ISSUE 11
Accep ance o pape s No embe , 2025
Accep ance o
pape s
Published mon hly
Topics
economics,
echnology, social
sciences
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
.me/scupus_IST2100
2h ps://is -jou nal.uz
.me/scupus_IST2100
Sha ipo Kongi a bay A ezimbe o ich,
Doc o o Technical Sciences (DSc), P o esso
Ahmed Aziz Ismail
Doc o o Technical Sciences (DSc),
P o esso (Egyp )
Cham Ta Huei,
Doc o o Philosophy (PhD), P o esso (Malaysia)
Asongu Simplice
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD),
Came oon
Abdu akhmano a Gulno a Kalanda o na,
Doc o o Economic Sciences (DSc), P o esso
Lee Chin
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD),
(Malaysia)
Muhammad Im an Sadiq
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD),
P o esso , Malaysia
Rui Dang
Doc o o Chemis y (DSc), P o esso , China
Zahoo Ahmed
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD), Tu key
Shujaa Abbas
Doc o o Philosophy in Economics (PhD), Russia
Tina A Co el
Doc o o Philosophy in Educa ional Sciences
(PhD), USA
Elec onic publica ion, Issue 11. 63 pages.
App o ed o publica ion on No embe , 2025.
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
Mi zaliye Sanja Makhama jon ugli
DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
Makhmudo Nosi Makhmudo ich
DSc., P o ., Academican
DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
Ochilo Bobu Bakh iyo ugli – Senio
lec u e a TSUI
THE SCIENTIFIC-POPULAR ELECTRONIC
JOURNAL "INNOVATION SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY" HAS BEEN REGISTERED
UNDER THE NUMBER C-5669633 BY THE
AGENCY FOR INFORMATION AND MASS
COMMUNICATIONS (AOKA) OF THE
REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN, EFFECTIVE
FROM OCTOBER 9, 2024.
The scien i ic elec onic jou nal “Inno a ion
Science and Technology” has been
included in he lis o scien i ic publica ions
ecommended o he publica ion o
main scien i ic esul s o disse a ions
o he awa d o PhD and DSc deg ees
in economics and echnical sciences, in
acco dance wi h he Resolu ion No. 370
o he P esidium o he Highe A es a ion
Commission o he Republic o Uzbekis an,
da ed May 8, 2025.
CONTACTS
Phone: +998 50 737 87 88
Websi e: h ps://is -jou nal.uz
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Edi o ial boa d:
CONTENTS
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 3
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
CONTENTS
POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT ...............................................................................................................................................14
Kholmi zaye Abdulhamid Khapizo ich
WAYS TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC STABILITY THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES ..............................................................................................................23
Sad iddino Bakh iyo
STRUCTURE–PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP OF ORGANOSILICON MATERIALS: EVALUATION
BASED ON THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................36
Toshe a Dil uza Fa xodo na, Siddiko Ik om Iminjono ich, Rakhimo Fi uz Fazlidino ich
''CREATING AN ALGORITHM AND SOFTWARE TOOL FOR PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
USING FACIAL SCANNING TO PROTECT THE OPERATING SYSTEM'' ...................................................................... 43
Usmono Maxsud Tulqin o‘g‘li
ENSURING INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION BASED ON MOBILE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES .......... 51
Za ipo Olimjan Ku andiq son
MONITORING OF THE AYDAR–ARNASAY LAKE SYSTEM AND ASSESSMENT OF THE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF COLLECTOR WATER INFLOWS INTO THE LAKE ECOSYSTEM.............................................55
E kabaye Fu ka Ilyaso ich, Mad imo Rajabboy Masha ipo ich, Amino Khamza Khusano ich
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 55
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
MONITORING OF THE AYDAR–ARNASAY LAKE
SYSTEM AND ASSESSMENT OF THE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF COLLECTOR WATER
INFLOWS INTO THE LAKE ECOSYSTEM
E kabaye Fu ka Ilyaso ich
Head o Labo a o y,
Doc o o Technical Sciences, P o esso
E-mail: e kabae @ amble . u
Mad imo Rajabboy Masha ipo ich
Head o Labo a o y,
Doc o o Biological Sciences (PhD),
Senio Resea ch Fellow
Amino Khamza Khusano ich
Depu y Di ec o , Doc o o Technical Sciences, P o esso
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : The Ayda –A nasay lake sys em is loca ed in a na u al dep ession in he sou he n pa o he Kyzylkum Dese ,
sou hwes o he Sha da a Rese oi . I is a sys em o endo heic (closed) lakes ha ecei e wa e om he collec o –
d ainage ne wo k and he Sha da a Rese oi . O e he pas 50 yea s, he lake sys em has accumula ed 2.5 imes mo e
wa e han all 53 egional ese oi s combined. S udies conduc ed on he concen a ions o majo pollu an s in he Ayda –
A nasay lake sys em e ealed signi ican exceedances o almos all pa ame e s. The mos p onounced ac o is he o al
mine aliza ion o wa e , which exceeds es ablished s anda ds by mo e han 25 imes, he eby a ec ing he sys em’s
biodi e si y and o e all ecological s abili y.
