Ne wo king and Place-based Resis ance agains he Depo a ion Cen e a he
In e na ional Ai po o Be lin h ough a Ci il Socie y Lens
Au ho s: Pe Jannis Spix & Ma hias Cano U banke
A chap e om: Schmiz, A., & Lehmann, S. (Eds.) (2025). Geog aphies o he Eu opean
Bo de Regime. How bo de s shape he e e yday li es o e ugees and asylum-seeke s.
Be lin Geog aphical Pape s, 56. h ps://doi.o g/10.17169/ e ubium-48773
Ins i u e o Geog aphical Sciences
F eie Uni e si ä Be lin
2025
Con ac
F eie Uni e si ä Be lin
Depa men o Ea h Sciences
Wo king G oup 'Socie y, Space and Gende '
Mal ese s . 74-100
D-12249 Be lin
h ps://www.geo. u-be lin.de/geog/ ach ich ungen/an h ogeog/index.h ml
This wo k is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-Sha eAlike 4.0 In e na ional
License.
DOI: hUps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17466456
Ci a ion sugges ion: Spix, P. J., & U banke, M. C. (2025). Ne wo king and Place-based
Resis ance agains he Depo a ion Cen e a he In e na ional Ai po o Be lin h ough a Ci il
Socie y Lens. Be lin Geog aphical Pape s, 56, 45–61.
h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17466456
Published in: Schmiz, A., & Lehmann, S. (Eds.) (2025). Geog aphies o he Eu opean Bo de
Regime. How bo de s shape he e e yday li es o e ugees and asylum-seeke s. Be lin
Geog aphical Pape s, 56. h ps://doi.o g/10.17169/ e ubium-48773
45
Pe Jannis Spix & Ma hias Cano U banke
Ne wo king and Place-based Resis ance agains he Depo a ion Cen e a he
In e na ional Ai po o Be lin h ough a Ci il Socie y Lens
Abs ac :
This pape con ibu es o mig a ion s udies and social mo emen esea ch by highligh ing he
ensions be ween g ass oo s esis ance and he ins i u ionalised bo de egime. I examines
he esis ance mo emen agains he planned Be lin B andenbu g Ai po (BER) Depo a ion
Cen e wi h a pa icula ocus on he Abschiebezen um BER e hinde n! p o es camp, which
was held in 2023, and which ep esen s a c ys allisa ion poin o ac i is g oups, NGOs and
local s akeholde s. The BER Depo a ion Cen e is a key si e wi hin he e ol ing Ge man (and
Eu opean) bo de egime as i embodies a b oade poli ical shi owa ds inc easingly
es ic i e mig a ion policies. D awing on semi-s uc u ed in e iews, pa icipa o y
obse a ion and documen analysis, we in es iga e he in e en ions o he camp, i s cen al
aims, i s ole as a empo a y esis ance mo emen and i s discu si e posi ioning wi hin he
con empo a y deba e on mig a ion and ela ed s uggles in his con ex . Ou indings sugges
ha while he ini ia i e e ec i ely mobilised public a en ion and acili a ed a sa e-space o
exchange, skill sha ing and e lec ion, i s uggled o main ain long- e m cohesion as a
mo emen as well as consis en o long- e m poli ical in luence. Applying a heo e ical
amewo k g ounded in social mo emen esea ch, place-based esis ance and aboli ionis
pe spec i es, we a gue ha he ini ia i e mee s key c i e ia o a social mo emen bu emains
limi ed in sus aining i s e o s due o he inc easing c iminalisa ion o ac i ism and he shi ing
poli ical discou se on mig a ion. This s udy u he con ex ualises such esis ance wi hin he
pos -2015 ans o ma ion o Ge man asylum policies, emphasising he secu i isa ion o
mig a ion and he e ea om he so-called ‘Welcome Cul u e’. While he ini ia i e’s impac
emains signi ican in e ms o aising awa eness and exposing sys emic injus ices, i s inabili y
o p e en he cons uc ion o he BER Depo a ion Cen e unde sco es he s uc u al
challenges acing con empo a y mig a ion ac i ism in Ge many.
