e na ing cu en powe low
o unbalanced single o mul i-phase ne wo ks. Simula ion o powe lows in an unbalanced
single o mul i-phase elec ic ne wo k using AC powe low equa ions.
• Quasi Dynamic AC-Powe Flow: Quasi-dynamic al e na ing cu en powe low. A succession
o independen (s eady AC-powe low) simula ions o powe lows in an elec ic ne wo k
using AC powe low equa ions.
• Quasi Dynamic AC-Op imal Powe Flow: Quasi-dynamic al e na ing cu en op imal powe
low. A succession o (s eady AC-op imal powe low) op imiza ions o elec ici y gene a ion
dispa ch in an elec ic ne wo k conside ing gene a o and ansmission cons ain s using AC
powe low equa ions.
1
Compa ed o elease 3.4, SAIn 3.5 has emo ed he s eady and quasi-dynamic DC-powe low and s eady and quasi-dynamic DC-op imal
powe low simula ion capabili ies. The inal e sion o his epo has been upda ed o e lec his change.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 37
• Quasi Dynamic Unbalanced AC-Powe Flow: Quasi-dynamic al e na ing cu en powe low
o unbalanced single o mul i-phase ne wo ks. A succession o (in)dependen (s eady s a e
AC-powe low) simula ions o powe lows in an unbalanced single o mul i-phase elec ic
ne wo k using AC powe low equa ions.
• Di ec cu en uni commi men op imal powe low scena io (DCUCOPF): Mul i- ime s ep
mixed in ege op imiza ion p oblem ha op imizes he decisions on uni commi men and
economic dispa ch conside ing gene a o , s o age, and ansmission cons ain s using a DC-
app oxima ion o he AC powe low equa ions. Each op imiza ion ime ho izon can ha e a
look-ahead pe iod o in o m decisions ha in luence he ne wo k's s a e beyond he
op imiza ion window's end.
In he case o gas ne wo ks, SAIn o e s:
• S eady Gas: S eady (single- ime s ep) hyd aulic gas ne wo k simula ion.
• Dynamic Gas: T ansien hyd aulic gas ne wo k simula ion. Simula es he ope a ion o a gas
ne wo k unde ime- a ying demand p o iles, con ol se ings, and se poin s.
In he case o he mal ne wo ks, SAIn o e s:
• S eady The mal: S eady (single- ime s ep) he mal-hyd aulic simula ion o dis ic hea ing
ne wo ks.
• Quasi Dynamic The mal: A succession o independen (s eady he mal-hyd aulic) simula ions
o dis ic hea ing ne wo ks.
The e a e wo combined scena ios in SAIn : s eady and quasi-dynamic. The combined scena ios a e
be ween he elec ic and gas ne wo ks. The elec ic scena ios di e en ia e be ween powe low and
op imal powe low.
• S eady Gas and S eady AC-Powe Flow: S eady (single- ime s ep) combined simula ion o
al e na ing cu en powe low and a s eady hyd aulic gas ne wo k simula ion.
• Dynamic Gas and Quasi Dynamic AC-Powe Flow: Combined simula ion o a succession o
(s eady AC-powe low) simula ions o powe low in an elec ic ne wo k using AC powe low
equa ions and a ansien hyd aulic gas ne wo k simula ion unde ime- a ying demand
p o iles, con ol se ings, and se poin s.
SAIn allows o any meaning ul combina ion o scena ios o single ene gy ca ie ne wo ks o ca y
ou co-simula ions. In he case o he HYPERGRYD p ojec wha is mos ele an is he co-simula ion
o he mal ne wo ks wi h elec ic AC sys ems. An ex ension o such capabili y is he possibili y o
adding gas ne wo ks as well.
Fo any s eady s a e scena io, SAIn allows o speci y he ollowing se o scena io’s p ope ies:
• “S a Time”: S a ime o he scena io. The de aul is o se he calenda day and hou o
when he scena io is c ea ed. The p ope y is no ele an o he solu ion o a s eady s a e
simula ion.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 38
• “EndTime”: End ime o he scena io. The de aul is o se he calenda day and one hou plus
o when he scena io is c ea ed. The p ope y is no ele an o he solu ion o a s eady s a e
simula ion.
• “TimeWindow”: To al simula ion ime window. I is se o a ixed one-hou du a ion. The
p ope y is no ele an o he solu ion o a s eady s a e simula ion.
• “TimeS ep”: Time s ep o he scena io. The p ope y is ixed o 60 minu es, and i is no
ele an o he solu ion o a s eady s a e simula ion.
Fu he mo e, SAIn allows o speci y some se ings o he sol e o con ol he esidual ole ances
and he maximum numbe o i e a ions admi ed du ing he nume ical solu ion.
The p ope ies o a quasi-dynamic scena io allow he use o speci y sol e se ings, ime- ela ed
in o ma ion, gene al a ibu es, and cha isualiza ion op ions when accessed using he p ope y
edi o . Sol e se ings p o ide con ol o e he esidual ole ances and he maximum numbe o
i e a ions admi ed du ing he nume ical solu ion o he quasi-dynamic he mal p oblem o mula ion,
as in he s eady s a e case. The ime se ings o a quasi-dynamic scena io a e:
• “S a Time”: The s a ime o he scena io. This is he i s ime s ep in a scena io. The de aul
is o se he calenda day and hou when he scena io is c ea ed by he use .
• “EndTime”: The end ime o he scena io. This is he inal ime s ep in a scena io. The de aul
is o se he hou and a plus one calenda day o when he scena io is c ea ed.
• “TimeWindow”: The o al simula ion ime window o he o al amoun o ime in a scena io
(i.e., he di e ence be ween EndTime and S a Time).
• “TimeS ep”: A ime s ep is a ac ion o he scena io ime window used o disc e izing he
scena io ime window in o dis inc ime poin s, which a e calcula ed o he a iables. The
ime window is a mul iple o he ime s ep, i.e., “TimeWindow” di ided by “TimeS ep” mus
be an in ege g ea e han o equal o one. The de aul is o ha e a 900 second (i.e., 15
minu es) imes ep.
• “S epsTimeWindow”: The numbe o ime s eps o he scena io ime window (i.e.
“TimeWindow” di ided by “TimeS ep”).
• “IniS a e”: Name o he scena io whose e minal s a e is used as he ini ial s a e o he
cu en scena io. This is an op ional p ope y, and he de aul is se o none. The p ope y is
in he "Gene al" sec ion o he p ope y edi o .
In bo h ypes o simula ions, SAIn is looking o a solu ion by complying wi h he sol e se ings. Such
se ings de ine a s opping c i e ion, which is used o decide when he simula ion should s op i e a ing.
The maximum numbe o i e a ion s eps o he p oblem linea iza ion is a s aigh o wa d c i e ion,
as i de ines he maximum numbe o a emp s. Howe e , i canno en o ce a minimum le el o
accu acy alone. The esidual ole ance co e s he accu acy o he achie ed solu ion. The c i e ion is
checking whe he he in ended nume ical accu acy has been achie ed by compa ing he maximum
absolu e alue o he esiduals agains he use -de ined esidual ole ance. The i e a ion con inues i
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 39
he esidual exceeds he ole ance, and he maximum use -de ined numbe o i e a ions has no been
exceeded.
5.2 Elec ic Scena ios
5.2.1 Powe Flow (ACPF/UACPF)
When elec ical gene a o s ha e ene gized an al e na ing cu en (AC) elec ic ne wo k, i is
impo an o unde s and how cu en lows ac oss his ne wo k and a i es a he demand poin s so
ha he sa e and s able ope a ion o he ne wo k unde ques ion can be asce ained. As he demands
on he ne wo k can a y subs an ially due o consume (whe he esiden ial, comme cial, indus ial,
o any agg ega e o hese) beha iou , so oo mus he gene a ion sou ce and magni ude o mee his
demand, wi h any momen in ime o hese a ying demands and gene a ion cons i u ing an
ope a ing condi ion. In an ideal si ua ion, a any momen , he powe supplied o he sys em mus be
equal o ha consumed ia he demands and sys em losses (
2
). The AC powe low (ACPF) p oblem
cons i u es he iden i ica ion o ne wo k ac i e and eac i e powe lows, he associa ed nodal
ol age magni ude and phase angle, and gene a o ou pu s ha cha ac e ize any one o hese
ope a ing condi ions. The ne wo k's physical p ope ies, such as he ansmission line impedance,
suscep ance, and o he elec ical componen equi alen alues, a e used o c ea e a ma hema ical
model o sol e hese ope a ing condi ions. In he powe low solu ion p ocess, i is implici ly assumed
ha he sys em is in a s eady s a e; e.g., a he pa icula ope a ing condi ion in ques ion, he
gene a o supplied and demand/ne wo k consumed powe s a e – in ideal condi ions - equal and
unchanging. The e o e, he “S eadyACPF” scena io in SAIn is cha ac e ized by sol ing he ACPF
p oblem only o a single ins ance.
The e a e a a ie y o ools and equipmen asse s ha powe sys em ope a o s can u ilize o imp o e
he ope a ing condi ions o he sys em, pa icula ly a imes when ol ages o losses a e highe han
p e e ed. SAIn p o ides a ious common componen s o he use , enabling a ue emula ion o
mos elec ic ne wo ks. T ans o me s wi h au oma ic ap con ol a e he mos common and a e
suppo ed in SAIn wi h ol age con ol o local and emo e buses, line d op compensa ion, and
eac i e powe con ol. Shun de ices, which can p o ide o consume eac i e powe and, he e o e,
egula e ol ages, a e also a ailable.
Dis ibu ion sys ems in e ace consume s wi h he ansmission sys em. As a esul , hey ope a e a
much lowe ol ages and a e suscep ible o unbalanced loading, making he app oxima ion o phase
balance o ACPF simula ions no longe applicable and equi ing indi idual phase modelling o
2
In eal sys ems, his canno be achie ed, and dis u bances a e common. Fo modelling easons, he ideal si ua ion is gene ally conside ed.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 40
app op ia ely emula e he loading on ha pa o he sys em (
3
). To accoun o hese imbalances,
he use can use SAIn ’s unbalanced ACPF (UACPF) capabili ies, which allow he use o model he
indi idual phases o dis ibu ion sys ems, including he associa ed spa ial and load di e si y. UACPF
builds upon he ne wo k cons uc ed wi h ACPF da a and allows he use o p o ide addi ional de ail
o achie e unbalanced modelling esul s. This UACPF modelling capabili y main ains all au oma ic
con ol elemen s o ACPF. While his scena io ype pe mi s he use o use SAIn o model dis ibu ion
sys ems, i also p o ides a pla o m o model ansmission and dis ibu ion sys ems simul aneously.
This allows use s o assess he in e play be ween hese sys ems, which is a new capabili y in
comme cially a ailable elec ic ne wo k simula ion pla o ms.
While an elec ici y ne wo k's s eady s a e ope a ing condi ions a e o g ea in e es o sys em
modelle s o a ious easons, such as assessing s abili y challenges and mi iga ion p ocesses, he e
is pe haps jus as much in e es in unde s anding how he ope a ing condi ions change o e ime.
SAIn p o ides his capabili y in he o m o “quasi-dynamic” scena ios o all he p e iously
men ioned s eady powe low scena ios. These scena ios execu e a sequence o powe low
simula ions applicable o he ele an scena io ype (e.g., ACPF o UACPF). Wi h he quasi-dynamic
simula ions, he p og ession o ope a ing condi ions o an elec ic ne wo k can be assessed as he
load and gene a ion a y h oughou he designa ed pe iod o simula ion. This unc ionali y
complemen s SAIn ’s p oduc ion cos modelling capabili ies by pe mi ing a di ec analysis o he ull
ange o de e mined dispa ches.
Fo elec ic ne wo k ACPF simula ions, a scena io can use a combina ion o e en s o he each
po olio a ailable o he di e en elec ic objec s. Some examples o he e en s a e desc ibed in
Table 6. The e is no limi on he numbe o e en s used in a scena io.
3
F equency de ia ions a e ano he p oblem in he ansien analysis o dis ibu ion sys ems. In his elease, SAIn does no simula e any
equency esponse due o a ansien (i.e., a sudden inc ease o dec ease o he gene a ion/demand). SAIn assumes ha he sys em
e u ns o i s no mal equency a e a ansien and co e s simula ions wi h a ime s ep o seconds and abo e.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 41
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
ne wo k
PRIOR
Tu n on ac i e powe compensa ion mode p io i iza ion.
node
OFF
Tu n o connec ed ex e nals.