Key wo ds: Ayda –A nasay lake sys em, wa e quali y, moni o ing, collec o –d ainage wa e , mine aliza ion, pollu ion,
ecological condi ion, biodi e si y, hyd ochemis y, wa e esou ces.
Anno a siya: Ayda –A nasoy ko‘lla izimi Qizilqum cho‘lining janubiy qismida, Sha da a su ombo ining janubi-g‘a bida
joylashgan abiiy pas ekislikda joylashgan. Bu izim kollek о –d enaj a moqla i a Sha da a su ombo idan su olu chi
oqmas ko‘lla majmuasidi . So‘nggi 50 yil da omida ko‘lla izimida min aqadagi 53 a su ombo i umumiy hajmidan 2,5
ba a a ko‘p su o‘plangan. Ayda –A nasoy ko‘lla izimidagi su ning asosiy i loslan i u chi moddala konsen a siyasini
o‘ ganish bo‘yicha olib bo ilgan adqiqo la deya li ba cha ko‘ sa kichla bo‘yicha sezila li o iqcha miqdo la aniqlanganini
ko‘ sa di. Eng e’ ibo ga molik hola — bu su ning umumiy mine aliza siyasi bo‘lib, u belgilangan me’yo la dan 25
ba a a dan o iqni ashkil e adi a izimdagi biologik xilma-xillikka hamda ekologik ba qa o likka salmoqli a’si ko‘ sa adi.
Kali so‘zla : Ayda –A nasoy ko‘lla izimi, su si a i, moni o ing, kollek о –d enaj su la i, mine aliza siya, i loslanish,
ekologik hola , biologik xilma-xillik, gid okimyo, su esu sla i.
Аннотация: Айдар-Арнасайская озёрная система расположена в природной впадине на юге пустыни Кызылкум,
к юго-западу от Шардаринского водохранилища. Это система бессточных озёр, питаемая водой из коллекторно-
дренажной сети и Шардаринского водохранилища. За последние 50 лет в озёрной системе накопилось воды
в 2,5 раза больше, чем во всех 53 водохранилищах региона, вместе взятых. Проведённые исследования по
изучению концентраций основных загрязняющих веществ в воде Айдар-Арнасайской озёрной системы выявили
значительные превышения практически всех показателей. Наиболее выраженным является общий показатель
минерализации воды, превышающий нормативы более чем в 25 раз и оказывающий существенное влияние на
биологическое разнообразие системы и её общее экологическое состояние.
Ключевые слова: Айдар-Арнасайская система озёр, качество воды, мониторинг, коллекторно-дренажные воды,
минерализация, загрязнение, экологическое состояние, биологическое разнообразие, гидрохимия, водные
ресурсы.
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100
56 h ps://is -jou nal.uz
INTRODUCTION
The Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em (AALS) is a complex o endo heic lakes, including Ayda kul, Tuzkan,
and he Eas e n A nasay lakes, loca ed in he Republic o Uzbekis an wi h a o al a ea o abou 4,000 km².
