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ALAI MUMIYO (SHILAJIT): TRADITIONAL ORIGINS AND EXPERIMENTAL
EVIDENCE OF ANTICOAGULANT AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY
Zag u dino Fanil Fa ido ich - Andijan S a e Medical Ins i u e, Depa men o Pha macology,
Clinical Pha macology, and Medical Bio echnology.
Abs ac
The e ec o Alai mumiyo ex ac (25 mg/kg) on blood coagula ion in dogs was s udied. Ten heal hy
animals ecei ed he ex ac o ally, and coagula ion pa ame e s we e measu ed a baseline, 30, and
60 minu es. The ex ac signi ican ly p olonged clo ing, ecalci ica ion, and h ombin imes,
inc eased plasma ole ance o hepa in, and enhanced ib inoly ic ac i i y (p < 0.05). Fib inogen le els
sligh ly dec eased, while coagula ion ac o ac i i ies and o al p o ein emained unchanged. Alai
mumiyo exhibi s an icoagulan and ib inoly ic e ec s, indica ing po en ial o na u al modula ion o
hemos asis.
Keywo ds: Alai mumiyo, blood coagula ion, dogs, an icoagulan ac i i y, ib inolysis, ib inogen,
h ombin ime, na u al ex ac .
INTRODUCTION
T adi ional medicine (TM) encompasses a b oad body o knowledge, skills, and healing p ac ices
de eloped and e ined o e gene a ions wi hin di e se cul u es. Roo ed in cul u al belie s, empi ical
obse a ions, and accumula ed expe ience, TM is employed o he p ese a ion o heal h as well as
o he p e en ion, diagnosis, and ea men o bo h physical and men al diso de s (1). In ecen
decades, g owing scien i ic in e es in TM has led o an inc easing numbe o s udies examining he
bioac i e p ope ies o na u al subs ances used in hese adi ional sys ems, many o which ha e
shown p omising he apeu ic and p e en i e po en ial (2).
T adi ional medicine comp ises se e al dis inc sys ems, including T adi ional Pe sian Medicine
(TPM), T adi ional A abic Medicine, T adi ional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Ayu eda, he
adi ional medical sys em o India (3). Among he many na u al p oduc s employed in hese
adi ions, Mumijo—also known wo ldwide unde a ious names such as Shilaji (Hindi), Silaja u
(Bengali), Rock Juice (Tibe an), Conque o o Moun ains (Sansk i ), Haja ul-Musa (A abic),
Moomiaii (Pe sian), Myemu (Russian), and Mumie (Ge man)—occupies a unique posi ion. This esin-
like, pale- o da k-b own subs ance, some imes e e ed o as mine al pi ch o mine al wax, has been
alued o o e 3,000 yea s o i s eju ena ing, es o a i e, and adap ogenic p ope ies (4).
The o igin o Mumijo has been in e p e ed h ough h ee p incipal heo ies: biological, geological,
and bio-mine alogical. The biological heo y sugges s ha Mumijo esul s om he slow
decomposi ion o plan ma e ial and animal exc e ions unde speci ic physicochemical condi ions.
The geological heo y a ibu es i s o ma ion o long- e m geological ans o ma ions, while he bio-
mine alogical concep conside s i a complex p oduc o med when he o ganic p ecu so s o Mumijo
in e ac wi h mine al componen s o hei en i onmen . Fac o s such as local lo a, ock and soil
composi ion, al i ude, empe a u e, and humidi y in luence he inal chemical makeup and he apeu ic
po en ial o he subs ance (7). Despi e egional di e ences, Mumijo gene ally con ains 60–80%
o ganic ma e and 20–40% ino ganic componen s, wi h ace elemen s including Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg,
Mn, Mo, and P (8).
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His o ically, Mumijo has held an es eemed place in Pe sian medical li e a u e. In he 10 h cen u y,
Ah azi’s Kamāl as-Sanā’a ecommended i s use o condi ions such as cold headaches, hemop ysis,
and as hma. A icenna, in The Canon o Medicine, desc ibed Mumijo as a po en onic o
s eng hening he b ain, enhancing e ili y, and ea ing a ious ailmen s. La e , in he 12 h cen u y,
Ju jani’s Zakhi e Khwā izmshāhi no ed i s bene i s in ea ing in lamma ion, ulce s, and u ina y and
p os a e diso de s (5).