ON
Tu n on connec ed ex e nals.
PREF
Ac i e powe e e ence. Minimum: 0.
QREF
Reac i e powe e e ence.
VMAX
Maximum ol age magni ude. Minimum: 0.
VMIN
Minimum ol age magni ude. Minimum: 0.
VMREF
Vol age magni ude e e ence. Minimum: 0.
B anch
(elec ic
line)
IMAX
Maximum cu en . Minimum: 0.
OFF
Tu n o acili y, se ice o objec .
ON
Tu n on acili y, se ice o objec .
PMAX
Maximum ac i e powe . Minimum: 0.
SMAX
Maximum appa en powe . Minimum: 0.
elec ic
demand
OFF
Tu n o acili y, se ice o objec .
ON
Tu n on acili y, se ice o objec .
PMAX
Maximum ac i e powe . Minimum: 0.
PMIN
Minimum ac i e powe . Minimum: 0.
PREF
Ac i e powe e e ence. Minimum: 0.
PSET
To al ac i e powe se poin . Minimum: 0.
QMAX
Maximum eac i e powe .
QMIN
Minimum eac i e powe .
QREF
Reac i e powe e e ence.
QSET
To al eac i e powe se poin .
elec ic
supply
(gene ic
gene a o
)
OFF
Tu n o acili y, se ice o objec .
ON
Tu n on acili y, se ice o objec .
PFSET
Ac i e powe compensa ion ac o se poin . Minimum: 0.
PMAX
Maximum ac i e powe . Minimum: 0.
PMIN
Minimum ac i e powe . Minimum: 0.
PREF
Ac i e powe e e ence. Minimum: 0.
PSET
To al ac i e powe se poin . Minimum: 0.
QMAX
Maximum eac i e powe .
QMIN
Minimum eac i e powe .
QREF
Reac i e powe e e ence.
QSET
To al eac i e powe se poin .
VMSET
Vol age magni ude se poin . Minimum: 0. Maximum: 100.
Table 6. Examples o he e en s SAIn can model in elec ic ne wo ks and o some o he a ailable elec ic objec s in a ACPF
scena io. The ex ension is he ac ual name used in SAIn o he e en .
5.2.2 Op imal Powe Flow (ACOPF)
The powe low p oblem p e iously discussed in ol es sol ing o he low on he ne wo k when he e
a e as many unknowns as desc ibing equa ions wi h knowns by using a linea ised i e a i e me hod.
As a esul , he e is p esumed o be a unique solu ion. When cons ain s a e used ins ead o s a ic
alues, such as a ange o ope a ing ol ages o a gene a o ins ead o a speci ic se poin , he powe
low p oblem becomes an op imiza ion p oblem in ha he solu ion engine can look o a se o
ope a ing condi ions ha ul il some pa icula objec i e. The mos common objec i e is minimizing
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 48
Fo he mal ne wo k simula ions, a scena io can use a combina ion o any o he e en s desc ibed in
(Table 9). The e is no limi on he numbe o e en s used in a scena io, bu o hea demand and
supply objec s, no all combina ions a e accep able. Ce ain combina ions lead o unde -de e mined
p oblems, while o he s lead o o e -de e mined p oblems. SAIn checks o such combina ions and
p o ides he use wi h a desc ip ion o he possible p oblem in he simula ion's log ile.
5.1 Combined Scena ios and Co-scena ios
The ins alla ions o gas- i ed powe plan s a ound he wo ld, signi ican eplacemen o he
adi ional gas u bines wi h elec ic d i e s o ope a e acili ies in he gas sys em–like LNG e minals,
unde g ound gas s o ages, and comp esso s a ions–and he conside able de elopmen o he powe
o gas echnology, ha e d ama ically inc eased he coupling and in e connec ions be ween gas and
elec ici y ne wo ks. This inc eased coupling be ween gas and elec ici y ne wo ks b ough economic
and en i onmen al bene i s. Howe e , i made he planning and ope a ion o hese wo sys ems
much mo e challenging and necessi a ed using ools capable o modelling he in e dependencies
be ween hem.
A combined scena io desc ibes he ope a ion o wo o mo e ne wo ks o di e en ypes acco ding
o condi ions speci ied in each pa icipa ing scena io and o he ype and p ope ies o he coupling
objec s. One o he unique ea u es o SAIn is ha i allows use s o pe o m combined gas and
elec ic ne wo k simula ion. In he combined simula ion, he sys em o equa ions ha desc ibe he
beha iou o each o he ne wo ks will be in eg a ed by adding coupling equa ions ha model he
in e connec ion be ween gas and elec ic acili ies. Thus, simul aneously sol ing his in eg a ed
sys em o equa ions ep esen s he beha iou o hese wo combined in e connec ed sys ems. SAIn
simula es a ious in e connec ions be ween gas and elec ici y ne wo ks as a “hub objec ”. Hub
objec s include:
• The gas o ake om gas ne wo ks o gene a e elec ici y in gas- i ed powe plan s connec ed
o elec ici y ne wo ks.
• The powe o ake om he elec ic ne wo k o ope a e he elec ic engines in gas
comp esso s a ions.
• The powe o ake om he elec ic ne wo k o ope a e LNG egasi ica ion e minals.
• The powe o ake om he elec ic ne wo k o ope a e gas s o ages.
• The powe o ake om he elec ic ne wo k o ope a e Powe -To-Gas acili ies and o injec
hyd ogen and syn he ic na u al gas in o he gas ne wo k sys em.
Nex o a combined simula ion app oach, SAIn allows o he ca ying ou o co-simula ions. The
co-simula ion p ocess concep ually in ol es he ex ac ion o ope a ing condi ions om one ype o
simula ion o be used as ini ial condi ions o o adjus cons ain s on o he ypes o simula ions. This
p ocess le e ages he unique app oach o he SAIn so wa e o es ablishing a ne wo k wi h as much
de ail as he use can p o ide, om which a slew o di e en simula ion ypes can be applied, which
will only use he ne wo k p ope ies ele an o he simula ion o in e es . In his way, mul i-
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 49
imescale/de ail simula ions can be execu ed on he same ne wo k, making da a handling and
con ol a mo e e icacious.
The p edominan applica ion o his p ocess in he SAIn so wa e o da e is in wo a eas:
• as an in e ace be ween DCUCOPF and AC(O)PF simula ions;
• as an in e ace be ween ACPF simula ions and he mal simula ions.
Wi hin he las case is he applica ion o SAIn o he case s udy o he li ing labo a o y o he
HYPERGRYD pa ne En iPa k and Sonnenpla z, led by he pa ne KTH wi h he suppo o encoo d
GmbH. See sec ion 11 o some p elimina y examples.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 50
6 Documen a ion and Da a
6.1 SAIn Documen a ion
SAIn ’s documen a ion is o ganized in o ou sec ions. The “Re e ence Guide” na iga es he use
h ough he in e ace and unc ionali ies o he GUI, CLI, and API. The “How- o Guides” o e s
ins uc ions o achie e speci ic asks. The “Tu o ials” sec ion shows, using a case s udy app oach, how
o add ess modelling simula ions o op imiza ions o ne wo ks. Finally, he “Lea n-Mo e” sec ion
di es in o he heo y and ma hema ical de ails, desc ibing modelling choices, logic, and so wa e
s anda ds. The use can access SAIn documen a ion in wo ways: (1) h ough a local copy, which is
downloaded du ing he ins alla ion p ocess o SAIn , and (2) a egula ly upda ed, cloud-based e sion
ound on he encoo d Doc’s webpage. The documen a ion can be na iga ed by using ei he he able
o con en s on he le (gene al) o igh (sec ion speci ic), o by sea ching a speci ic e m using he
in eg a ed sea ch engine.
6.1.1 Re e ence Guide
The Re e ence Guide explains how he so wa e is o ganized, which unc ionali ies and se ings a e
a ailable, and whe e o ind hem. I desc ibes he GUI, API, and in oduces a se o ypog aphical
con en ions o ecognize objec s, concep s, and p ope ies. The Re e ence Guide s a s wi h an
o e iew o he so wa e’s a chi ec u e (As desc ibed in sec ion 1.2 in his documen ). The mos
signi ican pa o he Re e ence Guide is dedica ed o a p esen a ion o he GUI, wi h subsec ions
dedica ed o he ibbon ba , he dock panel, and he s a us ba . In he “Objec s” chap e , all modelled
objec s in SAIn a e desc ibed, along wi h hei p ope ies, ela ionships, se o e en s, and basic and
de i ed esul s. In he “Scena io” chap e , each simula ion o op imiza ion s a egy is p esen ed
based on he ype o ne wo k he use needs o model. The “Da a Exchange” chap e discusses he
capabili ies o SAIn o impo o expo model da a o esul s om and o di e en o ma s, like
Mic oso Excel™, comma-sepa a ed alues (CSV) ables, o shape iles o geog aphic da a, u ilizing
empla es. The chap e “Func ions, Exp essions and Condi ions” uses examples and cha s o de ail
how o use he buil -in I onPy hon sc ip ing capabili ies o c ea e cus omized plo s and ables, ca y
ou calcula ions on esul s, o implemen condi ional s a emen s o a “wha -i logic” in he
simula ion. Finally, he Re e ence Guide co e s he use, calls, and me hods a ailable in he API using
examples and snippe s o eusable code. The local copy o he “Re e ence Guide” can be accessed a
any momen om SAIn by using he keyboa d sho cu F1. When a use ho e s o e an icon, objec ,
o sec ion o he GUI and p esses F1, hey will be edi ec ed o he ele an sec ion o ha elemen .
6.1.2 How- o Guides
The How- o Guides sec ion o SAIn documen a ion is designed o suppo a use 's daily ac i i ies.
Each How- o Guide add esses a speci ic and well-de ined se o s eps guiding he use om one poin
o ano he . How- o Guides co e he mos equen asks and ac ions a use pe o ms in SAIn and is
di ided in o i e di e en sub-sec ions, including “Gene ic”, “Elec ici y Ma ke s”, “Gas Ne wo ks”,
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 51
“Elec ici y Ne wo ks”, “The mal Ne wo ks”, and “Combined". The “Gene ic” sub-sec ion o he How-
o Guides co e s ac ions like de ining a ne wo k, c ea ing a scena io, edi ing he opology, o
impo ing da a om ex e nal da a sou ces. The how- o guides in he “Elec ici y Ma ke s” sec ion
add ess ac ions such as ou age pe iods, ansmission losses, o lexible demand. The “Gas Ne wo ks”
sec ion p o ides s ep-by-s ep ins uc ions o ac ions like c ea ing and edi ing new gas objec s in a
ne wo k, c ea ing and edi ing a gas componen , and impo ing and expo ing gas quali ies. The
“Elec ici y Ne wo ks” sub-sec ion co e s opics like adding new acili ies o uel ypes, e ie ing
wind u bine da a, connec ing o me eo ological da a p o ide s, o adding ancilla y se ices. The
“The mal Ne wo ks” shows examples o he c ea ion o new ex e nals, ne wo ks and e en s. The
"Combined” sub-sec ion con ains how- o guides showing he sequence o s eps o c ea e a hub
sys em and acili y. The “How- o Guides” a e ecommended o use s new o SAIn o would like a
e eshe on ce ain opics in SAIn .