The AALS lies app oxima ely 260 kilome e s om Tashken , in he middle eaches o he Sy da ya Ri e , sou h
o he Sha da a Rese oi (Republic o Kazakhs an), wi hin he e i o ies o he Jizzakh and Na oi egions
o Uzbekis an. I occupies a na u al dep ession in he sou he n pa o he Kyzylkum Dese . His o ically, he
bo om o he as AALS consis ed o d y sal la s and solonchaks. Un il he de elopmen o he Mi zachul
(Hunge S eppe) egion, only he Tuzkan dep ession was pe iodically illed wi h wa e , mainly supplied by he
Kly Ri e .
In 1969, du ing he egula ion o he Sy da ya Ri e lood peak, mo e han 21 km³ o wa e was discha ged
om he Sha da a Rese oi in o he A nasay lakes. As a esul , a signi ican es uc u ing o he hyd ological
ne wo k occu ed wi hin he Eas e n A nasay lakes, and he Ayda kul basin was illed. Following he b each
o he na u al embankmen , Ayda kul me ged wi h Tuzkan, o ming a uni ied lake sys em now known as he
Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em. O e he yea s, his newly o med hyd oecosys em has de eloped a o able
condi ions o he apid g ow h o lo a and auna.
A p esen , he AALS con ains mo e wa e han all he ese oi s o he Cen al Asian egion combined. The
in low componen s o he AALS wa e balance include wa e om he Sha da a Rese oi , collec o –d ainage
in lows discha ged in o he lake dep essions, a mosphe ic p ecipi a ion o e he lake su ace, and g oundwa e
di ec ly en e ing he sys em [1].
Since he o ma ion o he AALS, i s su ace a ea, wa e olume, he amoun o in low om he Sha da a
Rese oi and collec o –d ainage ne wo k, as well as wa e salini y and na u al e apo a ion, ha e unde gone
signi ican changes. Essen ially, he sys em unc ions as a na u al ecei e o collec o –d ainage and discha ge
wa e s om he i iga ion ne wo ks o he Sy da ya and Jizzakh egions. I s loca ion in an a id zone, he
educ ion o eshwa e in low om he Sha da a Rese oi , and he inc eased discha ge o collec o –d ainage
wa e ha e led o a ise in lake wa e mine aliza ion and pollu ion. The mine aliza ion le el o he lake sys em
has been inc easing annually, and he dec ease—o e en comple e absence—o wa e discha ge om he
Sha da a Rese oi du ing 2000–2022 has ad e sely a ec ed he ecological condi ion o he AALS [2–4].
O e he pas i y yea s, he Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em has se ed no only as an impo an ishe y
wa e body bu also as a i al habi a o nume ous bi d species, including a e and endange ed ones lis ed
in he In e na ional Red Book and he Red Book o Uzbekis an. The a ea suppo s he na u al ep oduc ion
o dozens o ish species and p o ides nes ing and es ing si es o a wide a ie y o bi ds such as malla ds,
uddy shelducks, ed-headed and ed-c es ed pocha ds, g ay geese, pelicans, sandpipe s, he ons, swans,
co mo an s, and many o he s. In he eed and ugai hicke s li e pheasan s, wild boa s, jackals, badge s, eed
and s eppe ca s, among o he animals. The ege a ion spec um o he lakes is di e se — om hyd ophilic
plan s g owing nea he wa e ’s edge o dese halophy ic associa ions.
In 2008, he AALS was included in he Ramsa Lis o We lands o In e na ional Impo ance. Acco ding o
en i onmen al specialis s, his inclusion has d awn he a en ion o he global communi y o he necessi y o
p ese ing and imp o ing he ecological s abili y o his unique biosys em [5–7].
The hyd ological, hyd ochemical, and hyd obiological egimes o he sys em a e uns able; many
pa ame e s change apidly, making i ex emely di icul o ace hei dynamics e en wi h a ailable ca og aphic
and analy ical ma e ials. Consequen ly, many mode n publica ions con ain incomple e o ou da ed in o ma ion.