1 In oduc ion
The planned Be lin-B andenbu g Ai po (BER) Depo a ion Cen e (Gemeinsames Ein-und
Aus eisezen um am BER) is in ended o se e as an in eg al ocus acili y o he
con empo a y policies o he Ge man and Eu opean bo de egime. This cen e ep esen s a
con es ed space in mig a ion poli ics in he wide con ex o a con inuous shi owa d igh -
wing na a i es o mig a ion and asylum as well as eme ging esis ance agains his
de elopmen . Since i s concep ualisa ion in 2018 and subsequen execu ion o he BER
Depo a ion Cen e (BER DC), i has ecei ed inc easingly nega i e public a en ion, in pa due
o g owing opposi ion om di e se social ac o s. The ini ia i e Abschiebezen um BER
e hinde n! (Engl.: P e en he BER Depo a ion Cen e) was ounded in Decembe 2021,
sho ly a e he announcemen o he DC’s planning p ocess in he ede al pa liamen o
46
B andenbu g. The ini ia i e has since been a main ac o o opposi ion agains depo a ion
p ac ices and in as uc u e in he Be lin/B andenbu g egion. As a conglome a e o a wide
a ie y o di e en s akeholde s, local ac i is g oups and (in e )na ional non-p o i
o ganisa ions (NGOs), he ini ia i e has acili a ed a loose ne wo k o ac o s whose ac i i ies
o esis ance culmina ed in a week-long p o es camp in June 2023, which ook place nea he
BER In e na ional Ai po in Schöne eld, B andenbu g. We conside his physical mani es a ion
o esis ance o be a cen al momen o cohesion be ween he di e se membe s o he
ini ia i e, which esul ed in a a ie y o collabo a ions and di ec ac ions agains he ‘Fo ess
Eu ope’. Ne e heless, he de elopmen o he depo a ion cen e has no been obs uc ed,
and he ini ia i e appea s o ha e los momen um. In concep ualising ou esea ch p ojec ,
we iden i y he ollowing knowledge gaps in his con ex : Wha was achie ed o e he cou se
o his ini ia i e’s p o es e o s, and wha a e esul ing pe spec i es o mo e jus and human
igh s-based mig a ion policies in Ge many? Fu he mo e, especially wi h ega d o he
‘Welcome Cul u e’ o en ci ed as eme ging om he ‘long summe o mig a ion’ in 2015 (Hess
e al. 2016): Wha does he inside pe spec i e o ac i is s show us abou he de elopmen o
public discou se on his subjec ? Adop ing an ini ial o ien a ion a ound hese esea ch
ques ions, we seek o es ablish a mo e comple e unde s anding o how democ a ic and c i ical
spaces o mig an ac i is s and solida i y ac i ism a e a ec ed by hese and simila
p o es s. These ques ions guide us h oughou he p epa a ion o his s udy, du ing he
in e iews as well as when w i ing and analysing ou esul s.
The ollowing pape summa ises ou conclusions ega ding he o ma ion and long- e m
collabo a ion o he esis ance agains he BER DC, d awing on semi-s uc u ed in e iews,
pa icipa o y obse a ion du ing ield isi s as well as he ini ia i es’ online p esence and a
a ie y o ele an heo e ical concep s. When beginning his p ojec , we we e especially
in e es ed in he exac inne wo kings, bes -p ac ices and successes o he ini ia i e. Howe e ,
du ing ou p ocess we ealised ha e hical conside a ions ega ding he impac o such
publica ion on he wo k o he ini ia i e p e en ed us om publishing ou indings in ull
leng h.