6.1.3 Tu o ials
The “Tu o ials” sec ion o SAIn ’s documen a ion p o ides s ep-by-s ep ac ions on how o use SAIn
in eal-wo ld indus y case s udies. SAIn ’s ad anced unc ionali ies and ools a e explo ed, along wi h
examples o ad anced cha ing, esul s pos -p ocessing, and scena io assessmen . The Tu o ial
sec ion is o use s who wan o b oaden hei knowledge o he so wa e, ake ull ad an age o i s
lexibili y, and ind be e solu ions o complex p oblems. Tu o ials engage he use in a sel -guided
se o s ep-by-s ep exe cises. They a e ecommended o any use who p e e s a sel -paced and sel -
augh aining plan o deepen he unde s anding o how o add ess ene gy sys ems models
p ac ically. As wi h any o he pa o SAIn ’s documen a ion, hey a e cons an ly unde e ision and
ex ended o new cases. The a ailable lis o u o ials is:
• Ene gy Ma ke s:
o Fundamen als o di ec cu en uni commi men op imal powe low (DCUCOPF)
o Analyse an elec ici y ma ke op imiza ion model
o Model elec ici y s o age, sola , and wind p oduc ion in a DCUCOPF
o Se ing up an Elec ic S o age in a DCUCOPF Scena io
• Elec ici y Ne wo ks:
o S eady and quasi-dynamic al e na ing cu en powe low (ACPF) simula ion
o Analyse an al e na ing cu en powe low (ACPF)
o High ol age and medium ol age ACPF simula ion
• Gas Ne wo k:
o T ansmission sys em s eady and dynamic simula ion
o Analyse a ansmission sys em dynamic model
o Con ingencies and hyd ogen blending in ansmission sys ems
• The mal Ne wo ks
o S eady S a e and Quasi-Dynamic The mal Simula ion
• Coupled Ne wo ks:
o Feedback in combined dynamic gas and elec ici y ne wo ks
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 52
• Sc ip ing:
o API Beginne
o API Ad anced
6.1.4 Lea n Mo e
Use s can u he hei echnical knowledge o SAIn in he “Lea n Mo e” sec ion o SAIn ’s
documen a ion. The “Lea n Mo e” sec ion p o ides a ma hema ical explana ion o how SAIn
ep esen s and desc ibes objec s used in building ene gy sys ems. The Lea n Mo e sec ion is
ecommended o he SAIn use in e es ed in lea ning mo e abou how SAIn ope a es and how
SAIn can be used o sol e p oblems.
6.2 Da a P o ide In eg a ion
SAIn connec s o se e al wea he esou ce da a p o ide s, which allows he c ea ion o high-
esolu ion wind and sola powe ime se ies o di e en plan designs and loca ions whe e wea he
esou ce da a a e a ailable.
6.2.1 Sola Wea he Da a
The cu en sola wea he esou ce da a p o ide s in eg a ed in o SAIn a e he Na ional Sola
Radia ion Da abase (NSRDB), owned and main ained by he Na ional Renewable Ene gy Labo a o y
(NREL), and he Pho o ol aic Geog aphical In o ma ion Sys em (PVGIS), managed by he Join
Resea ch Cen e o he Eu opean Commission. The da abase allows use s o collec sola wea he
esou ce da a in o SAIn om a ound he wo ld (Figu e 3). Th ough sola wea he esou ce da a,
use s can access global ho izon al i adiance (GHI), di ec no mal i adiance (DNI), di use ho izon al
i adiance (DHI), ai empe a u e, and wind speed.
Figu e 4 and Table 10 desc ibe he sola geog aphical co e age ac oss he globe. SAIn uses he
PVWa s (no inancial model) o he Sys em Ad iso Model (SAM) de eloped by NREL o calcula e
sola PV gene a ion p o iles. SAM is a echno-economic model designed o acili a e decision-making
o people in he enewable ene gy indus y. This model gene a es ime se ies da a ep esen ing sola
elec ici y p oduc ion o each PV objec o e a yea . The gene a ed p o ile imes ep depends on he
wea he da a’s empo al esolu ion and inpu s desc ibing he sys em's namepla e capaci y, a ay
o ien a ion, moun ing ype, sys em losses, e c.
6.2.2 Wind Wea he Da a
The WIND Toolki is owned and main ained by NREL. SAIn has a buil -in wind powe pe o mance
model o calcula e a wind powe plan ’s powe gene a ion ime se ies. The da abase allows use s o
collec wind wea he esou ce da a in o SAIn om a ound he wo ld. Th ough wind wea he
esou ce da a, use s can access wind speed, wind di ec ion, ai p essu e, and ai empe a u e a
di e en loca ions and heigh s.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 53
Figu e 5 and Table 11 desc ibe he wind geog aphical co e age ac oss he globe. SAIn has a buil -in
wind powe pe o mance model o calcula e a wind powe plan ’s powe gene a ion ime se ies. The
gene a ed p o ile imes ep depends on he wea he da a’s empo al esolu ion and inpu s desc ibing
he sys em's namepla e capaci y, wind u bine powe cu e, sys em losses, e c. This model gene a es
ime se ies da a ep esen ing wind elec ici y p oduc ion o each WIND objec o e a yea . The
ins alla ion olde gi es he use a da abase o o e 200 wind u bine powe cu es based on
comme cial da a om o e 40 manu ac u e s.
Figu e 4. Sola wea he esou ce da a p o ide s co e ed by NSRD and PVGIS (colou s desc ibed in Table 5).
Da a P o ide
Wea he
Yea (s)
Tempo al
Resolu ion
Spa ial Resolu ion
Co e age A ea
(Colo )
NSRDB - Full Disc
2019 - 2020
15, 30, 60 minu es
2 km x 2 km
Da k and Ligh Blue
NSRDB - PSM .3
1998 - 2020
30, 60 minu es
4 km x 4 km
Ligh Blue
NSRDB - PSM .3.2.2
2021
30, 60 minu es
4 km x 4 km
Ligh Blue (only USA)
NSRDB - PSM .3 - Fi e Minu e
Tempo al Resolu ion
2018 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
4 km x 4 km
Ligh Blue
NSRDB - India (Suny)
2000 - 2014
60 minu es
10 km x 10 km
G een
NSRDB - Eu ope and A ica
(METEOSAT IODC PSM)
2017 - 2019
15, 30, 60 minu es
4 km x 4 km
Red
NSRDB - Himawa i PSM .3
2016 - 2020
10, 30, 60 minu es
2 km x 2 km
O ange
NSRDB - Pue o Rico
1998 - 2017
5, 30, 60 minu es
4 km x 4 km
Black
PVGIS
2005 – 2020 (*)
60 minu es
be ween 4 km x 4 km and
25 km x 25 km (*)
All Wo ld (+)
* Depending on he con inen o in e es .
+ The global spa ial co e age is a mosaic o di e en sa elli e da abases (PVGIS-SARAH2, PVGIS-NSRDB, PVGIS-SARAH, and PVGIS-ERA5).
An a c ica and a eas abo e 80 ° o la i ude No h a e excluded (c . h ps://join - esea ch-cen e.ec.eu opa.eu/pho o ol aic-
geog aphical-in o ma ion-sys em-p gis/ge ing-s a ed-p gis/p gis-use -manual_en).
Table 10. Sola wea he esou ce da a p o ide s in eg a ed in o SAIn .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 54
Figu e 5. Wind wea he esou ce da a p o ide s co e ed by NREL Wind Toolki (colou s desc ibed in Table 6)
Da a P o ide
Wea he
Yea (s)
Tempo al Resolu ion
Co e age A ea
(Colo )
WIND Toolki - Mexico
2007 - 2014
60 minu es
Da k Blue
WIND Toolki - India
2014
15, 60 minu es
Da k Pu ple
WIND Toolki - Cen al Asia
2015
15, 30, 60 minu es
B own
WIND Toolki - O sho e Cali o nia
2000 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
Ligh Red
WIND Toolki - O sho e G ea Lakes
2000 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
O ange
WIND Toolki - O sho e Hawaii
2000 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
Black
WIND Toolki - Philippines
2017
60 minu es
Da k Yellow
WIND Toolki - Vie nam
2016
60 minu es
Ligh Yellow
WIND Toolki Da a - Con inen al USA
2007 - 2014
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
Da k Red
WIND Toolki - O sho e Gul o Mexico
2000 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
Ligh Blue
WIND Toolki - O sho e Mid A lan ic
2000 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
Aqua Blue
WIND Toolki - NW Paci ic
2000 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
Ligh G een
WIND Toolki - O sho e No h A lan ic
2000 - 2020
5, 15, 30, 60 minu es
Da k G een
WIND Toolki - Sou heas Asia
2017-2021
15, 30, 60 minu es
Ligh Pu ple
Table 11. Wind wea he esou ce da a p o ide s in eg a ed in o SAIn .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 55
6.3 Model-Ready Da ase s
Model-Ready Da ase s (MRD) a e da ase s eady o be used in SAIn . MRDs a e cu a ed and managed
by encoo d and a ailable o pu chase o clien s wi h a SAIn license. The e a e wo ypes o MRDs:
non-comme cial and comme cial.
6.3.1 Non-comme cial Model- eady Da ase s
Non-comme cial MRDs a e a ailable by eques o all use s o SAIn .
• Belgium Coupled Model: This model allows he execu ion o s eady AC-Powe Flow and
s eady gas-independen analysis o as a combined simula ion o he wo scena ios. The
elec ic model has 75 nodes, 77 ansmission lines, 12 ans o me s, 46 elec ic demand
consump ion poin s, 21 gene ic gene a o s, 45 uel gene a o s uelled by di e en uels
(na u al gas, coal, nuclea , and oil), 8 hyd o gene a o s, 10 wind gene a o s (onsho e and
o sho e), and 9 sola gene a o s. The gas model has 147 nodes, 172 pipelines, 3 comp esso
s a ions (1 gas-d i en and 2 elec ic-d i en), 3 con ol al es, 38 gas demand consump ion
poin s, 8 supply poin s, 1 unde g ound s o age, and 1 Liquid Na u al Gas (LNG) e minal. In
addi ion, he e a e 2 gas quali ies implemen ed (me hane and hyd ogen). Finally, he e a e 4
hub acili ies whe e elec ic and a gas objec o e lap: 2 elec ic-d i en gas comp esso s, 1 gas-
i ed gene a o , and 1 powe o gas acili y.
• GasLib134 – G eece: This model allows he execu ion o a s eady and dynamic gas scena io.
The model ne wo k, i s opology, se o acili ies, ype o luid, demand p o iles a e en i ely
ic ional. The gas model has 131 pipelines, 1 comp esso s a ion, 1 con ol al e, 45 gas
demand consump ion poin s, 3 supply poin s, and 1 gas quali y ype. The dynamic scena io is
an 8-day ime pe iod wi h a ime s ep esolu ion o 15 minu es (Schmid , e al., 2017) and he
da a is a ailable a h ps://gaslib.zib.de).
• IEEE 39 Bus Sys em: This model allows he execu ion o s eady AC-Powe Flow. The model
has 39 nodes, 34 ansmission lines, 12 ans o me s, 31 demand consump ion poin s, 10
gene ic gene a o s, and 2 shun s (Zuo, Sossan, Bozo g, & Paolone, 2018; A hay, Podmo e, &
Vi mani, 1979).
• IEEE 9 Bus Sys em: This model allows he execu ion o s eady AC-Powe Flow. The model has
9 nodes, 6 ansmission lines, 3 ans o me s, 3 demand consump ion poin s, and 3 gene ic
gene a o s.
• RTS-GMLC – based on IEEE 96 bus sys em: The model allows he execu ion o s eady AC-
Powe Flow, and 3 p oduc ion cos model scena ios (DCUCOPF) o 1 yea , 2 weeks, and 5
days. The elec ic model has 3 zones, 73 nodes, 106 lines, 15 ans o me s, 15 ancilla y
se ices (up and down ese es), 3 use -de ined cons ain s eplica ing a DC-line low, 53
demand consump ion poin s, 53 gene ic gene a o s (u ili y PV and wind gene a o s), 1 hyd o
gene a o , 75 uel gene a o s, 31 sola gene a o s, 1 elec ic s o age uni , and 3 shun
de ices. The scena io comp ises 3 demand p o iles o he 3 zones, 1 concen a ed sola
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 56
powe (CSP), 25 u ili y PV, 4 wind, and 31 oo op PV. The o iginal da a a e a ailable om he
Gi eposi o y a h ps://gi hub.com/G idMod/RTS-GMLC.
• Ba y Island: The model allows he execu ion o a s eady he mal scena io. The model
ne wo k, i s opology, se o acili ies, and demand p o iles a e en i ely ic ional. The model
has 33 nodes, 33 pipelines o diame e s be ween 32 mm and 125 mm, 22 he mal demand
consump ions, and 3 supply poin s. This model has been de eloped as a con ibu ion o he
HYPERGRYD p ojec o allow use s o expe imen wi h he mal modelling and co-simula ions
wi h elec ic ne wo ks (Liu, 2013; Liu, Wu, Jenkins, & Bagdana icius, 2016).