Unde such condi ions, he e is an u gen need o an ad anced sys em o en i onmen al moni o ing o wa e
bodies — inco po a ing a s a iona y obse a ion ne wo k, comp ehensi e ield expedi ions equipped wi h
mode n ins umen s, and he applica ion o emo e sensing and sa elli e da a. The p esen s udy highligh s pa
o he conduc ed esea ch aimed a in es iga ing, analyzing, and assessing he dynamics o wa e esou ce
changes wi hin he Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em (AALS) has been ex ensi ely s udied o i s hyd oecological dynamics,
wa e balance, and an h opogenic impac s. Ea ly su eys (2011) documen ed he sys em’s a i icial o ma ion
due o collec o –d ainage discha ges om he Sy da ya Basin and he Sha da a Rese oi , emphasizing i s
mixed na u al–an h opogenic o igin and ecological signi icance.
Recen s udies highligh he g owing ecological s ess in he sys em. Taylako and Khasano a (2022)
ound a s eady ise in mine aliza ion and pollu ion le els caused by educed eshwa e in lows and dominan
collec o –d ainage inpu s. Ki iyigi o (2022) p edic ed long- e m ecological deg ada ion linked o inc eased
salini y, while E gashe a (2022) iden i ied he Kly and Akbulak collec o s as key sou ces a ec ing wa e
composi ion h ough i iga ion e u n lows.
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 57
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
The biological impac s a e equally p onounced. Mus a ae a e al. (2022) no ed shi s in hyd obion species
composi ion due o saliniza ion, and Khudoybe die a and Esano a (2022) epo ed a decline in adi ional
ish species, eplaced by mo e sal - ole an o ms. Tuynaza o a and Kalono (2022) emphasized sus ainable
ishe y managemen and egula ecological moni o ing as essen ial o main aining biodi e si y.
F om a geophysical pe spec i e, Ve eshchagina e al. (2013) showed ha dus and sal ans e om
d ying lake su aces con ibu es o soil saliniza ion in adjacen lands, while Chub (2007) linked clima e change
and inc easing a idi y o hyd ological ins abili y in he egion.
O e all, he li e a u e demons a es ha al hough he AALS emains an impo an ecological and economic
wa e body, i aces inc easing challenges om saliniza ion and human-induced wa e egula ion. These indings
p o ide a scien i ic basis o adap i e managemen measu es, including hyd ological s abiliza ion, con inuous
moni o ing, and ansbounda y coope a ion wi h Kazakhs an.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The esea ch was conduc ed in June 2023. The Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em (AALS) (40°56′13″ N,
66°03′18″ E) was selec ed as he p ima y objec o s udy (Fig. 1). Wa e samples we e collec ed om eigh
moni o ing poin s loca ed a he main in low si es o he AALS: he Kly, Okbulak, Cen al Mi zachul Collec o
(Zolo oy Mos ), and Pog anichny collec o s. Addi ional sampling si es included he Tuzkan Lake nea he
se lemen s o Na uz, Chimku gan, and Uchkulach, as well as he Ayda kul Lake nea he se lemen o
Kyzylkum (Fig 1).
Figu e 1. The Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em
Resea ch A eas and S udy Objec s
The Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em (AALS) is an endo heic complex o lakes in Uzbekis an ha includes
Ayda kul, Tuzkan, and he Eas e n A nasay lakes. I lies wi hin a saline dep ession in he eas e nmos pa o
he Kyzylkum Dese , sou hwes o he Sha da a Rese oi . The o al a ea o he lakes is app oxima ely 4,000
km².
As a esul o he discha ge o collec o –d ainage uno om he Mi zachul (Hunge S eppe) i iga ion
sys em and pa ial elease o loodwa e s om he Sha da a Rese oi , wa e looded he P i uzkan Lowland,
aised he le el o Lake Tuzkan, and illed he saline basin o Ayda . In 1969, du ing an ex eme lood in he
Sy da ya Ri e basin, he A nasay Dep ession was used as a na u al wa e accumula o . The o al discha ge
om he Sha da a Rese oi eached 21.8 km³, leading o he o ma ion o he A nasay Lake Sys em. The le el
o Lake Tuzkan ose by app oxima ely 10 me e s, while in he Uppe A nasay lakes, i dec eased by 2–3 me e s
due o wa e ans e in o he Ayda dep ession.