Consequen ly, we decided o ocus ou esea ch on hose aspec s ha didn’ isk impeding
he ini ia i e’s wo k while s ill adding o he body o knowledge o mig a ion s udies, social
mo emen esea ch and esea ch on he Eu opean and Ge man bo de egime. F om he
many insigh s we gained du ing ou esea ch p ojec , he p esen pape will na ow he wo
p e iously in oduced esea ch ques ions o ocus speci ically on wo aspec s: Fi s , we pose
he ques ion whe he he ini ia i e, as a empo al conglome a e o se e al indi idual ac i is
g oups, NGOs and o he ac o s, can be de ined as a social mo emen . Second, he pape aims
o elucida e how he shi in a i udes o e he pas decade has a ec ed he wo k o such
solida i y o esis ance ini ia i es, especially in he ace o g owing hos ili y owa ds asylum
seeke s, mig an s and hei allies. Gi en he limi ed scope o he pape as well as e hical
conside a ions, he p esen wo k will ocus on hese aspec s, al hough we emphasise ha his
con es ed ield o po en ial esea ch opics o e s many mo e insigh s ha could be explo ed
in u u e s udies.
47
In his pape , we will i s explo e ele an heo e ical concep s, as well as in oduce he
gene al con ex o he case. We hen p esen he indings o ou own esea ch in ela ion o
ele an heo y in o de o de i e case-speci ic insigh s. Finally, we e lec on he limi a ions
o he p esen s udy and sugges p ospec s o u u e esea ch.
2 Theo e ical amewo k
The gi en opic is embedded in a wide academic discou se on es ic i e mig a ion policy and
depo a ion acili ies, cen ing i s a ound he connec ed hemes o in as uc u e, discou se
and poli ical in luence (Bo elli 2023). A second heo e ical conside a ion is on wha cons i u es
a con empo a y social mo emen (Nicholls 2007) and i s place-based mani es a ions o
esis ance (Di lik 1999). We decided o lank his wi h pe spec i es on he con empo a y
de elopmen owa ds mo e luid, adap able o ms o ac i ism in esponse o abo e
men ioned ep ession (Rosenbe ge e al. 2018) as well as aboli ionis amewo ks in he ace
o inc easingly es ic i e s a e policies (Gilmo e 2020).
Bo elli (2023, 458) p oposes he pe spec i e o h ee di e en ypes o con empo a y
depo a ion in as uc u e, o which one is he ai po . This is especially ele an o ou case
s udy, as he BER Depo a ion Cen e will be loca ed inside he logis ic in as uc u e o an
in e na ional ai po . This o e lap o depo a ion and anspo a ion in as uc u e c ea es a
unique legal and logis ical si ua ion ha allows o as - acking he denial o asylum and
connec s hese sys ems o excep ional ansi p ac ices, as obse ed also in Aus ia (Kü ne
2022, 104). Placing he de ainees’ cases away om mo e publicly accessible in as uc u e can
se e o inhibi po en ial public sc u iny as well as p e en easie access o legal suppo ha
subjec s o de en ion and depo a ion migh be eligible o, acco ding o Bo elli’s analysis
(Bo elli 2023). This dis inc s a egy ein o ces mig a ion de e ence policies and d as ically
es ic s mig an s’ access o much-needed esou ces. While he con ibu ions p esen ed
abo e p o ide a be e unde s anding o he in as uc u e in ol ed in depo a ion p ac ices,
Nicholls (2007) p o ides he ounda ion o ou analysis o ‘ esis ance mo emen s’. The au ho
gene ally de ines a esis ance mo emen as a collec i e o m o con en ious poli ics wi h he
goal o achie ing poli ical goals h ough non- adi ional means. Mo e p ecisely, such a
mo emen is collec i e in how i combines and channels he abili ies o i s cons i uen pa s
owa ds a sha ed goal; i is con en ious in how i con lic s wi h o he , usually mains eam,
belie s and p ac ices, and inally; i is poli ical in how i s goal in ol es a poli ical change and
in ol es a poli ical en i y o go e nance in one o m o ano he (Nicholls 2007, 31). This
de ini ion is ele an o ou wo k as i ex ends he amewo k o analysis beyond cen al
ac o s like poli ical pa ies o indi iduals and cla i ies he in e play be ween media, public
opinion and p o es . Mo eo e , classi ying an ini ia i e as a mo emen explains i s pe sis ence
beyond elec ions and how mobilisa ion e ol es h ough ne wo ks, coun e -mo emen s and
shi ing con ex s (Ruch 2018, pp. 225).