6.3.2 Comme cial Model- eady Da ase s
Comme cial MRDs can be pu chased by he SAIn use . The lis below explains he comme cial MRDs.
Encoo d can de elop ad hoc elec ic, gas, he mal, and combined models upon eques .
• Eu opean Zonal Elec ici y Ma ke : The model allows he execu ion o p oduc ion cos model
scena ios (DCUCOPF) o 1 yea wi h an hou ly esolu ion. The model has been de eloped
using da a collec ed om he Eu opean Ne wo k o T ansmission Sys em Ope a o s o
Elec ici y (ENTSOe) and addi ional sou ces. The model has been benchma ked agains
ENTSOe in e ms o gene a ion, powe no se ed, and low dis ibu ion. The model has 46
bidding zones, 44 demands, 86 in e connec ions, and 2453 gene a o s sepa a ed in o 18
p oduc ion ypes (sola , wind onsho e, wind o sho e, biomass, geo he mal, o he enewable,
was e, o he , un-o - i e , hyd o wa e ese oi , pumped s o age, na u al gas, oil, ha d coal,
oil shale, pea , ligni e, and u anium).
• Uni ed S a es Zonal Elec ici y Ma ke : The model allows he execu ion o p oduc ion cos
model scena ios (DCUCOPF) o 1 yea wi h an hou ly esolu ion. The model has 11 zones
(CAISO, MISO, ERCOT, PJM, e c.), 134 nodes, 134 demands, 310 in e connec ions, 75
s o ages, and 9270 gene a o s sepa a ed by mul iple p oduc ion ypes.
• Indian Zonal Elec ici y Ma ke : The model allows he execu ion o p oduc ion cos model
scena ios (DCUCOPF) o 1 yea wi h an hou ly esolu ion. The model has been de eloped and
benchma ked agains he Regional Ene gy Deploymen Sys em (ReEDS) Indian model in e ms
o gene a ion, powe no se ed, and low dis ibu ion. The model has 34 bidding zones, 34
demands, 70 in e connec ions, and 1067 gene a o s sepa a ed in o di e en p oduc ion
ypes (sola , wind, hyd o un-o - i e , coal, ligni e, oil, diesel, na u al gas, bagasse, and
u anium uel gene a o s).
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 57
7 Da a Impo ing Tools
In o de o SAIn o ead ne wo k da a iles, he da a needs o be in a ce ain na i e o ma . Mos
likely, when a use s a s o wo k on a new p ojec , he may no ha e he da a eadily a ailable in SAIn
na i e o ma , bu da a could be in o he o ma s and/o om o he so wa e pla o ms. Because
c ea ing a SAIn ne wo k may equi e ime and e o , a se o ansla ion ools is a ailable o con e
o he common da a ypes o elec ic and gas ne wo ks in o he SAIn o ma . While a ew o he
ansla ions equi e he use o an ex e nal Py hon in e p e e , o he s a e in eg a ed in o he backend
o SAIn .
7.1 Syne gi Gas o SAIn
Syne gi Gas is a hyd aulic modelling simula ion ool by DNV (
5
). SAIn p o ides a con e sion ool ha
suppo s impo ing and con e ing Syne gi Gas models o SAIn gas ne wo ks. The ool allows o
con e sion o he coo dina e e e ence sys em o he o iginal da a, and o impo a s eady s a e
scena io o be used as alida ion s ep o check he con e sion. The use can compa e he solu ion
om Syne gi Gas o he solu ion calcula ed by SAIn using he same se o e en s and objec
p ope ies. The objec s om he Syne gi model a e con e ed o he SAIn objec ypes using as much
o he o iginal da a as possible. SAIn and Syne gi gas benchma king has been e i ied on many es
ne wo ks and physical sys ems. The ool will u ilize de aul p ope ies i da a is una ailable. This
con e sion ool is in eg a ed in o he SAIn so wa e and equi es no addi ional so wa e o
ins alla ions.
7.2 CYME o SAIn
CYME (
6
) is an indus y-s anda d dis ibu ion simula ion ool de eloped by CYME In e na ional T&D
Inc. SAIn is capable o eading CYME da ase s and con e ing hem in a one- o-one manne o SAIn
objec s and sol ing a UACPF scena io ype o a i e a he unbalanced powe low esul s. This
ansla ion has been alida ed o ensu e he powe low esul s be ween he ools a e iden ical. Wi h
his con e sion, CYME use s can immedia ely con e o he SAIn da a amewo k and con inue
wo king on hei models wi h he addi ional ea u es ha SAIn p o ides. This ansla ion ool is no
in eg a ed di ec ly in o SAIn , bu i is p o ided along SAIn as an easy- o-use Py hon sc ip .
5
Read he p oduc desc ip ion a h ps://www.dn .com/se ices/hyd aulic-modelling-and-simula ion-so wa e-syne gi-gas-3894 (las
isi ed on 14/02/2024).
6
Read he p oduc desc ip ion a h ps://www.cyme.com/so wa e/ (las isi ed on 14/02/2024).
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 64
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
(elec ic
line)
CalcImp
Indica es how he ne wo k pe uni impedances a e calcula ed. I CalcImp is alse, he b anch pe uni
alues a e used o he calcula ion. I ue, he pe uni len h p ope ies o line a e used
XXDEF
Posi i e sequence se ies eac ance in line pe uni sys em. Se ies capaci o is ep esen ed by nega i e
alue. Used i "CalcImp" is alse.
RRDEF
Posi i e sequence se ies esis ance in b anch pe uni sys em. De ined o be non-nega i e. Used i
"CalcImp" is alse.
BBDEF
Posi i e sequence shun suscep ance in b anch pe uni sys em. Used i "CalcImp" is alse. Mus be
non-nega i e o elec ic line, because he shun is capaci i e
XX0DEF
Ze o sequence line eac ance in line pe uni sys em. Se ies capaci o s can be modeled wi h nega i e
alues. The alue is igno ed o sigle-phase lines
RR0DEF
Ze o sequence line esis ance in line pe uni sys em. The alue is igno ed o single-phase lines
BB0DEF
Ze o sequence line suscep ance in line pe uni sys em. The alue is igno ed o single-phase lines
D awLine
I ue, elemen will be d awn as a s aigh line and in e nal poin s will be neglec ed
F omName
Name o F omNode
N
Scaling ac o o impedances. The se ies impedance will be di ided by his alue, and he shun
admi ance will be mul iplied by his alue. No used i "CalcImp" is alse
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
L
To al leng h o elec ic line
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
PHASESINUSE
Iden i ies which phases o he line a e connec ed, alid alues a e A, B, C, AB, AC, BC o ABC.
XXL
Posi i e sequence line eac ance pe leng h
RRL
Posi i e sequence line esis ance pe uni leng h
BBL
Posi i e sequence line suscep ance pe uni leng h
RATEDS
Ra ed appa en powe , assuming balanced h ee-phase objec . I i s alue is NaN, which is he de aul ,
he ne wo k Base Appa en Powe will be aken. I is used in he ne wo k pe uni calcula ions. To
change he alue o a p ope y o i s de aul , igh -click on he p ope y and selec "Se o he de aul
alue"
RATEDV
Ra ed line- o-line ol age, assuming balanced h ee-phase objec . I i s alue is NaN, which is he
de aul , he ne wo k Base Vol age will be aken. I is used in he ne wo k pe uni calcula ions. To
change he alue o a p ope y o i s de aul , igh -click on he p ope y and selec "Se o he de aul
alue"
SubName
Sub he b anch belongs o
ToName
Name o ToNode
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
XX0L
Ze o sequence line eac ance pe uni leng h. The alue is igno ed o single-phase lines
RR0L
Ze o sequence line esis ance pe uni leng h. The alue is igno ed o single-phase lines
BB0L
Ze o sequence line suscep ance pe uni leng h. The alue is igno ed o single-phase lines
Elec ic
demand
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
LOADTYPE
How he load is connec ed be ween phases and (o ) neu al, alid alues a e Wye (balanced), Del a
(balanced), A, B, C, AB, BC, o CA
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
NodeName
Name o node he ex e nal is connec ed o
PWF
Powe ac o , PWF=cos(phi)=P/S
PWFType
Powe ac o ype "ind" o lagging (induc i e load) and "cap" o leading (capaci i e load) powe
ac o . The ype doesn’ ma e o a esis i e load (uni y powe ac o ) as a as he Powe Fac o is se
o 1. Used o calcula ing QSET om PSET i no QSET e en is de ined
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 65
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
RATEDV
Ra ed line- o-line ol age, assuming balanced h ee-phase objec . I i s alue is NaN, which is he
de aul , he ne wo k Base Vol age will be aken. I is used in he ne wo k pe uni calcula ions. To
change he alue o a p ope y o i s de aul , igh -click on he p ope y and selec "Se o he de aul
alue"
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Elec ic
supply
(gene ic
gene a o
)
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
CALCDFLT
Calcula e de aul alues o maximum amp a e (MaxUpRampDe and MaxDownRampDe ), and
(when applicable) s a up ime (MinUpTimeDe and MinDownTimeDe ), gene a o capabili y cu e
(GCC), hea a e cu e (HR0, HR1, and HR2)
GenType
Speci ies he gene a o ype
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
NodeName
Name o node he ex e nal is connec ed o
XXN
Neu al eac ance in in pu in he gene a o base sys em
RRN
Neu al esis ance in pu in he gene a o base sys em
XXSE
Pe phase ou pu eac ance in in pu in he gene a o base sys em
RRSE
Pe phase ou pu esis ance in pu in he gene a o base sys em
RATEDS
Ra ed appa en powe , assuming balanced h ee-phase objec . I i s alue is NaN, which is he de aul ,
he ne wo k Base Appa en Powe will be aken. I is used in he ne wo k pe uni calcula ions. To
change he alue o a p ope y o i s de aul , igh -click on he p ope y and selec "Se o he de aul
alue"
RATEDV
Ra ed line- o-line ol age, assuming balanced h ee-phase objec . I i s alue is NaN, which is he
de aul , he ne wo k Base Vol age will be aken. I is used in he ne wo k pe uni calcula ions. To
change he alue o a p ope y o i s de aul , igh -click on he p ope y and selec "Se o he de aul
alue"
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Table 13. Pa ial lis o he inpu equi ed by SAIn o model elec ic ne wo ks and some o he elec ic objec s. No all elec ic
objec s a e epo ed. The ex ension is he ac ual name used in SAIn o he e en .
9.2 Gas objec s
A se o gas objec s has been designed in SAIn o ca y ou ex ensi e simula ions. The lis o
implemen ed objec s is p o ided in Table 14. Fo hese objec s, SAIn equi es he use o p o ide
de ails as objec ’s inpu . Table 15 desc ibes a pa ial lis o he modelled inpu o some o he ypes
o gas objec s. The eade should check Table 8 in sec ion 5.3 o an example o a lis o e en s ha
can be used o build s eady s a e o quasi-dynamic gas scena ios.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 66
Icon
Type
Name
Desc ip ion
GNET
Gas Ne wo k
Models he cha ac e is ics and in e ac ions o acili ies and/o componen s o a gas
ne wo k. Se es as a con aine o all objec s in he gas ne wo k
GSUB
Gas Sub
Models a subse o nodes, b anches, and gas ex e nals o a gas ne wo k. A gas sub is
b anch-o ien ed, i.e., only gas b anches can be assigned o a gas sub, and e e y gas
b anch belongs o only one gas sub
GZN
Gas Zone
Models a subse o nodes, b anches, and ex e nals o a gas ne wo k. A gas zone is node-
o ien ed, i.e., only gas nodes can be assigned o a gas zone, and e e y gas node belongs
o only one gas zone
GGRP
Gas G oup
Models a subse o di e en objec s in a gas ne wo k. Excep o he gas ne wo k, subs,
and zones, any gas objec can be added o a gas g oup. In con as o gas subs and
zones, gas g oups do no ollow any speci ic assignmen ules. Thus, a gas objec can
be pa o mul iple gas g oups
GNO
Gas Node
Models a physical o i ual loca ion in he gas ne wo k whe e gas can be injec ed o
ex ac ed h ough ex e nals (gas demand, supply, s o age, e c.)