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100
58 h ps://is -jou nal.uz
Acco ding o N.E. Go elkin and A.M. Niki in, a con inuous lake sys em was o med wi h a o al leng h o
155 km, a maximum wid h o 33 km, a olume o up o 20 km³, and a wa e su ace a ea o 2,300 km². The
Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em exhibi s an in a-annual hyd ological cycle cha ac e ized by win e –sp ing illing,
summe d awdown, and au umn–win e equilib ium phases.
Lake Ayda kul is he la ges endo heic lake in no heas e n Uzbekis an and unc ions as an a i icial
ese oi wi hin he A nasay sys em. In 2005, i s olume eached 44.3 km³, and oday he lake co e s a ound
3,000 km², ex ending almos 250 km in leng h and up o 15 km in wid h. The wa e mine aliza ion le el in
Ayda kul is ela i ely low, a e aging 2 g/L (0.2%). Nume ous ish species—such as ca p, pike pe ch, b eam,
ca ish, asp, sab e ish, and snakehead—ha e been in oduced and now o m he basis o he egion’s ishe ies.
Lake Tuzkan, he second la ges wa e body o he sys em a e Ayda kul, is a b ackish, endo heic lake o
pa ly na u al o igin. Unlike he o he A nasay lakes, which we e en i ely o med om discha ge wa e s, Tuzkan
has a p ehis o ic na u al o igin la e modi ied by human ac i i y. The lake is si ua ed in he Fa ish Dis ic o he
Jizzakh Region, abou 56 km no heas o he ci y o Jizzakh, in he sou heas e nmos pa o he Kyzylkum
Dese . Wi hin he AALS, Tuzkan occupies he sou he nmos posi ion, connec ing o Ayda kul in he no hwes .
The lake s e ches om no hwes o sou heas in an app oxima ely iangula shape, wi h a cu en leng h o
35 km and an a e age wid h o 25 km, eaching 35 km in he eas e n bays. The Uppe A nasay Rese oi has
a su ace a ea o 140 km² and a ela i ely low mine aliza ion le el o up o 1.5 g/dm³.
The shape and bounda ies o Lake Tuzkan a e no cons an . Abou 15–20% o i s su ace is co e ed by
aqua ic ege a ion. The no heas e n sho eline is highly inden ed, o ming nume ous na ow and elonga ed
shallow bays, some o which ha e become isola ed in o smalle lagoons. The su ounding a eas o en consis
o saline la s (solonchaks), in e spe sed wi h small islands. The adjacen landscape comp ises dese plains
wi h saxaul sh ubs and eed hicke s in we e zones. The sou he n sho eline is mo e e en, while in he sou he n
ex emi y, he Kly Ri e (known as he Sanza in i s lowe cou se), oge he wi h he Akbulak and Cen al
Mi zachul Collec o s, lows in o Tuzkan. Nea his la ge wa e body lie smalle saline lakes such as Togay
and Tuzchikudukkul, and he su ounding e ain is pa ially ma shy. The sou hwes e n sho e me ges wi h he
low Pis ali au Ridge, a spu o he Nu a au Range, while he wes e n ma gin ansi ions in o sandy dunes and
isola ed hills [8].
Soil and Clima ic Cha ac e is ics o he S udy A ea
To he eas o he Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em (AALS), he dominan soils a e g ay-b own oasis soils,
signi ican ly modi ied by i iga ed ag icul u e. These include newly i iga ed meadow–g ay soils o medium loamy
ex u e, exhibi ing mode a e o s ong saliniza ion. In he immedia e icini y o Lake Tuzkan, ligh g ay loamy
and sandy loam soils p e ail, in e spe sed wi h solonchaks and saline pa ches. To he sou h and sou heas
o he Uppe A nasay Rese oi , ligh g ay loamy and sandy loam soils a e also common, o en displaying
mode a e o se e e saliniza ion [8].