Addi ionally, we adop he de ini ion o Rosenbe ge e al. (2018) o a social mo emen which
consis s o wo elemen s, as mo emen s eme ge ‘in eac ion o pa icula issues’, as
emphasised by Taz ei e (2010, 204) and encompass ‘sus ained and in en ional e o s’ o
48
achie e legal o social change, as highligh ed by Jaspe (2014, 5). Rosenbe ge e al. (2018, pp.
91) dis inguish be ween (1) ‘Sel -In e es Ve sus Solida i y P o es ’, (2) ‘Aspi ing Poli ical
Claims Ve sus Indi idual En o cemen Solu ions’ and (3) ‘Local, Na ional o T ansna ional
P o es ’, a dis inc ion which guides ou in e iew s uc u es. This means ha in o de o
classi y p o es s, i is impo an o iden i y
1. whe he a pe son p o es s agains hei own depo a ion o whe he a g oup o
people p o es s o an a ec ed pe son o g oup,
2. whe he he p o es is in ended o change poli ical policies and p ac ices o o p ohibi
he ac ual depo a ion o one pe son,
3. which pe spec i e is b ough in o place.
Cen eme i (2017) elabo a es on a mo e speci ic accoun on he place-based esis ance
mo emen s in he case s udy o he ci il opposi ion agains he Malpensa Ai po ex ension in
Milano. In he example, she shows how local ini ia i es ha esis dis inc in as uc u e
p ojec s can widen hei pe spec i e on global ends and issues o include, o ins ance,
clima e c isis and acism as mani es ed in bo de egimes o global exploi a ion along he alue
chain. In he case o he esis ance agains he BER DC, he c i ique on he cons uc ion and
he whe eabou s o he cen e as a speci ic local phenomenon is linked o a c i ique o he
‘Fo ess Eu ope’, o global exploi a ion and o acis p ac ices wi hin EU in e nal poli ics. In
his line o hinking, we emphasise ha no ma e how local he p o es , i is linked o a global
phenomenon, and no ma e how abs ac he issue, i mani es s locally.
Fu he mo e, his unde s anding o esis ance challenges ma e ial mani es a ions o s a e
powe and sees space no only as a physical loca ion, bu a he as a con es ed sphe e o he
poli ical (Di lik 1999). Ou unde s anding o he ele ance o local, and o en ma ginalised,
place-based esis ance is ex ended by Gilmo e’s (2020) concep o ‘pop-up uni e si ies’ in
hei unc ion as spaces o poli ical educa ion and skill-sha ing, and in hei con ex ualisa ion
as local s uggles ha a e embedded wi hin wide , globally ele an discou ses such as
colonialism and he ‘Fo ess Eu ope’. F om his pe spec i e, we iew he p o es camp as an
in e en ion h ough he lens o a pop-up uni e si y. Fu he mo e, Gilmo e’s (2020)
aboli ionis amewo k se es o unde s and how esis ance mo emen s migh no only
oppose a speci ic p ojec , such as he cons uc ion o a singula depo a ion cen e, bu a he
may ques ion he o e all sys em o es ic i e bo de egimes beyond hei physical
mani es a ions, challenging he no ion o depo a ion in gene al. In he long e m o as o e all
objec i e, aboli ionis heo ies ques ion an unde s anding o he cu en c iminal jus ice
sys em as gi en and e e nal, ocusing ins ead on communi y-based app oaches o jus ice
unde humane and jus condi ions.
The ambi alence ha lies in a mo e p og essi e app oach g ounded in communi y-based
jus ice can be g asped h ough Bimji’s (2020, 247) obse a ions on he in e nal con adic ions
o mig an solida i y ne wo ks, as e en ually ce ain hie a chies and di isions eme ge e en
wi hin solida i y ne wo ks ha ad oca e o an explici ly an i-disc imina o y posi ion.