GPI
Gas Pipeline
Models he anspo o gas be ween wo dis an loca ions
GCS
Gas
Comp esso
Models he inc ease o inle p essu e o a highe ou le p essu e o ensu e con inuous
anspo and deli e y o gas o cus ome s a he con ac ed nomina ions and deli e y
p essu es
GCV
Gas Con ol
Val e
Models he educ ion o inle p essu e o lowe ou le p essu e o he con ol o gas
low o a downs eam ne wo k
GVA
Gas Val e
Models a al e s a ion, which is used o ou e he gas s eam and shu down sec ions
o he ne wo k o main enance o in case o a dis up ion.
GRE
Gas Resis o
Models passi e de ices ha cause a local p essu e d op, such as me e s inle piping,
sc ubbe s, coole s, hea e s, e c
GSUP
Gas Supply
Models he injec ion o gas a a node
GDEM
Gas Demand
Models he consump ion o gas a a node
GSTR
Gas S o age
Models he wi hd awal and injec ion o gas om/in o he s o age in en o y o an
(unde g ound) gas s o age acili y
LNG
LNG e minal
Models he a i al o LNG- essels and he discha ge, s o age, egasi ica ion, and
injec ion o lique ied na u al gas in an LNG egasi ica ion e minal
GQUAL
Gas Quali y
Models he he modynamic p ope ies (g oss/ne calo i ic alue, ela i e densi y, e c.)
and he mix u es o di e en gas molecules (gas componen s) lowing h ough he
ne wo k
GCMP
Gas
Componen
Models he he modynamic p ope ies (g oss/ne calo i ic alue, ela i e densi y, e c.)
o a gas molecule included in he gas mix u e
GCUS
Gas
Componen
Usage
Models he mola pe cen age o mix u e o a gas componen included in a gas quali y
Table 14. Icons and desc ip ions o he objec ypes a ailable in he gas ne wo k model in SAIn 3.5.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 67
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
ne wo k
PAMB
Ambien p essu e
Pz_b
Base p essu e o cus om comp essibili y ac o equa ion: Z(P.ba ) = 1 + Z_1 * P.ba + Z_2 * ((P.ba -
Pz_b.ba ) ^2 - Pz_b.ba ^2)
ZEQN
Equa ion o compu ing comp essibili y ac o
CRSType
Ne wo k coo dina e e e ence sys em o he node loca ions
LAMEQN
Equa ion o compu ing ic ion ac o
In o
In o ma ion ela ed o he ne wo k model. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
Kappa
Isen opic exponen , i.e. a io be ween isoba ic and isocho ic hea capaci y
Z_1
Coe icien o linea e m in cus om comp essibili y ac o equa ion: Z(P.ba ) = 1 + Z_1 * P.ba + Z_2 *
((P.ba - Pz_b.ba ) ^2 - Pz_b.ba ^2)
Z_2
Coe icien o quad a ic e m in cus om comp essibili y ac o equa ion: Z(P.ba ) = 1 + Z_1 * P.ba +
Z_2 * ((P.ba - Pz_b.ba ) ^2 - Pz_b.ba ^2)
Pn
P essu e a e e ence condi ion
Tn
Re e ence empe a u e
Va PAMB
Conside ambien p essu e dependence on he ele a ion
VISC
Dynamic iscosi y used o calcula ing he ic ion ac o
node
H
Ele a ion
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
X
Ca esian X coo dina e o isualizing he node in he map. Ex e nals assigned o he node a e no
displayed
Y
Ca esian Y coo dina e o isualizing he node in he map. Ex e nals assigned o he node a e no
displayed
ZoneName
ZoneName o he zone he node belongs o
B anch
(gas
pipeline)
D awLine
I ue, elemen will be d awn as a s aigh line and in e nal poin s will be neglec ed
F omName
Name o F omNode
HTC
Hea ans e coe icien
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
D
Inne pipe diame e o design diame e o non-pipe b anches
RO
Inne wall oughness o pipeline
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
E
Pipeline e iciency
L
Pipeline leng h
SubName
Sub he b anch belongs o
ToName
Name o ToNode
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
WTH
Thickness o he pipe wall
Gas
demand
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
NodeName
Name o node he ex e nal is connec ed o
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 68
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
Gas
supply
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
NodeName
Name o node he ex e nal is connec ed o
SQSETNAME
Name o scheduled supply gas quali y
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Table 15. Pa ial lis o he inpu equi ed by SAIn o model gas ne wo ks and some o he gas objec s. No all gas objec s
a e epo ed. The ex ension is he ac ual name used in SAIn o he e en .
9.3 The mal objec s
A se o he mal objec s has been designed in SAIn o ca y ou basic simula ions. The lis o
implemen ed objec s is p o ided in Table 16. Fo hese objec s, SAIn equi es he use o p o ide
de ails as he objec ’s inpu . Table 17 desc ibes he lis o he modelled inpu o each ype o he mal
objec . The eade should check (Table 9) in sec ion 5.4 o a lis o e en s ha can be used o build
s eady s a e o quasi-dynamic he mal scena ios.
Icon
Type
Name
Desc ip ion
TNET
The mal
Ne wo k
Models he cha ac e is ics and in e ac ions o acili ies and/o componen s o a
he mal ne wo k. Se es as a con aine o all objec s in he he mal ne wo k
TSUB
The mal Sub
Models a subse o nodes, b anches, and he mal ex e nals o a he mal ne wo k. A
he mal sub is b anch-o ien ed, i.e., only he mal b anches can be assigned o a
he mal sub, and e e y he mal b anch belongs o only one he mal sub
TZN
The mal Zone
Models a subse o nodes, b anches, and ex e nals o a he mal ne wo k. A he mal
zone is node-o ien ed, i.e., only he mal nodes can be assigned o a he mal zone,
and e e y he mal node belongs o only one he mal zone
TGRP
The mal G oup
Models a subse o di e en objec s in a he mal ne wo k. Excep o he he mal
ne wo k, subs, and zones, any he mal objec can be added o a he mal g oup. In
con as o he mal subs and zones, he mal g oups do no ollow any speci ic
assignmen ules. Thus, a he mal objec can be pa o mul iple he mal g oups
TNO
The mal Node
Models a physical o i ual loca ion in he he mal ne wo k whe e hea (o cold) can
be injec ed o ex ac ed h ough ex e nals
TPI
The mal Pipe
Models he anspo o hea (o cold) be ween wo dis an loca ions
HSUP
Hea Supply
Models he injec ion o hea a a node
HDEM
Hea Demand
Models he consump ion o hea a a node
Table 16. Icons and desc ip ions o he objec ypes a ailable in he he mal ne wo k model.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 69
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
ne wo k
PAMB
Ambien p essu e
CRSType
Ne wo k coo dina e e e ence sys em o he node loca ions
In o
In o ma ion ela ed o he ne wo k model. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
PDMIN
Minimum p essu e di e ence be ween wo sides o all he nodes
node
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
H
Ele a ion
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
X
X coo dina e o isualizing he node on a geog aphic map o on a Ca esian plane. Ex e nals assigned
o he node a e no displayed.
Y
Y coo dina e o isualizing he node on a geog aphic map o on a Ca esian plane. Ex e nals assigned
o he node a e no displayed.
b anch
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
D
Inne pipe diame e o design diame e o non-pipe b anches
RO
Inne wall oughness o pipeline
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
HTCLIN
Linea hea ans e coe icien
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
L
Pipeline leng h
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
F omName
Name o om node
ToName
Name o o node
Hea
demand
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
ndica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
NodeName
Name o node he ex e nal is connec ed o
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Hea
supply
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
ndica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
NodeName
Name o node he ex e nal is connec ed o
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Table 17. Lis o he inpu equi ed by SAIn o model he mal ne wo ks and he mal objec s. The ex ension is he ac ual
name used in SAIn o he e en .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 70
9.4 Combined elec ic-gas objec s
The lis o implemen ed coupling objec s be ween elec ic and gas ne wo ks is p o ided in Table 18.
Fo hese objec s, SAIn equi es he use o p o ide de ails as objec ’s inpu . Table 19 desc ibes he
lis o he modelled inpu o each ype o hub objec .
Icon
Type
Name
Desc ip ion
HUBS
Hub Sys em
Models he ope a ion o acili ies coupling di e en ene gy ne wo k ypes. Se es as
a con aine o all hub objec s
GFG
Gas-Fi ed
Gene a o
Models he coupling be ween a Fuel Gene a o (FGEN) and a Gas Demand (GDEM)
P2G
Powe -To-Gas
Facili y
Models he coupling be ween an Elec ic Demand (EDEM) and a Gas Supply (GSUP).
A p ime example o a Powe -To-Gas Facili y is an elec olyze plan , in which elec ic
powe is used o con e wa e in o oxygen and hyd ogen. The la e is hen injec ed
in o he gas ne wo k
EDGCS
Elec ic-D i en
Gas Comp esso
Models he coupling be ween an Elec ic Demand (EDEM) and a Gas Comp esso
(GCS). In an Elec ic-D i en Gas Comp esso , elec ic powe is con e ed in o he
mechanical powe needed o inc ease he gas p essu e
EDGSTR
Elec ic-D i en
Gas S o age
Models he coupling be ween an Elec ic Demand (EDEM) and a Gas S o age (GSTR).
I models he elec ici y consump ion needed o ope a e he gas s o age
EDLNG
Elec ic-D i en
LNG Te minal
Models he coupling be ween an Elec ic Demand (EDEM) and an LNG Te minal
(LNG). I models he elec ic powe consump ion needed o ope a e he LNG e minal
Table 18. Icons and desc ip ions o he objec ypes a ailable in he hub sys em in SAIn 3.5.
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
Elec ic-
d i en gas
comp ess
o s a ion
EDEMNAME
Elec ic Demand Name
GCSNAME
Gas Comp esso Name
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
PWF
Powe ac o , PWF=cos(phi)=P/S
PWFType
Powe ac o ype "ind" o lagging (induc i e load) and "cap" o leading (capaci i e load) powe
ac o . The ype doesn’ ma e o a esis i e load (uni y powe ac o ) as a as he Powe Fac o is se
o 1. Used o calcula ing QSET om PSET i no QSET e en is de ined
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Elec ic-
d i en gas
s o age
K0
Coe icien o cons an e m o he coupling equa ion
EDEMNAME
Elec ic Demand Name
GSTRNAME
Gas S o age Name
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
K1
Coe icien o linea e m o he coupling equa ion
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
PWF
Powe ac o , PWF=cos(phi)=P/S
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 71
Objec
Ex ension
Desc ip ion
PWFType
Powe ac o ype "ind" o lagging (induc i e load) and "cap" o leading (capaci i e load) powe
ac o . The ype doesn’ ma e o a esis i e load (uni y powe ac o ) as a as he Powe Fac o is se
o 1. Used o calcula ing QSET om PSET i no QSET e en is de ined
K2
Coe icien o quad a ic e m o he coupling equa ion
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Elec ic-
d i en
LNG
e minal
K0
Coe icien o cons an e m o he coupling equa ion
EDEMNAME
Elec ic Demand Name
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
K1
Coe icien o linea e m o he coupling equa ion
LNGNAME
LNG Te minal Name
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
PWF
Powe ac o , PWF=cos(phi)=P/S
PWFType
Powe ac o ype "ind" o lagging (induc i e load) and "cap" o leading (capaci i e load) powe
ac o . The ype doesn’ ma e o a esis i e load (uni y powe ac o ) as a as he Powe Fac o is se
o 1. Used o calcula ing QSET om PSET i no QSET e en is de ined
K2
Coe icien o quad a ic e m o he coupling equa ion
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Gas- i ed
gene a o
Alias
Al e na i e objec name. Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
HR0
Cons an hea a e coe icien
FGENNAME
Fuel Gene a o Name
GDEMNAME
GasDemandName
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
HR1
Linea hea a e coe icien
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
HR2
Quad a ic hea a e coe icien
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Powe - o-
gas
acili y
EDEMNAME
Elec ic Demand Name
GSUPNAME
Gas Supply Name
In o
In o ma ion en e ed o he objec . Any cha ac e , including non-alphanume ic, is allowed
InSe ice
Indica es i an objec is conside ed o dis ega ded in he execu ion o a scena io. Ex e nals connec ed
o he node inhe i he "inSe ice" s a us o he node
Name
Objec Name. Pe mi ed cha ac e s a e le e s, numbe s, and unde sco e ("_"). The name should s a
wi h a le e , and ha e a leng h o 1 o 30 cha ac e s. The name should be unique o each objec ype
E
E iciency ac o o he powe - o-gas con e sion
PWF
Powe ac o , PWF=cos(phi)=P/S
PWFType
Powe ac o ype "ind" o lagging (induc i e load) and "cap" o leading (capaci i e load) powe
ac o . The ype doesn’ ma e o a esis i e load (uni y powe ac o ) as a as he Powe Fac o is se
o 1. Used o calcula ing QSET om PSET i no QSET e en is de ined
Visible
I ue, he objec symbol will be isible in maps
Table 19. Lis o he inpu equi ed by SAIn o model hubs objec s. The ex ension is he ac ual name used in SAIn o he
e en .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 72
10 Ma hema ical Models
The ollowing sec ions p o ide a high-le el ma hema ical o mula ion o he nume ical models
implemen ed in SAIn 3.5 o he mal and elec ic objec s.