In he shallow dep essions and lagoons ha become exposed du ing seasonal d ops in he Tuzkan wa e
le el, saline and solonchak soils de elop. F om hese a eas, sal de la ion and subsequen aeolian anspo
con ibu e o he saliniza ion o adjacen lands. The soils in he desicca ed zones o hese wa e bodies—
ypical o a id egions—a e composed p ima ily o sedimen a y ma e ials, such as weakly ege a ed loess and
sandy soils, bo om sil s, and e apo i ic solonchaks (o en locally called sho s). F equen ly, hese su aces a e
co e ed by a powde y sal c us , wi hin which he sal con en in he uppe 1.5 cm laye eaches 45–60% [8].
The clima e o he s udy a ea is sha ply con inen al, cha ac e ized by cold, low-snow win e s and ho ,
a id summe s. The AALS is si ua ed a he bounda y o wo dis inc clima ic sub egions— he i iga ed zone
o he Mi zachul (Hunge S eppe) and he Kyzylkum Dese —each possessing unique hyd ome eo ological
cha ac e is ics. Wi hin he s udy a ea, he deg ee o clima ic con inen ali y inc eases p og essi ely om eas
o wes .
The mean long- e m ai empe a u es a y om app oxima ely 0 °C in win e o +29 °C in summe . Along
he dep essions o Ayda kul and Tuzkan Lakes, which s e ch o abou 180 km in a wes –no hwes di ec ion,
he empe a u e g adien eaches 3–4 °C, while humidi y di e ences ange be ween 4–5%. This pa e n e lec s
a g adual in ensi ica ion o con inen al clima ic ea u es owa d he wes .
The he mal egime o he lakes is ypical o sou he n shallow-wa e ecosys ems, ma ked by apid wa ming
du ing he sp ing season, high summe maxima— eaching up o +30 °C acco ding o ield obse a ions—and
an ex ended ice- ee pe iod. In ecen yea s, ice phenomena ha e been occasionally obse ed, las ing om 10
o 30 days; howe e , based on clima ic eco ds, he a e age du a ion o ice co e a ely exceeds 5–10 days.
On a e age, s able ice o ma ion e en s occu app oxima ely once e e y 10–11 yea s [9].
The esea ch asks included wa e sampling and labo a o y–analy ical in es iga ions.
In ield condi ions, he ollowing pa ame e s we e measu ed on-si e: wa e empe a u e and pH.
In labo a o y condi ions, he ollowing physicochemical indica o s we e analyzed: Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), suspended solids, wa e ha dness, o al mine aliza ion,
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100 59
h ps://is -jou nal.uz
chlo ides, sul a es, ammonium ni ogen, ni i e ni ogen, phospha es, pe oleum hyd oca bons, and he
concen a ions o coppe (Cu²⁺), hexa alen ch omium (C ⁶⁺), and e ic i on (Fe³⁺) ions.
All labo a o y and analy ical s udies we e ca ied ou in he labo a o ies o he S a e Specialized Inspec ion
o Analy ical Con ol unde he Minis y o Ecology, En i onmen al P o ec ion, and Clima e Change o he
Republic o Uzbekis an, as well as in he labo a o ies o he Cen e o S a e Sani a y and Epidemiological
Supe ision o he Republic o Uzbekis an.
Field in es iga ions, including sample collec ion and sample p epa a ion, we e conduc ed in acco dance
wi h na ionally app o ed me hodologies adop ed in Uzbekis an and in compliance wi h he “Lis o Ce i ied and
P o isionally App o ed Me hods o De e mining he Concen a ion o Pollu an s in Na u al and Was e Wa e s.”
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The conduc ed s udies demons a e ha he su ace wa e empe a u e a he in es iga ed sampling poin s
did no exceed 11 °C, which is ypical o he sp ing season. The pH alues ully co espond o he maximum
pe missible concen a ions (MPC) s anda ds and do no exceed 8.2, indica ing a s able chemical en i onmen .
The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) a e among he mos
impo an indica o s used in wa e quali y assessmen . COD ep esen s he amoun o oxygen equi ed o
he chemical oxida ion o pollu an s, while BOD₅ e lec s he amoun o oxygen needed o he biological
decomposi ion o o ganic con aminan s by mic oo ganisms. In he Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em, COD alues
ange om 17.0 o 80.0 mg/L, exceeding he MPC by app oxima ely 2.6 imes, while BOD₅ alues a y be ween
21.4 and 43.0 mg/L, su passing he s anda d limi s by 3.5–7.2 imes. These esul s indica e ac i e oxida ion
p ocesses and ele a ed le els o o ganic ma e in he lake wa e .