49
Resis ance mo emen s migh s uggle wi h in e nal ensions a ound ques ions like ‘Who
speaks o whom?’ o whe he mig an s hemsel es a e in cha ge o he local ac i is s ha
ad oca e o hem.
These chosen heo e ical concep s acili a e a di e en ia ed engagemen wi h he complex
esea ch opic o esis ance agains s a e iolence and allow o a ep esen a ion o a a ie y
o pe spec i es o di e en ac o s in ol ed. These include indi idual ac i is s, o ganisa ions as
well as media collec i es who publish (w i e, ilm, e c.) anonymously. This p omo es an
unde s anding o esis ance as e y local and a he same ime highly in luenced by global
condi ions and e en s. To accoun o he di e si y o p o es and esis ance momen s, we
d aw on imp essions om a wide ange o heo y in o de o engage wi h ou esea ch opic.
3 Con ex
The 2015 ‘long summe o mig a ion’ (LSM) ma ked a culmina ion poin in p o- e ugee
sen imen s in Ge many. Following he widesp ead acknowledgemen o he inhumane li ing
condi ions o people on he mo e along he ‘Balkan Rou e’, Sy ians we e allowed o mo e
owa ds Aus ia and Ge many. Beyond ha , a popula mo emen consis ing o indi iduals,
ci il ad ocacy g oups and o ganisa ions welcomed people a i ing a ain s a ions, helped by
housing people on he mo e, o med ne wo ks and c ea ed a social, g ass- oo s esponse o
he challenge o s a e ailu e. All his is commonly summa ised as a so-called ‘Welcome
Cul u e’. Ge man socie y was mobilised in g ass oo s ini ia i es, olun ee ne wo ks and NGO
e o s o such an ex en ha his was e med a empo a y ‘ e ugee solida i y mo emen ’
(Me hau e al. 2018).
While ci il socie y p oceeded wi h ou s anding engagemen , his poli ical openness was only
sho li ed. Poli ical and discu si e p essu e om so-called conse a i e o especially igh -
wing pa ies soon domina ed media discou se, a s andpoin ha was unde pinned by an
unequal co e age o legal iola ions by e ugees (Mediendiens In eg a ion 2021, 4; 2023).
Poli ically ele an ac o s, o ins ance om he conse a i e pa y (Ch is ian Democ a ic
Union/Ch is ian Social Union, CDU/CSU) ins umen alised public pe cep ion o u he
es ablish law and o de p ac ices, hus ewinding he hen so sho LSM. Gene ally, his shi
can be summa ised as a mo emen away om humani a ian and human igh s conce ns
owa ds an inc eased secu i isa ion o mig a ion managemen (Weima/Hyndman 2019). In
Ge many, his shi was solidi ied by he Minis e o he In e io a he ime, Ho s Seeho e
(CSU), in his ‘Mas e plan Mig a ion’ (Bundesminis e ium ü Inne es, Bau und Heima [BMI]
2018), which ins i u ionalised such es ic i e policies and pa ed he way o physical
mani es a ions o his new bo de egime. Among hese mani es a ions was also he so-called
‘Eu opean ligh house p ojec ’ o he BER DC. Besides his conse a i e call o ep ession, i
was Chancello Scholz’ (Social Democ a ic Pa y, SPD) claim ‘ o inally depo on a la ge scale’
(Hickmann/Ku bjuwei 2023) ha u he p omo ed he social ejec ion o people on he
mo e.