10.1 S eady-s a e Model o a The mal Ne wo k
A he mal ne wo k deli e s hea om supplies o demands based on he anspo a ion o wo king
luid (liquid, non-comp essible) and hea exchange s. The anspo a ion o luid mus be desc ibed,
and he equa ion is la gely simpli ied compa ed o ha o comp essible gas (F ede iksen & We ne ,
2013). Howe e , he hea ans e ed in o/ou o he wo king luid is usually speci ied. Tha is, he
e en in he scena io is no ela ed o low bu hea . Thus, ano he se o equa ions o desc ibe he
ela ionship be ween empe a u e and hea mus be conside ed. The e a e wo iewpoin s in a
he mal ne wo k, illus a ed in Figu e 7:
• A he op, he hyd aulic iewpoin sees he ne wo k as ha ing wo pa s: ho and cold wa e
is pumped o ci cula e along pipes and ex e nals (which ans e hea in o ou o he
ne wo k).
• A he bo om, he hea iewpoin ocuses on he deli e y o hea om supplies o demands
and on how he luid e u ns o he supply poin s h ough he cold pa o he ne wo k.
Figu e 7. The wo modelling iewpoin s used in SAIn o desc ibe a he mal ne wo k. A he op, he hyd aulic iewpoin sees
wa e pumped o ci cula e wi hin pipelines and hea exchange s in he ho and cold sub-ne wo ks. A he bo om, he hea
iewpoin ocuses only on he ho pa , which deli e s hea om supplies o demands.
When looking a o he modelling pla o ms (e.g., MATLAB Simscape wi h “House Hea ing Sys em”)
(
9
), one aspec is clea , hey equi e he use o p o ide an impo an amoun o da a and de ails o
9
Read he modelling app oach desc ip ion wi h MATLAB Simscape a h ps://se.ma hwo ks.com/help/hyd o/ug/house-hea ing-
sys em.h ml;jsessionid=69 b1d7111c41bc57bedbb823b c (las isi ed on 14/02/2024).
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 73
s a wi h. This equi emen no only imposes a bu den on he use bu also implies he need o
main ain and quali y-check he in o ma ion. SAIn he mal ne wo k capabili ies ha e been de eloped
wi h he p ima y ocus on ne wo k opology and on how supply/demand can be ma ched. The o e all
ma hema ical ea men has been simpli ied as much as possible by s iking a balance be ween
igo ous physical desc ip ion o he hyd aulic and hea ans e p ocesses, as well as usabili y,
scalabili y, and main enance o he model and he da a.
The hyd aulic iewpoin implemen ed in he sol e o SAIn assumes ha : (1) he cold pa o a
ne wo k mi o s he ho pa ; (2) hea exchange s and pipelines a e desc ibed as SAIn b anch objec s;
(3) in any ne wo k he e mus be a leas one ex e nal o egula e he p essu e o he luid in he
sys em. The ma hema ical g aph concep ualizing a he mal ne wo k will ha e wo ypes o nodes:
one ype on he ho side and he o he on he cold side. I is impo an o dis inguish hese wo ypes
because a hea exchange mus connec a supply poin and a e u n poin and a pipeline should
connec wo nodes in he same ype.
The hea iewpoin implemen ed in he sol e o SAIn assumes ha : (1) he pipelines in he cold and
ho pa a e he same ( his simpli ies he se o equa ions ela ed o pipelines); (2) low a es and
p essu e d ops will be equal in magni ude and opposi e in di ec ion be ween cold and ho pa s; (3)
hea exchange s ep esen ing supply/demand poin s a e modelled as “ex e nal” objec s (i.e., hea
lows ei he in o ou o hem) like elec ic o gas demand/supply poin s.
In he ollowing sec ions, he eade is in oduced o he basic se o equa ions o desc ibe a he mal
ne wo k om he hyd aulic and he mal poin o iew and conside ing a g aph pe spec i e (i.e., nodes
and b anches). A sho desc ip ion o he i e a i e app oach used in he linea iza ion p oblem o he
se o equa ions is also p o ided, along wi h an indica ion o he complexi y o he p oblem by
enume a ing how many equa ions a e needed based on he numbe o building blocks (i.e., nodes
and b anches).
10.1.1 Node le el equa ions
When a g aph app oach is used o desc ibe a he mal ne wo k, he i s s ep is o model he hyd aulic
and ene gy p ocesses happening a he node le el. The node model allows he imposi ion o wo
balancing equa ions o he mass o he ci cula ing luid and i s ene gy, which also inco po a e he
connec i i y o he sys em by using b anches and ex e nals making up he ne wo k. The balancing
equa ions a e based on he applica ion o Ki chho ’s Cu en Law o mass and ene gy in he ne wo k
(F ede iksen & We ne , 2013).
SAIn uses wo ypes o nodes o be e desc ibe he hyd aulic iewpoin : one ype o node is o he
ho side o he sys em and he o he ype is o he cold side. In SAIn a hea exchange is modelled
as a «special pipeline» (i.e., i uses unde he hood he same model and code in as uc u e as a
no mal pipeline), and i connec s a supply node and a e u n node (while a no mal pipeline connec s
wo nodes in he same ype), and – usually – i has one de aul empe a u e alue o he supply pa
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 80
10.3.1 B anch Equa ion
Using a pe -uni sys em, applica ion o he Ohm’s law o a b anch connec ing wo nodes can be
exp essed as (Figu e 8):
𝑉1−𝑉2=(𝑅+𝑗𝑋)𝐼12 =𝑍12𝐼12
𝐼11 =𝑌11𝑉1
𝐼22 =𝑌22𝑉2
𝐼12_𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 =𝐼12 +𝐼11 and 𝐼21_𝑡𝑜 =𝐼22 −𝐼12
Figu e 8. PI-equi alen model o an elec ic b anch. 𝑍12 =𝑅+𝑗𝑋 ep esen s he se ies impedance o he line, while he 𝑌11
and 𝑌22 ep esen he shun admi ance pa s. Fo an elec ic line and a ans o me wi h a nominal u n a io, Y11, and Y22
a e equal and ep esen hal o he shun admi ance o he b anch. Fo a ans o me wi h an o -nominal u ns a io, o
wi h a ap posi ion and phase adjus men , 𝑌11 and 𝑌22 will be gene ally di e en . The same is ue i he e a e di e en shun
capaci o s a he wo sides o he node.
10.3.2 Nodal Equa ion
The nodal equa ion gua an ees he cu en balance by applying Ki chho ’s cu en law. I s a es ha
he sum o all cu en s lowing in o he node is equal o he sum o all cu en s lea ing he node. Fo a
gi en node 𝑖, he cu en balance equa ion is gi en by:
∑ 𝐼𝑠
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑠=1 − ∑ 𝐼𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑑=1 = ∑ 𝐼𝑠ℎ
𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑠ℎ=1 + ∑ 𝐼𝑖𝑗
𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑗=1
The i s e m on he le -hand side ep esen s he sum o he cu en injec ed a he node om he
sou ces, while he second e m ep esen s he sum o cu en s wi hd awn by he loads/demands
connec ed o he node. The i s e m on he igh -hand side deno es he sum o cha ging cu en s due
o line suscep ance o shun capaci ances (e.g. 𝐼11 o he node on he le side, in Figu e 8 abo e). The
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 81
las e m ep esen s he b anch cu en lows lea ing he node-𝑖 (e.g.
𝐼12
o he node on he le side
in Figu e 8).
No e ha mul iplying he conjuga e o he cu en balance equa ion a a gi en node wi h he
co esponding nodal ol age gi es he ac i e and eac i e powe balance equa ions.
10.3.3 Equa ions o Ex e nals
Sou ces and demands, including s o age de ices, a e go e ned by an appa en powe equa ion ha
ela es hei cu en and nodal ol age wi h hei ac i e and eac i e powe .
𝑆=𝑃+𝑗𝑄 =𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝐼∗
A shun capaci o is desc ibed using i s a ed eac i e powe and ac i e powe (due o equi alen
leakage esis ance). Using he ne wo k pe uni sys em, hese alues can be con e ed o equi alen
suscep ance (B) and conduc ance (G) alues. The shun cu en lea ing he node can hen be exp essed
using he ollowing equa ion.
𝐼𝑠ℎ =(𝐺+𝑗𝐵)𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒
10.3.4 Con ol Modes in ACPF
In ACPF, sou ces (gene a o s and s o age de ices) and ans o me s can be ope a ed in di e en
con ol modes.
Ac i e powe and eac i e powe con ol modes can be independen ly de ined o a sou ce.
Conside ing ac i e powe dispa ch, a sou ce can ei he pa icipa e in a dis ibu ed slack ope a ion
mode o be se o p oduce only a ixed ac i e powe ou pu . Dis ibu ed slack is a se ing in which
di e en sou ces can sha e he de ici o gene a ion o mee he demand and losses in he ne wo k
acco ding o p ede ined pa icipa ion ac o s.
Sou ces can also be se in ei he a ixed eac i e powe gene a ion mode o a ol age con ol mode. In
he la e case, he sou ce gene a es o consumes as much eac i e powe as equi ed o keep he
nodal ol age a he se alue. I he equi ed eac i e powe gene a ion exceeds he minimum o
maximum limi , he sou ce will be se a he nea by bounda y and ac as a ixed eac i e powe supply
uni .
On he o he hand, a ans o me can be ope a ed in ou di e en con ol modes. The de aul is
TAPSET, in which he alue o he TAP posi ion se by he use is di ec ly aken in he powe low
compu a ion. The second con ol mode is he ol age con ol mode which is de ined oge he wi h a
emo e node and se alue. In his case, he sol e ies o ind ou he alue o he ap posi ion ha
keeps he ol age magni ude a he emo e node close o he ol age se ing. The hi d con ol mode
is called line-d op-compensa ion mode. In his mode, he ap posi ion is adjus ed in such a way ha
he di e ence be ween he To-side ol age magni ude o he ans o me and he ol age se poin is
close o he ol age d op on an-equi alen line-d op-impedance when he ans o me cu en (on
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 82
he To-side) lows h ough i . The ou h con ol mode is he eac i e powe con ol mode, in which
he ap posi ions a e adjus ed so ha he eac i e powe low h ough he ans o me is close o he
se alue. In quasi-dynamic scena ios, a ole ance/deadband alue is applied o ol age, line-d op-
compensa ion and eac i e powe con ol modes o a oid oo equen swi ching. In a s eady-s a e
scena io, ze o ole ance is applied so ha a solu ion as close as he se alue can be achie ed.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 83
11 Examples o Applica ions
In he ollowing, we showcase some examples o demons a e he unc ionali ies o SAIn o ACPF
elec ic ne wo k analysis, he mal modelling, and co-simula ion o elec ic and he mal ne wo ks. The
examples a e based on publicly a ailable models o a e p o o ypes based on an ini ial analysis o he
sys ems o he HYPERGRYD pa ne s En iPa k and Sonnenpla z. The nume ical de ails o he scena ios
a e based on ic ional alues and canno be conside ed no mal ope a ional modes o he ne wo ks.
11.1 Elec ic Ne wo k Example
The IEEE 39-bus es bench men ioned in sec ion 6.3.1 is p esen ed he e as an example o a simula ion
model used o demons a e he alida ion o he pe o mance o SAIn in a s eady s a e ACPF
simula ions. We use he nodal ol age magni ude and ela i e ol age angles a he node le el, along
wi h he ac i e powe and he eac i e powe o he gene a o s as alida ion pa ame e s. The esul s
ob ained by SAIn a e compa ed o he ones ob ained by PSS®E o he same ype o in as uc u e
and – as much as possible - he same ype o scena io.
