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RENAL EFFECTS OF MUMIYO: ENHANCEMENT OF DIURESIS AND NATRIURESIS
IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS
Rizako a Dilo om Pula o na - Andijan S a e Medical Ins i u e, Depa men o Pha macology,
Clinical Pha macology, and Medical Bio echnology.
Abs ac . Mumiyo (shilaji ) is a na u al he bo-mine al subs ance long used in adi ional medicine o
i s es o a i e p ope ies. This s udy in es iga ed he e ec o mumiyo on wa e and sodium exc e ion
in a s. Adul male a s (180–220 g) we e di ided in o con ol and expe imen al g oups (n = 10 each).
The expe imen al g oup ecei ed mumiyo o ally a 50 mg/kg o se en days. Wa e and sal loading
es s we e pe o med, and u ine was collec ed o 4 hou s. Mumiyo ea men signi ican ly inc eased
u ine olume and sodium exc e ion compa ed wi h con ols (P < 0.05). A e sal loading, he
na iu e ic esponse was pa icula ly p onounced. These indings indica e ha mumiyo enhances enal
exc e o y unc ion by p omo ing diu esis and na iu esis, suppo ing i s adi ional use in main aining
luid and elec oly e balance.
Keywo ds: mumiyo; shilaji ; diu esis; na iu esis; sodium exc e ion; wa e –sal balance; enal
unc ion; expe imen al a s.
In oduc ion. T adi ional medicine (TM) ep esen s a comp ehensi e body o knowledge, skills, and
p ac ices g ounded in he heo ies, belie s, and expe iences o di e se cul u al adi ions. I se es o
main ain heal h and p e en , diagnose, alle ia e, o ea a wide ange o physical and men al diso de s
(1). O e he pas decades, inc easing scien i ic in e es in adi ional medicine has led o ex ensi e
esea ch demons a ing ha many na u al bioac i e compounds possess signi ican he apeu ic
po en ial in a ious pa hological condi ions (2).
Among hese na u al emedies, mumiyo occupies a unique posi ion due o i s long-s anding epu a ion
as a powe ul eju ena ing and adap ogenic subs ance. Mumiyo is a he bo-mine al exuda e wi h a
esinous appea ance, ound p ima ily in moun ainous egions. I occu s na u ally in India (3,5) and
ac oss se e al e i o ies o he o me USSR, including he U als, Al ai, Caucasus, Kazakhs an, he
Sayan Moun ains, he Baikal egion, Uzbekis an, and Tajikis an. Deposi s ha e also been iden i ied
in o he Asian coun ies such as China, Pakis an, Nepal, A ghanis an, and Tibe (6).
Known by a mul i ude o egional names Shilaji , Silaji a, Asphal , Silaja u, Rock Juice, Conque o
o Moun ains, Haja -ul-Musa, A ak al-Jabal, Mumiyo, o B agshun his na u al subs ance anges in
colo om ligh b own o da k b ownish-black. His o ical eco ds sugges ha mumiyo has been
u ilized o o e 3,000 yea s as a e i alizing onic, c edi ed wi h enhancing physical s eng h,
p omo ing longe i y, and aiding eco e y om a ious ailmen s (4).
The o igin o mumiyo emains a subjec o scien i ic deba e and is explained by h ee majo
hypo heses: geological, biological, and bio-mine alogical. The geological hypo hesis p oposes ha
mumiyo is o med h ough long- e m geological ans o ma ions o o ganic ma e wi hin ock s a a.
The biological heo y a ibu es i s o ma ion o he decomposi ion o plan esidues and animal
exc e a unde speci ic physicochemical and mic obial condi ions. The bio-mine alogical concep
combines bo h pe spec i es, sugges ing ha mumiyo a ises om an o ganic p ecu so ha becomes
mechanically mixed wi h mine al subs ances du ing i s o ma ion.