T adi ional heale s ha e p esc ibed Mumijo in a ious doses o nume ous heal h issues, including
diso de s o he u ina y sys em, jaundice, galls ones, gas oin es inal dis u bances, splenic
enla gemen , epilepsy, hype sensi i i y, neu ological condi ions, ch onic b onchi is, ube culosis,
eczema, anemia, and diabe es (9). Howe e , ungal con amina ion and myco oxin p esence emain
signi ican challenges o i s b oade he apeu ic use (10).
P ac i ione s o adi ional medicine also a ibu e o Mumijo a wide spec um o pha macological
e ec s— anging om aph odisiac and an i-in lamma o y ac ions o applica ions in musculoskele al
diso de s such as ac u es, a h i is, and spondyli is. I is also used o edema, hemo hoids,
eju ena ion, wound healing, and me abolic egula ion (7). The bioac i e componen s o Mumijo,
pa icula ly ul ic and humic acids, a e known o hei an ioxidan , an i-in lamma o y,
an imu agenic, and immunomodula o y ac i i ies, which may con ibu e o i s p oposed an icance
po en ial (8). Expe imen al s udies u he epo educ ions in blood glucose and imp o emen s in
lipid p o iles in animal models (11), s imula ion o nucleic acid syn hesis, enhancemen o mine al
anspo o muscle and bone (4), and p omo ion o diu esis and na iu esis (12).
Taken oge he , hese adi ional and expe imen al indings sugges ha Mumijo is a complex na u al
p oduc wi h mul i ace ed biological ac i i y and conside able po en ial o mode n pha macological
in es iga ion.
Ma e ials and Me hods.
The s udy was conduc ed on 10 clinically heal hy adul dogs (n = 10) o bo h sexes, weighing
12–18 kg. All animals we e main ained unde s anda d i a ium condi ions wi h ee access o
wa e and a balanced die . The expe imen al p o ocol was app o ed by he Ins i u ional Animal
E hics Commi ee and complied wi h in e na ional p inciples o humane animal ea men .
The animals ecei ed an aqueous ex ac o Alai mumiyo o ally a a dose o 25 mg/kg body
weigh . Blood samples we e collec ed om he cephalic ein a h ee ime poin s: be o e
adminis a ion (baseline), 30 minu es a e adminis a ion, and 60 minu es a e
adminis a ion.
Venous blood was d awn in o ubes con aining 3.8% sodium ci a e (9:1 a io). The samples
we e cen i uged a 3000 pm o 15 minu es o ob ain pla ele -poo plasma, which was used
o coagula ion es s.
Da a a e p esen ed as mean ± s anda d e o o he mean (SEM). Di e ences be ween ime
poin s we e e alua ed using S uden ’s - es . Di e ences we e conside ed s a is ically signi ican
a p < 0.05.
Resul s
Adminis a ion o he Alai mumiyo ex ac a a dose o 25 mg/kg caused ma ked changes in se e al
indices o he blood coagula ion sys em in dogs. The esul s a e p esen ed in Table 1.
Table 1. E ec o Alai Mumiyo Ex ac a a Dose o 25 mg/kg on Some Blood Coagula ion Pa ame e s
in Dogs (n = 10) ( ime in seconds unless o he wise s a ed)
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Pa ame e
Baseline
A e 30 min
A e 60 min
Blood clo ing ime
354 ± 30
↑900*
↑900*
Plasma ecalci ica ion ime
94 ± 10
134 ± 12
149 ± 13*
Plasma ole ance o hepa in
292 ± 34
473 ± 44*
425 ± 36*
Th ombin ime
13 ± 2.2
72 ± 15*
72 ± 15*
Fac o V ac i i y
16 ± 0.5
17 ± 0.7
17 ± 0.5
Fac o VII + X ac i i y
35 ± 1.0
36 ± 1.4
38 ± 0.5
Fib inogen (mg %)
330 ± 46
260 ± 34
290 ± 33
Fib inoly ic ac i i y (min)
79 ± 4.5
90 ± 4.2
136 ± 11*
To al p o ein (g %)
7.8 ± 0.3
7.8 ± 0.3
8.0 ± 0.3
S a is ically signi ican di e ences (p < 0.05) compa ed wi h baseline alues.
A signi ican p olonga ion o blood clo ing ime was obse ed as ea ly as 30 minu es a e
adminis a ion, inc easing om 354 ± 30 o app oxima ely 900 seconds (p < 0.05). This p olonged
alue pe sis ed a e 60 minu es, indica ing a p onounced inhibi ion o he clo ing p ocess.