A copy o he IEEE 39-bus model in non-SAIn o ma is a ailable om he online eposi o y o he
Texas A&M Uni e si y “Elec ic g id es case eposi o y” and is a ailable om he sec ion “Li e a u e-
Based Powe Flow Tes Cases” (h ps://elec icg ids.eng . amu.edu/elec ic-g id- es -cases) along
wi h he de ails o a base s eady s a e scena io. Al e na i ely, he model can be econs uc ed by
using he desc ip ion p o ided by Zhenyao (2024) a ailable om he “IEEE Da aPo ” websi e
(h ps://ieee-da apo .o g).
11.1.1 The IEEE 39-bus Tes Bench
The IEEE 10-machine 39-bus powe sys em is a simpli ied model o he high ol age ansmission
sys em in he no heas o he “New England a ea” o he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica. I was p esen ed
o he i s ime in a pape by A hany, Podmo e and Vi mani on he jou nal “IEEE T ansac ions on
Powe Appa a us and Sys ems” (1979). I has since been o en used o scien i ic esea ch and
publica ions. The 10-machine 39-bus powe sys em consis s o 39 buses, 10 gene a o s, 19 loads, 34
lines and 12 ans o me s (see Figu e 9). A comple e desc ip ion o he sys em is p o ided in Zhenyao
(2024) o om he iles p epa ed by Pablo Ledesma (pab[email p o ec ed]m.es) o he “Elec ic g id es
case eposi o y” o Texas A&M Uni e si y. The e e ence scena io used o he alida ion is an ACPF
s eady s a e simula ion based on he sys em desc ibed in he quo ed e e ence sou ces and
ep oducing he simula ion p o ided by he “Elec ic g id es case eposi o y”.
Table 22 p o ides an o e iew o he compa ison o ac i e and eac i e powe o he 10 gene a o s
be ween he published PSS®E simula ion alues and he SAIn simula ion alues. The wo se ies o
alues o he ac i e powe a e p ac ically iden ical (wi hin he assumed nume ical accu acy). Fo he
eac i e powe , he maximum di e ence (in absolu e e ms) is -0.026 MW, which, in ela i e
pe cen age, is equal o -0.02 % o he o iginal alue. The maximum pe cen age di e ence is 0.193 %
o a alue o -7.786 MW.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 84
Figu e 9. Example o he SAIn in e ace showing: he Model Explo e wi h he main objec s making up he model o he
IEEE 39-bus powe sys em (see numbe s in b acke s o he coun o such objec s), he Map Window wi h powe sys em wi h
nodes indica ing he ol age magni ude (pe uni ) and lines indica ing he ol age angle (in deg ee) o a s eady s a e ACPF
simula ion, and he P ope y Edi o showing some o he de ails o he selec ed bus numbe 2.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 85
Table 23 p o ides an o e iew o he compa ison o he ol age angle alues o all 39 nodes o he
model. In ou cases, we can iden i y a nume ical di e ence (in absolu e alue) o 0.0001 MW. When
looking a such a di e ence in pe cen age o e he o iginal PSS®E alue, he la ges igu e we egis e
is -0.0019 %. I should be no ed ha he o iginal PSS®E alues ha e a nume ical p ecision o up o
ou decimal digi s. Again, he wo se ies a e iden ical.
Table 24 p o ides an o e iew o he compa ison o he ol age magni ude (pe uni ) alues o all 39
nodes o he model. In en cases, we can iden i y a nume ical di e ence o 0.00001 p.u. When looking
a such a di e ence in pe cen age o e he o iginal PSS®E alue, he la ges igu e we egis e is 0.001
%. I should be no ed ha he o iginal PSS®E alues ha e a nume ical p ecision o up o i e decimal
digi s. We can s ill conclude ha he wo se ies a e p ac ically iden ical.
O e all, he alida ion suppo s he s a emen ha he esul s ob ained by using SAIn a e pe ec ly
aligned wi h he solu ion p o ided by PSS®E.
Gene a o
numbe
Ac i e powe
Reac i e powe
PSS®E
[MW]
SAIn
[MW]
Del a
[MW]
Del a
in %
PSS®E
[MVA ]
SAIn
[MVA ]
Del a
[MVA ]
Del a
in %
1
250
250
0
0
132.937
132.963
-0.026
0.0196
2
547.326
547.326
-0.0001
1.8 10-5
-45.966
-45.954
-0.012
0.0261
3
650
650
0
0
185.267
185.28
-0.013
0.0070
4
632
632
0
0
101.136
101.136
0
0
5
508
508
0
0
161.375
161.367
0.008
0.0050
6
650
650
0
0
200.254
200.263
-0.009
0.0045
7
560
560
0
0
97.192
97.195
-0.003
0.0031
8
540
540
0
0
-7.786
-7.771
-0.015
0.1927
9
830
830
0
0
18.124
18.132
-0.008
0.0441
10
1000
1000
0
0
73.603
73.594
0.009
0.0122
Table 22. Compa ison o he ac i e powe and eac i e powe o he 10 gene a o s in he IEEE 39-bus model be ween he
solu ion p o ided by PSS®E and SAIn . The indica o “Del a” ep esen s he di e ence be ween he PSS®E alue and SAIn
alue. The indica o “Del a in %” epo s in pe cen age he alue o “Del a” o e he alue o PSS®E. Nume ical p ecision is
se o h ee decimal digi s o he o iginal alues. Repo ed alues may use om h ee o ou decimal digi s.
Node
numbe
Vol age angle
Node
numbe
Vol age angle
PSS®E
[deg ee]
SAIn
[deg ee]
Del a
[deg ee]
Del a
in %
PSS®E
[deg ee]
SAIn
[deg ee]
Del a
[deg ee]
Del a
in %
1
-8.369
-8.369
0
0
21
-4.080
-4.079
0
0
2
-5.772
-5.772
0
0
22
0.252
0.252
0
0
3
-8.608
-8.608
0
0
23
-0.018
-0.018
0
0
4
-9.512
-9.512
0
0
24
-6.294
-6.294
0
0
5
-8.432
-8.432
0.0001
-0.0012
25
-4.379
-4.379
0
0
6
-7.734
-7.734
0
0
26
-5.594
-5.594
0
0
7
-9.907
-9.907
0
0
27
-7.581
-7.581
0
0
8
-10.403
-10.403
0.0001
-0.0010
28
-2.091
-2.091
0
0
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 86
Node
numbe
Vol age angle
Node
numbe
Vol age angle
PSS®E
[deg ee]
SAIn
[deg ee]
Del a
[deg ee]
Del a
in %
PSS®E
[deg ee]
SAIn
[deg ee]
Del a
[deg ee]
Del a
in %
9
-10.165
-10.165
0
0
29
0.662
0.662
0
0
10
-5.306
-5.306
0
0
30
-3.360
-3.360
0
0
11
-6.132
-6.132
0
0
31
0
0
0
12
-6.118
-6.118
0
0
32
2.658
2.658
0
0
13
-5.999
-5.999
0
0
33
3.995
3.995
0
0
14
-7.610
-7.610
0
0
34
2.981
2.981
0
0
15
-7.844
-7.844
0.0001
-0.0013
35
5.208
5.208
-0.0001
-0.0019
16
-6.374
-6.374
0
0
36
7.821
7.821
0
0
17
-7.421
-7.421
0
0
37
2.393
2.393
0
0
18
-8.299
-8.299
0
0
38
7.716
7.716
0
0
19
-1.221
-1.221
0
0
39
-9.935
-9.935
0
0
20
-2.210
-2.210
0
0
Table 23. Compa ison o he ol age angle a he nodal le el in he IEEE 39-bus model be ween he solu ion p o ided by
PSS®E and SAIn . The indica o “Del a” ep esen s he di e ence be ween he PSS®E alue and SAIn alue. The indica o
“Del a in %” epo s in pe cen age he alue o “Del a” o e he alue o PSS®E. Nume ical p ecision is se o ou decimal
digi s o he o iginal alues. Repo ed alues may use om h ee o ou decimal digi s.
Node
numbe
Vol age magni ude [pe uni ]
Node
numbe
Vol age magni ude [pe uni ]
PSS®E
[p.u]
SAIn
[p.u]
Del a
[p.u]
Del a
in %
PSS®E
[p.u]
SAIn
[p.u]
Del a
[p.u]
Del a
in %
1
1.049
1.049
0.00001
0.0010
21
1.034
1.034
0
0
2
1.052
1.052
0.00001
0.0010
22
1.051
1.051
0
0
3
1.036
1.036
0.00001
0.0010
23
1.046
1.046
0
0
4
1.017
1.017
0.00001
0.0010
24
1.041
1.041
0
0
5
1.014
1.014
0
0
25
1.060
1.060
0
0
6
1.011
1.011
0
0
26
1.055
1.055
0.00001
0.0009
7
1.002
1.002
0
0
27
1.041
1.041
0
0
8
1.002
1.002
0.00001
0.0010
28
1.052
1.052
0.00001
0.0010
9
1.031
1.031
0
0
29
1.051
1.051
0
0
10
1.021
1.021
0.00001
0.0010
30
1.048
1.048
0
0
11
1.017
1.017
0
0
31
0.982
0.982
0
0
12
1.005
1.005
0
0
32
0.983
0.983
0
0
13
1.020
1.020
0
0
33
0.997
0.997
0
0
14
1.020
1.020
0.00001
0.0010
34
1.012
1.012
0
0
15
1.020
1.020
0.00001
0.0010
35
1.049
1.049
0
0
16
1.035
1.035
0
0
36
1.064
1.064
0
0
17
1.038
1.038
0
0
37
1.028
1.028
0
0
18
1.036
1.036
0
0
38
1.027
1.027
0
0
19
1.051
1.051
0
0
39
1.030
1.030
0
0
20
0.992
0.992
0
0
Table 24. Compa ison o he ol age magni ude (pe uni ) a he nodal le el in he IEEE 39-bus model be ween he solu ion
p o ided by PSS®E and SAIn . The indica o “Del a” ep esen s he di e ence be ween he PSS®E alue and SAIn alue. The
indica o “Del a in %” epo s in pe cen age he alue o “Del a” o e he alue o PSS®E. Nume ical p ecision is se o i e
decimal digi s o he o iginal alues. Repo ed alues may use om h ee o i e decimal digi s.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 87
11.1.2 P elimina y Model o he En iPa k Elec ic Ne wo k
As an example o he applica ion o SAIn modelling capabili ies o an elec ic sys em, we ha e c ea ed
a p elimina y and simpli ied model o he En iPa k main dis ibu ion ne wo k, along wi h i s
hyd opowe and pho o ol aic gene a o s. The example is based on a i ual hou ly scena io o e wo
days, which is using ic ional da a, and i is used as a p oo o concep . Demand and p oduc ion alues
a e in he ange o he co esponding eal demands and p oduc ion p o iles o he hyd oelec ic and
PV gene a o s.
Figu e 10 shows an example o he esul s o he ac i e powe used a one o he demand poin s
du ing he 24-hou simula ion.
Figu e 11 shows he modelled beha iou s o he ac i e powe a he in e connec ion poin wi h he
main ex e nal dis ibu ion g id (A), he hyd o-gene a o (B), and he pho o ol aic acili y (C). In his
sys em, he hyd opowe is expo ed o he ex e nal g id, and only he powe gene a ed by he sola
panels con ibu es o he sel -consump ion.
Figu e 12 shows he elec ic model de eloped o he case s udy o he p o o ype En iPa k complex
o be used o a quasi-dynamic ACPF hou ly simula ion o e he pe iod Feb ua y 1s 00:00 o Feb ua y
3 d 00:00. The model Explo e Window on he le desc ibes he gene al s uc u e o he model. The e
a e 21 nodes, 20 b anches (17 elec ic lines and 3 ans o me s), 14 demands, one gene ic gene a o ,
one hyd opowe gene a o , and one sola gene a o . The PV objec uses sola da a om he NREL
da abase o he selec ed pe iod escaled o ma ch he daily alues collec ed a En iPa k o hose
days. The quasi-dynamic ACPF simula ion has a 48-hou span, wi h a ime s ep o 15 minu es. In he
Map View (cen e), he p o o ype model is displayed on op o Google Maps wi h nodes indica ing
he ac i e powe and lines indica ing he base ol age pe uni . The P ope y Edi o shows de ails o
he elec ic demand “A2_OFFICE” which is selec ed in he image and nex o he whi e a ow.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 88
Figu e 10. An example o he hou ly dynamic o he o al ac i e powe o one o he demands in he elec ic model (i.e.,
demand “A2_OFFICE”) o he ACPF scena io o he En iPa k model du ing he simula ed pe iod. The example is based on a
i ual scena io using ic ional da a ma ching he ange o he eal demand and i is used as a p oo o concep .