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Impo an ly, he composi ion and pha macological p ope ies o mumiyo a e in luenced by a ange o
en i onmen al and egional ac o s, including local ege a ion, ock and soil mine al con en ,
empe a u e, humidi y, and al i ude. These ac o s de e mine he complex mix u e o o ganic
molecules, ace mine als, and biologically ac i e compounds ha con ibu e o mumiyo’s di e se
he apeu ic ac ions (8,9).
Despi e i s simila physical cha ac e is ics ac oss di e en egions o he wo ld, hese ac o s a ec
he composi ion and p opo ion o i s componen s. In gene al, mumiyo consis s o o ganic compounds
(60–80%), ino ganic compounds (20–40%), and ace elemen s such as Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Mo,
and P (10).
In he 10 h cen u y, Ahwazi, in his book Kamel al-Sanae, ecommended mumiyo o he ea men o
cold headaches, hemop ysis, as hma, and he emo al o a dead e us. A icenna, he enowned Pe sian
physician, in his amous wo k The Canon o Medicine, desc ibed mumiyo as a highly e ec i e
emedy o s eng hening he b ain, enhancing e ili y, and ea ing a a ie y o ailmen s. In he 12 h
cen u y, he Pe sian medical ex Zakhi e Khwa azmshahi by Jo jani ecommended mumiyo o
in lamma ion, ulce s, and u ina y and p os a e diso de s (7).
Mumiyo has been p esc ibed in a ious doses o a wide ange o heal h condi ions, including
u ological and ep oduc i e diso de s, jaundice, galls ones, gas oin es inal diseases, splenomegaly,
epilepsy, hype sensi i i y, ne ous diso de s, ch onic b onchi is, ube culosis, eczema, anemia, and
diabe es (11). Howe e , ungal con amina ion, pa icula ly wi h myco oxins, emains a signi ican
limi ing ac o o i s widesp ead use in mode n medicine (12).
T adi ional medicine specialis s claim ha mumiyo is e ec i e agains condi ions such as loss o
libido, kidney s ones, bone pain and ac u es, os eoa h i is, spondyli is, edema, hemo hoids, aging,
eju ena ion, in ec ions (as an an isep ic), obesi y, ano exia, and weigh loss (9). Owing o he an i-
in lamma o y, an ioxidan , an imu agenic, and immunomodula o y p ope ies o ul ic acid (FA) and
humic acid (HA), he e is e idence sugges ing ha mumiyo may se e as a po en ial agen o cance
p e en ion (10). Mo eo e , a ious doses o mumiyo ha e shown educ ions in blood glucose le els
and a o able e ec s on lipid p o iles in a s (13). Addi ionally, mumiyo ex ac has been ound o
enhance nucleic acid syn hesis and inc ease mine al anspo in o muscle and bone issues (6).
Ma e ials and Me hods
The expe imen was ca ied ou on adul labo a o y a s (180–220 g) main ained unde s anda d
i a ium condi ions wi h ee access o ood and wa e . Animals we e di ided in o wo g oups:
con ol (n = 10) and expe imen al (n = 10).
Na u al pu i ied mumiyo (shilaji ) was dissol ed in dis illed wa e o ob ain a wo king solu ion a a
concen a ion o 50 mg/mL. The animals in he expe imen al g oup ecei ed mumiyo o ally (dose:
50 mg/kg) once daily o 7 days p io o es ing.
To e alua e he e ec o mumiyo on wa e and sodium exc e ion, wa e and sal loading es s we e
pe o med. A e as ing o e nigh , he animals ecei ed ei he a wa e load (5% o body weigh ,
dis illed wa e ) o a sal load (0.9% NaCl solu ion, 5% o body weigh ) ia o al ga age.
U ine was collec ed o a 4-hou pe iod a e loading in indi idual me abolic cages. The olume o
u ine (diu esis) was measu ed g a ime ically. Sodium concen a ion in u ine was de e mined by
lame pho ome y, and o al sodium exc e ion was exp essed in μmol pe collec ion pe iod.