The suspended solids p esen in na u al wa e ypically consis o clay pa icles, sand, sil , and suspended
o ganic and ino ganic ma e , as well as plank on and o he mic oo ganisms. In he s udied samples, he
concen a ion o suspended solids exceeds he pe missible le els by 1–18.2 imes. This a ia ion is p ima ily
in luenced by seasonal ac o s (pa icula ly in sp ing), he pa e n o su ace uno and was ewa e in low, and
an h opogenic ac i i ies such as ag icul u al ope a ions in nea by e i o ies.
Suspended pa icles signi ican ly a ec wa e anspa ency, ligh pene a ion, and he mal condi ions,
which in u n in luence he abso p ion o oxic impu i ies, sedimen composi ion, and deposi ion a es wi hin
he aqua ic ecosys em. Inc eased u bidi y also p omo es he edis ibu ion o ine pa icles and acili a es he
accumula ion o con aminan s in bo om sedimen s, he eby a ec ing he sel -pu i ica ion capaci y o he wa e
body.
As a esul o he con inuous discha ge o collec o –d ainage wa e s in o he lake dep essions, he Ayda –
A nasay Lake Sys em has expe ienced a no iceable inc ease in pollu ion le els and a signi ican ise in o e all
mine aliza ion. This end indica es he in luence o ex e nal in lows on he hyd ochemical balance o he
ecosys em, emphasizing he impo ance o egula en i onmen al moni o ing and mi iga ion measu es (Table
1).
Table 1. Resul s o Wa e Sample Analyses om he Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em
Pa ame e s
MPC (mg/L o
speci ied uni )
Collec o Kly
Collec o Okbulak
Cen al Mi zachul
Collec o
Collec o
Pog anichny
Lake Tuzkan (Na uz
Village)
Lake Tuzkan
(Chimku gan Village)
Lake Tuzkan
(Uchkulach Village)
Lake Ayda kul
(Kyzylkum Village)
Exceedance o MPC
1 3 4 5 6 2 7 8 9 12
рН 6,5-8,5 7,17 8,24 7,73 8,0 8,13 7,36 8,01 8,25 Wi hin limi s
COD 30,0 32,3 47,2 18,8 25,4 31,0 80,0 17,0 24,0 2.6 × highe
BOD₅6,0 40,0 30,9 34,1 34,1 43,6 21,4 26,5 37,8 3.5 – 7.2 ×
highe
Suspended
solids (mg/L) 30,0 23,0 13,0 35,0 16,0 21,0 547,0 12,0 20,0 1.1 – 18.2 ×
highe
Ha dness
(mg-eq/L) 7,0 44,0 86, 40,0 94,0 83,0 92,0 89,0 94,0 5.6 – 13.1 ×
highe
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, AND TECHNICAL ACADEMIC JOURNAL
INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
11/2025
.me/scupus_IST2100
60 h ps://is -jou nal.uz
To al
mine aliza ion
(mg/L)
1000,0 5406,0 10184,0 6090,0 6306,0 18758,0 15200,0 15152,0 26534,0 5.4 – 26.5 ×
highe
Chlo ides
(mg/L) 350,0 491,3 1965,4 912,5 772,1 2035,5 2386,5 4141,2 2105,7 1.4 – 11.8 ×
highe
Sul a es
(mg/L) 500,0 1473,2 2259,4 1164,6 1138,7 2251,2 2248,7 2296,0 2179,9 1.2 – 4.6 ×
highe
Ammonium
ni ogen
(mg/L)
2,0 1,8 1,8 1,8 0,98 8,35 1,87 1,80 4,63 2.3 – 4.1 ×
highe
Ni i e
ni ogen
(mg/L)
0,5 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,02 0,01 0,01 Wi hin limi s
Phospha es
(mg/L) 1,0 0,003 0,005 0,092 0,005 0,004 0,004 0,003 0,004 Wi hin limi s
Pe oleum
hyd oca bons
(mg/L)
0,3 0,26 0,27 0,20 2,54 19,36 19,36 0,62 5,23 2.0 – 64.5 ×
highe
Coppe (Cu²⁺)1,0 1,0 0,0034 0,0028 1,0 1,0 0,0046 0,003 1,0 Wi hin limi s
Ch omium
(VI) 0,1 0,1 0,11 0,07 0,1 0,1 0,11 0,11 0,1 1.1 × highe
I on (III) 0,5 0,11 0,3 0,11 0,21 0,19 0,21 0,14 0,19 Wi hin limi s
Discussion o Hyd ochemical and Ecological Findings
Wa e ha dness ep esen s he combined concen a ion o all dissol ed subs ances (excluding gases) ha
dissocia e in o cha ged pa icles—ions. In he analyzed samples, he o al ha dness exceeded he maximum
pe missible concen a ions (MPC) by 5.6–13.1 imes.