(A) (B)
(C)
Figu e 11. Ac i e powe ex ac ed om he ex e nal ansmission line (A) and p oduced by he hyd opowe acili y (B) o he
pho o ol aic panels (C) in he En iPa k complex du ing he simula ed pe iod. The hyd opowe and PV da a a e ac ual p o iles
used as inpu o he model. The ex e nal ansmission line da a a e one o he esul s o he ACPF simula ion. The example is
based on a i ual scena io using ic ional da a and is used as a p oo o concep .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 89
Figu e 12. An example o he SAIn in e ace showing: he Model Explo e wi h he main objec s making up he model (see
numbe s in b acke s o he coun o such objec s), he Map Window wi h a p o o ype elec ic ne wo k o En iPa k on op o
Google Map, wi h nodes and lines indica ing he base ol age, and he P ope y Edi o showing de ails o he elec ic demand
“A2_OFFICE”. Ac i e powe alues a e o he sol ed s eady s a e ACPF simula ion used as ini ialisa ion s a e o he quasi-
dynamic ACPF simula ion.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 96
Figu e 15. Example o a s ochas ic p o ile used o de ine he hou ly dynamic o a demand poin in he model o he
Sonnenpla z ne wo k. On he igh he nume ical egion used o gene a e he p o ile, wi h median alue and s anda d
de ia ion o he chosen p obabili y dis ibu ion (i.e., uni o m). The example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional
da a, and i is used as a p oo o concep .
Figu e 16. Examples o he esul s o he supplied hea (in kW) and he mass low (in kg/s) o he supply poin in he dynamic
scena io o he model o he Sonnenpla z ne wo k o he e e ence day o 14-02-2023. As expec ed, hey ha e he same
shape, bu di e en uni s o he y-axis. The example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional da a, and i is used as a
p oo o concep .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 97
Figu e 17. Example o he SAIn in e ace showing he mass low a node le el and hea loss on he ho side a pipeline le el
o he simula ed day o 14-02-2023 o he he mal model o he case s udy o Sonnenpla z. The cha shows he he mal
and hyd aulic iew o he demand in he sou he n pa o he model (i.e., see he selec ed label). The example is based on a
i ual scena io using ic ional da a, and i is used as a p oo o concep .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 98
11.3 Elec ic-The mal Co-Simula ion Example
11.3.1 P elimina y model o he En iPa k combined elec ic and he mal
ne wo ks
As an example, o showcase he applica ion o SAIn modelling capabili ies o a quasi-dynamic co-
simula ion o he mal and elec ic ne wo ks, we combine a p o o ype e sion o he he mal and
elec ic sys ems o he En iPa k complex and assess he case o he con e sion o one hea demand
o elec ic demand. We explo e he case o he ull elec i ica ion o he hea load on he DH ne wo k
by means o an elec ic hea pump and check ha he elec ic sys em is able o cope wi h he new
load. We conside he case o a hea demand associa ed wi h a labo a o y loca ed a node
“EDEM.UFFICIO2” linked o he he mal demand “HDEM. A2_UFFICI”. Fo his example, we assume a
cons an coe icien o pe o mance o a hea pump equal o 3 (when ope a ed in he hea ing mode).
We do no conside any o he con e sion ac o be ween echnologies. We do no conside any o he
elec ic demand (e.g., we exclude he load associa ed wi h he ope a ion o he pumps o he he mal
sys em in he example). The example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional da a, and i is used
as a p oo o concep o showcase capabili ies. We explo e a quasi-dynamic scena io ope a ing o e
wo days wi h a ime s ep o 15 minu es.
Figu e 18 shows he esul s o he i s s age o he quasi-dynamic co-simula ion. We se he ini ial
s a e o he elec ic sys em by conside ing he ne wo ks wo king in isola ion (i.e., no ac i e links wi h
he he mal sys em). The pic u e desc ibes he ac i e powe ex ac ed om he ex e nal ansmission
g id and he exis ing elec ic demands a he node whe e he coupling poin “A2_U ici (elec ic)”
(elec ic side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side) link he wo sys ems. Du ing his s ep, he elec ic
demands modelling he hea loads (i.e., he demand “A2_UFFICI”) has a alue o ze o kW. This s ep
p epa es he elec ic sys em o inco po a e he hea demand and p o ides a sani y check o he
ope abili y o he sys em.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 99
Figu e 18. S age one o he quasi-dynamic co-simula ion o he he mal-elec ic sys em o he En iPa k complex (simula ion
ime 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020). The pic u e shows he elec ic g id, and he ac i e powe ex ac ed om he ex e nal
ansmission line a he node “CENTRALE_TERMICA_MW” along wi h he elec ic demand a he coupling poin “A2_U ici
(elec ic)” (elec ic side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side). The a ow in he cen e indica es he elec ic line on which he new
ex a he mal load will be ac i a ed. In his s ep, he elec ic sys em is ope a ed in isola ion, and he equi alen he mal load
is assumed o be ze o.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 100
Figu e 19 shows he esul s o he second s age o he co-simula ion. We se he ini ial s a e o he
he mal sys em by s ill conside ing he ne wo ks wo king in isola ion (i.e., no ac i e links wi h he
elec ic sys em). The pic u e desc ibes he o al hea deli e ed by he supply poin and he hea
equi ed a he coupling poin ha will be elec i ied (i.e., he demands “A2_UFFICI). This s age
de ines he bounda y condi ions o a new elec ic un whe e he hea load a he coupling poin is
used as inpu . In his way, he modelled dynamic o he he mal sys em is used as inpu o a second
elec ic simula ion. S ill, a his s age, bo h sys ems a e conside ed in isola ion.
Figu e 20 shows he las s age o he co-simula ion. In his s age, he elec ic scena io is un by
inco po a ing he cons ain se by he hea demand. This is achie ed by speci ying he alue o he
elec ic e en by using an exp ession ha poin s o he alue o he hea demand in he he mal
sys em and uses he coe icien o pe o mance o he ideal “hea pump” o each ime s ep o he
simula ion. In his way, he new elec ic un can inco po a e he new elec i ied hea demand as ex a
cons ain s. Nex , he he mal scena io is execu ed again bu wi hou he elec i ied load. By looking
a he g id supply poin s, i is clea how he new elec ic hea demand is e lec ed in an inc eased
ex ac ion om he ex e nal g id (e.g., om 120.0 o 263.5 kW a 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020) and how
he hea supply has dec eased (e.g., om 2662.0 o 2447.0 kW a 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020). Adding
he newly con e ed hea load c ea es p oblems in he elec ic b anch o he sys em up o he hea
pump. Fo example, he wo nodes de ining he elec ic line LV_3 (see he a ows in Figu e 18 and
Figu e 20) ha e a shi in ol age magni ude (pe uni ) om 0.940 o 0.720 p.u. o he s a ing node
on he le and om 0.940 o 0.640 p.u. o he ending node on he igh . This poin s o a si ua ion
whe e we need o imp o e he lines o secu e he addi ion o new loads.
Finally, Figu e 21 shows he compa ison o he powe ex ac ed om he elec ic node ENO.A2OFFICE
wi h (A) and wi hou (C) he elec i ied demand on o o . The newly con e ed hea load is shown in
B.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 101
Figu e 19 S age wo o he quasi-dynamic co-simula ion o he he mal-elec ic ne wo k o he En iPa k complex (simula ion
ime 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020). The pic u e shows he he mal g id and he hea ex ac ed om he ex e nal dis ic hea ing
sys em a he node “CENTRALE_TERMICA” along wi h he hea demand a he coupling poin “A2_U ici (elec ic)” (elec ic
side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side). In his s ep, he he mal sys em is ope a ed in isola ion, and he he mal load o he hea
pump is assumed o be p o ided by he ex e nal dis ic hea ing sys em.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 102
Figu e 20. S age h ee o he quasi-dynamic co-simula ion o he he mal-elec ic ne wo k o he En iPa k complex
(simula ion ime 12:00 a.m. o 01.02.2020). The pic u e shows he ac i e powe on he elec ic side (pu ple- ed colou legend
o elec ic lines) and he o al he mal powe and he mass low on he he mal side (yellow-g een colou legend o he mal
pipelines) a he coupling poin “A2_U ici (elec ic)” (elec ic side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side). The he mal load om s age
wo is used as elec ic demand and emo ed om he he mal load. The elec ic and he mal ne wo ks a e upda ed and
ope a ed a he same ime. The a ow in he cen e indica es he elec ic line wi h he new ex a he mal load wi h low
ol age pe uni alues. The backg ound map is changed o Bings Map, “can as g ey” o acili a e he eade .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 103
(A)
(B)
(C)
Figu e 21. Change in he o al ac i e powe ex ac ed om he node whe e he coupling poin “A2_U ici (elec ic)” (elec ic
side) / “A2_UFFICI” ( he mal side) is o (A, powe demand o he ex e nal) and on (C, powe demand o he node). The ac i e
powe demand om he newly con e ed hea load is shown in B. The example is based on a i ual scena io using ic ional
da a and is used as a p oo o concep .
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 104
12 Conclusions
Wi hin he con ex o he HYPERGRYD p ojec , encoo d GmbH has ex ended he capabili ies o he
ene gy modelling pla o m SAIn by inco po a ing basic he mal objec s, a sol e o add ess s eady
s a e and quasi-dynamic p oblems, and he possibili y o in e ac ing wi h he exis ing gas and elec ic
capabili ies o he same ype o simula ion scena ios (i.e., s eady s a e and (quasi-)dynamic).
The epo p o ides an o e iew o he capabili ies o he so wa e pla o m SAIn and ocuses on he
new and ex ended aspec s o he mal simula ion and elec ic- he mal co-simula ion. We b ie ly
desc ibe he ma hema ical models behind he so wa e implemen a ion o he unc ionali ies. We
p o ide some examples o applica ions o SAIn o an ACPF simula ion, o a s eady s a e and quasi-
dynamic he mal simula ion, and o a quasi-dynamic he mal-elec ic co-simula ion. Finally, we s a
o explo e he use o he me hods and simula ion app oaches by using p o o ype ne wo ks om he
case s udy sys ems o he li ing labs o he p ojec ’s pa ne s En iPa k and Sonnenpla z.
By means o wo cases, we desc ibe examples o analysis o es bed sys ems o alida e he
compu a ional capabili ies o SAIn . By benchma king SAIn ’s esul s agains o he indus y-s anda d
so wa e p oduc s, we show how SAIn ma ches, in e ms o he accu acy o he esul s, o he
simula ion en i onmen s (wi h possible nume ical di e ences no mo e signi ican han 10-2).
The he mal unc ionali ies and he co-simula ion capabili ies a e also a ailable h ough SAIn API,
exposing such a se o capabili ies o ex e nal so wa e pla o ms and amewo ks. This epo only
ouches upon he s uc u e o he API and does no desc ibe he calls o i s en y poin s, bu i is he
SAIn API (i.e., SAIn wi hou he g aphical use in e ace) wo king in he simula ion pla o m c ea ed
in he HYPERGRYD p ojec by WP4 (in asks 4.2, 4.3, and 4.5) and WP5 (in asks 5.4 and 5.5). We op ed
o summa ise SAIn and i s ex ended simula ion capabili ies using he mo e in ui i e g aphical use
in e ace ins ead o a a he echnical and “o ien ed o an audience o p ima ly de elope s”
app oach.
The HYPERGRYD p ojec has p o ided a unique oppo uni y o c ea e and ex end a ool which allows
us o physically simula e he mal and elec ic sys ems (and add gas sys ems) wi hin he same
pla o m.
D3.8 Desc ip ion and epo o de eloped mul i-physics SAIn modelling ool o ne wo k coupling and
op imiza ion. Final e sion. 105
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