50
The BER DC which om he e y beginning was concei ed o as a pilo p ojec o gain
expe ience in he eme ging ield o an i-mig a ion in as uc u e, was conside ed a cen al,
sys emic componen o such an i-solida i y o an i-mig a ion go e nance (F ag den S aa
2018). Like o he Eu opean p ojec s, he cen e was jus i ied by s a e ep esen a i es o
‘s eamline depo a ion p ocedu es’ and ‘inc ease e iciency’, as he new acili y would iple
he numbe o de ainees ha could be p ocessed a he same ime (Bundesminis e ium ü
Inne es, ü Bau und Heima [BMI] 2021). Sho ly a e he na ional and local s a es’ Minis e s
o he In e io announced he p ojec in Oc obe 2021, he coun e -ini ia i e
Abschiebezen um BER e hinde n! (Engl.: P e en he BER Depo a ion Cen e!) was ounded
in Decembe 2021, consis ing o a a ie y o s akeholde s wi h di e se backg ounds, such as
local ac i is g oups, e ugee o ganisa ions and bo h na ional and in e na ional NGOs. The
ini ia i e's ac ions include independen esea ching on he in es o s and he obscu e
p ocu emen o con ac s, publishing abou s akeholde misconduc , gene a ing pe i ions,
o ganising (online-)p o es s and cul i a ing an inc eased isibili y o he p ojec in gene al.
Th ough hese mul iple esis ance s a egies, he o me ly loosely a ilia ed membe s o he
ini ia i e inc easingly collabo a ed mo e closely. This cohesion culmina ed in he 2023
‘P e en he Depo a ion Cen e’ p o es camp (Ini ia i e Abschiebezen um BER e hinde n!
2024). The weeklong camp has been po ayed by i s pa icipan s as a g ea success, as i
u he inc eased he isibili y o he issue by wide media co e age, a ac ed a a ie y o
ele an ac o s, such as poli icians, and se ed as a g ound o ne wo king, skill-sha ing and
awa eness- aising among he camp pa icipan s (I#1; I#2).
4 Me hodology and posi ionali y
Ou s udy builds on semi-s uc u ed in e iews (Hay/Cope 2021, 158), balancing a s uc u ed
app oach wi h enough lexibili y o con e sa ions o e ol e na u ally. This allowed
in e iewees o s ee discussions owa d hei own expe iences and highligh hei own
pe spec i es. We conside ed his o be a balance be ween accommoda ing ou own esea ch
in e es s and he in e es s o ou in e iew pa ne s. The gene al in e iew guideline was
adap ed o he in e iewee’s posi ionali y, i known o communica ed ahead o ime. The
c ea ion o his guideline was inspi ed by Zapa a-Ba e o and Yalaz’s (2018) conside a ions on
quali a i e esea ch in mig a ion s udies and he ele ance o ailo -made in e iews in o de
‘ o un a el he “mul i-laye ed links o global connec i i y”’ (Zapa a-Ba e o/Yalaz 2018, 171).
Alongside his p ocess o da a collec ion, we engaged wi h a ange o li e a u e o es ablish a
heo e ical ounda ion and compa e ou indings wi h ela ed case s udies. We also
supplemen ed ou esea ch wi h media co e age and he ini ia i e’s own publica ions,
including lye s, online a icles, social media ma e ial o sha ing and social media accoun s.
These included he ma e ial a ailable h ough he ini ia i e’s websi e as well as om
Ins ag am accoun s like @abolish.depo a ion.p ison.be , @s opdepo a ioncen ebe and
@ih seidkeinesiche hei . Addi ionally, we conduc ed pa icipa o y obse a ions a
communi y e en s, demons a ions as well as he ac ual loca ion a he BER in e na ional
57
hough decen al p o es was ca ied ou a e wa ds on he same opic in Po sdam
(Süddeu sche Zei ung 2024) and Heidelbe g (Kommunalin o Mannheim 2024) and di e en
modes o online publishing we e being used (Kon apolis 2024; F ag den S aa 2024), he
scope o collabo a ion ne e ma ched ha o he p o es camp again.