Da a a e p esen ed as mean ± s anda d e o o he mean (SEM). Di e ences be ween g oups we e
analyzed using S uden ’s - es . A alue o P < 0.05 was conside ed s a is ically signi ican .
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Resul s
The e ec s o mumiyo on wa e and sodium exc e ion a e wa e and sal loading a e summa ized in
Table 1. Adminis a ion o mumiyo o se en days led o a signi ican inc ease in bo h diu esis and
u ina y sodium exc e ion compa ed wi h he con ol g oup.
Table 1. E ec o Mumiyo on Wa e and Sodium Exc e ion a e Wa e and Sal Loads
Expe imen al Condi ions
No mal
Mumiyo
P
Wa e load diu esis (ml)
2.7 ± 0.21
3.8 ± 0.08
<0.001
Sodium exc e ion (μmol)
2.4 ± 0.05
3.2 ± 0.09
<0.001
Sal load diu esis (ml)
2.4 ± 0.21
3.1 ± 0.18
<0.01
Sodium exc e ion (μmol)
2.3 ± 0.11
13.8 ± 0.33
<0.001
Following wa e loading, u ine olume in he mumiyo- ea ed g oup was 3.8 ± 0.08 mL, which was
signi ican ly highe han in he con ol g oup (2.7 ± 0.21 mL, P < 0.001). Sodium exc e ion unde he
same condi ions also inc eased om 2.4 ± 0.05 μmol o 3.2 ± 0.09 μmol (P < 0.001).
A e sal loading, he e ec o mumiyo was e en mo e p onounced. Diu esis inc eased om 2.4 ±
0.21 mL in con ols o 3.1 ± 0.18 mL (P < 0.01), while sodium exc e ion ose sha ply om 2.3 ± 0.11
μmol o 13.8 ± 0.33 μmol (P < 0.001).
These esul s indica e ha mumiyo enhances bo h wa e and sodium exc e ion, demons a ing a clea
diu e ic and na iu e ic e ec .
Discussion
The p esen s udy demons a es ha adminis a ion o mumiyo signi ican ly inc eases diu esis and
sodium exc e ion in a s subjec ed o bo h wa e and sal loading. The obse ed enhancemen o
sodium elimina ion, pa icula ly a e sal loading, sugges s ha mumiyo acili a es enal exc e o y
unc ion and p omo es he emo al o excess sodium and wa e om he body.
These indings a e consis en wi h he hypo hesis ha mumiyo possesses na iu e ic and diu e ic
p ope ies, possibly h ough modula ion o enal ubula eabso p ion o he egula ion o ho monal
sys ems in ol ed in luid and elec oly e balance, such as he enin–angio ensin–aldos e one sys em.
The p onounced inc ease in sodium exc e ion a e sal loading indica es ha mumiyo enhances he
body’s adap i e esponse o sodium o e load, helping main ain osmo ic homeos asis. This sugges s
po en ial he apeu ic ele ance o mumiyo in condi ions associa ed wi h sodium and wa e e en ion,
such as hype ension o edema.
Fu he s udies a e equi ed o elucida e he exac mechanisms unde lying his e ec , including
possible in luences on enal blood low, glome ula il a ion a e, o ubula ion anspo .
Conclusion
The indings o his s udy demons a e ha adminis a ion o mumiyo (50 mg/kg o se en days)
signi ican ly enhances bo h diu esis and sodium exc e ion in a s a e wa e and sal loading. The
e ec is pa icula ly p onounced unde sal -loading condi ions, indica ing a s ong na iu e ic
esponse.
These esul s sugges ha mumiyo p omo es he elimina ion o excess sodium and wa e , con ibu ing
o he main enance o luid and elec oly e balance. The da a suppo he iew ha mumiyo possesses
diu e ic and na iu e ic p ope ies, which may be bene icial in physiological o pa hological
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condi ions associa ed wi h sodium and wa e e en ion. Fu he s udies a e wa an ed o cla i y he
unde lying mechanisms and o explo e he po en ial he apeu ic applica ions o mumiyo in enal and
ca dio ascula egula ion.
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