The plasma ecalci ica ion ime also inc eased signi ican ly om 94 ± 10 o 149 ± 13 seconds by 60
minu es (p < 0.05), con i ming a educ ion in he o e all coagulan ac i i y o plasma. Simila ly, he
h ombin ime was ma kedly p olonged om 13 ± 2.2 o 72 ± 15 seconds (p < 0.05), sugges ing
in e e ence wi h ib in o ma ion o dec eased ib inogen con e sion.
An inc ease in plasma ole ance o hepa in was obse ed, ising om 292 ± 34 o 425 ± 36 seconds
(p < 0.05), indica ing ha mumiyo ex ac may enhance endogenous an icoagulan mechanisms o
al e plasma hepa in-binding p ope ies.
The ac i i ies o ac o s V and VII + X showed only mino , s a is ically insigni ican ele a ions,
sugges ing ha he p ima y si e o he ex ac ’s ac ion lies ou side he di ec syn hesis o ac i a ion
o hese coagula ion ac o s.
The ib inogen concen a ion dec eased mode a ely om 330 ± 46 mg% o 260 ± 34 mg% a 30
minu es, ollowed by a pa ial eco e y o 290 ± 33 mg% a e 60 minu es. This ansien educ ion
migh e lec inc eased ib inoly ic ac i i y o consump ion du ing delayed clo o ma ion.
No ably, he ib inoly ic ac i i y inc eased signi ican ly om 79 ± 4.5 o 136 ± 11 minu es (p < 0.05),
which indica es enhanced b eakdown o ib in clo s unde he in luence o mumiyo ex ac . The o al
plasma p o ein le el emained s able h oughou he obse a ion pe iod, con i ming ha he obse ed
changes we e speci ic o coagula ion and no ela ed o gene al p o ein me abolism.
Discussion
The esul s demons a e ha o al adminis a ion o Alai mumiyo ex ac in a dose o 25 mg/kg exe s
a p onounced an icoagulan e ec in dogs. The consis en p olonga ion o clo ing, ecalci ica ion,
and h ombin imes, accompanied by inc eased ib inoly ic ac i i y, sugges s ha he ex ac ac s bo h
on he coagula ion and ib inoly ic sys ems.
The p olonga ion o h ombin ime indica es possible inhibi ion o ib in polyme iza ion o di ec
in e e ence wi h h ombin ac i i y. The obse ed enhancemen o plasma ole ance o hepa in may
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e lec po en ia ion o he an i h ombin-hepa in complex o an inc ease in endogenous hepa inoids.
Toge he , hese e ec s poin o a sys emic shi owa d hypocoagula ion.
The mild dec ease in ib inogen concen a ion and he ac i a ion o ib inolysis u he suppo his
hypo hesis, indica ing a s imula ion o clo deg ada ion p ocesses. Simila p ope ies ha e been
epo ed o biologically ac i e subs ances de i ed om na u al mine al–o ganic complexes such as
mumiyo, which con ain humic acids, ace elemen s, and bioac i e pep ides capable o in luencing
enzyme sys ems.
O e all, he indings sugges ha Alai mumiyo possesses bo h an icoagulan and ib inoly ic
ac i i ies. These e ec s may unde lie i s adi ional use as a egula o o ci cula o y and me abolic
unc ions. Fu he s udies in ol ing la ge sample sizes, p olonged exposu e, and isola ion o ac i e
ac ions a e equi ed o elucida e he p ecise mechanisms and po en ial he apeu ic applica ions o
his na u al p epa a ion.
Conclusion
The expe imen al da a ob ained indica e ha adminis a ion o Alai mumiyo ex ac a a dose o 25
mg/kg p oduces a signi ican an icoagulan esponse in dogs. The ex ac ma kedly p olonged blood
clo ing, ecalci ica ion, and h ombin imes while inc easing plasma ole ance o hepa in and
enhancing ib inoly ic ac i i y. These changes occu ed wi hou no able al e a ions in coagula ion
ac o ac i i ies o o al plasma p o ein le els, sugges ing ha he e ec is mainly unc ional a he
han due o deple ion o coagula ion componen s.
O e all, Alai mumiyo demons a es bo h an icoagulan and ib inoly ic p ope ies, e lec ing i s
po en ial o modula e hemos asis. The esul s suppo u he in es iga ion in o i s ac i e cons i uen s,
mechanisms o ac ion, and possible use as a na u al egula o o blood coagula ion and ib inolysis.
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