Despi e i s ini ial impac , he absence o con inued la ge-scale mobilisa ion unde sco es a
common challenge in con empo a y esis ance, sugges ing a ele an di icul y in main aining
momen um unde inc easingly es ic i e poli ical condi ions, o example, when acing he
inc eased c iminalisa ion o ac i is s. One o he key akeaways om his esea ch is he
impo ance o speci ically place-based esis ance in shaping p o es dynamics. The mo emen
analysed he e was no only ideologically g ounded bu also deeply ied o he speci ic
geog aphical and in as uc u al eali ies o he BER DC. This can be connec ed wi h Di lik’s
(1999) asse ion ha place-based mo emen s con es global powe s uc u es om speci ic
locali ies, which is explo ed and u he expanded upon in Cen eme i’s (2017) s udy. The
p o es camp in pa icula unc ioned as a empo a y si e o esis ance, simila ly o Gilmo e’s
(2020) concep o pop-up uni e si ies, whe e ac i is s engaged in knowledge-sha ing,
s a egic planning and aboli ionis discou se in local se ings. Howe e , while his app oach a
he BER DC acili a ed sho - e m mobilisa ion and solida i y-building in his con ex , such
e o s did no ansla e in o las ing s uc u al opposi ion, no p e en he u he planning
and physical mani es a ion o he DC in as uc u e. In his ein, he esis ance ini ia i es’ lack
o las ing po en ial uns pa allel o a shi in cu en poli ical clima e away om solida i y
p ac ices, which includes a decline bo h in public suppo and in he capaci ies o indi idual
in ol ed ac o s o es ablish and uphold a consis en mo emen . Ne e heless, we emphasise
ha he ini ia i e succeeded in in luencing popula and media discou se, especially a he ime
o he p o es camp and on a local scale as pe aining o he speci ic si e o he DC, which in
u n widened he p o es s’ scope o isibili y.
Shi ing poli ical and public discou se on mig a ion is iden i ied as playing a c ucial ole in
shaping no only he p o es ’s longe i y bu also i s e ec i eness. O e he pas decade, he
public deba e on mig a ion has ansi ioned om a discou se o humani a ianism o
secu i isa ion, uelled by populis he o ic and igh -wing policy shi s (I#2). This has o ced
ac i is s o adap hei mobilisa ion s a egies, as di ec solida i y e o s we e pe cei ed as
no longe su icien in gene a ing public a en ion and suppo . Ins ead, ac i is e o s el
hey had o ame hei esis ance a ound exposing co up ion and sys emic injus ices (I#1).
Despi e hese adap a ions, mobilisa ions s uggled o main ain hei scale and u gency beyond
he p o es camp e en i sel .
In conclusion, he BER DC esis ance ini ia i e highligh s bo h key s eng hs and limi a ions o
con empo a y esis ance mo emen s. While place-based ac i ism can gene a e s ong
empo a y and spa ially ocused mobilisa ion and collabo a ion, i s longe i y depends on
sus ained collabo a ion, s a egic adap abili y and b oade ins i u ional alliances. Fu u e
esea ch could examine how decen alised and luid ac i is models can be ans o med in o
las ing mo emen s and seek o explo e ways o coun e ac he inc easing poli ical and legal
58
p essu es ha hinde long- e m esis ance e o s. While he p esen esea ch enables an
insigh in o he con empo a y condi ion o he esis ance agains he BER DC, ou inhibi ed
access o in e iew pa ne s due o a g owing hos ili y agains ac i is s and he e o e hei
g owing pe cep ion o h ea , as well as he limi ed ime ame o a s uden esea ch p ojec ,
ha e es ic ed a mo e elabo a e and p o ound engagemen wi h he ield in ela ion o ou
heo e ical amewo k and i s wide sphe e o ele an pe spec i es. Fu u e esea ch could
make use o a longe o mo e sus ainable empo al engagemen o build dedica ed and deepe
ela ionships, in o de o gain u he us and hus access a wide ange o pe spec i es and
expe iences. Fu he mo e, he scope o s udy could be widened o include a wide a ie y o
heo e ical pe spec i es o e en engage in a compa a i e analysis wi h simila cases wi hin
he Eu opean bo de egime.
59
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