Acco ding o na ional en i onmen al egula ions, he allowable o al mine aliza ion o non-po able su ace
wa e s is 1,000 mg/L, including up o 350 mg/L o chlo ides and 100–500 mg/L o sul a es. In he s udied
samples, o al mine aliza ion exceeded hese limi s by 5.4–26.5 imes. The chlo ide concen a ions anged
om 491.3 o 4,141.2 mg/L, and sul a es om 1,138.7 o 2,296.0 mg/L, ende ing he wa e unsui able o any
p ac ical use.
Long- e m moni o ing da a om he Wes e n A nasay Hyd ome eo ological S a ion indica e a p og essi e
inc ease in he a e age annual mine aliza ion o in lowing wa e s— om 8.25 g/L in 2006 o 10.53 g/L in 2020,
and 11.6 g/L in 2022. Fo compa ison, he a e age salini y o he wo ld’s oceans is 30–35 g/L; in he cen al
Caspian Sea, mine aliza ion a ies be ween 1.4 and 13 g/L, in he no he n Caspian (Volga Del a) om 0.2 o
11 g/L, while he A al Sea his o ically eached 110–210 g/L.
Ni ogen analysis e ealed ha ammonium ni ogen concen a ions anged om 0.98 o 8.35 mg/L,
exceeding he s anda d by up o 4.1 imes. Ni i e ni ogen alues (0.01–0.02 mg/L) complied wi h MPC no ms,
and phospha e concen a ions we e wi hin accep able limi s, no exceeding 0.092 mg/L .
Pe oleum hyd oca bons su passed he MPC o 0.3 mg/L by 2.0–64.5 imes, wi h he highes
concen a ions—19.3 mg/L— eco ded nea he se lemen s o Na uz and Chimku gan. Concen a ions o
coppe and i on (III) emained below hei espec i e MPC alues o 1.0 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L, while ch omium
(VI) sligh ly exceeded he no m by 1.1 imes .
The g adual inc ease in o al mine aliza ion, sul a es, and chlo ides in he Ayda –A nasay Lake Sys em
(AALS) o e an ex ended pe iod has a ec ed he ish popula ion and educed i s comme cial signi icance. Fo
ins ance, in 1991, common ca p (Cyp inus ca pio) accoun ed o 45.1 % o he o al ca ch, whe eas by 2010
i s sha e had declined o 18.2 %. Al hough he o e all ish ca ch olume dec eased only 1.2 imes, he ca ch o
ca p d opped mo e han h ee old compa ed wi h 1991. Since 2005, ca ish (Silu us glanis) ha e been absen
om eco ded ca ches. The ha es ing o asp (Aspius aspius), b eam (Ab amis b ama), and o he he bi o ous
species has become i egula , wi h occasional mul i-yea absences om ca ches.
The p incipal ac o s con ibu ing o he decline in ish s ocks include:
• a s eady inc ease in wa e mine aliza ion, which impedes na u al ish ep oduc ion;
• insu icien egula ion and moni o ing o ishing and aquacul u e en e p ises;
• lack o ish s ock es o a ion p og ams and measu es o p ese e and enhance aqua ic biodi e si y;
• non-scien i ic ishing p ac ices, whe e lessees lack accu a e da a on ish species composi ion and
popula ion s uc u e;
