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EVALUATION OF MUMIJO’S EFFECTS ON BLEEDING TIME AND BLOOD LOSS IN
EXPERIMENTAL RAT MODELS.
Egambe diye Jasu Jumanaza ugli
Assis an o Andijan S a e Medical Ins i u e, Depa men o Pha macology, Clinical Pha macology,
and Medical Bio echnology.
Abs ac : Gi en he nume ous s udies and claims conce ning he he apeu ic p ope ies o mumiyo
in T adi ional Medicine (TM), as well as in he Ayu edic and Siddha sys ems, and conside ing he
lack o comp ehensi e scien i ic e alua ions on his subjec , he p esen s udy aims o p o ide a
p elimina y assessmen o he e ec s o mumiyo a adi ional emedy widely ecognized in bo h
Eas e n and Wes e n ancien medical p ac ices on bleeding du a ion and blood loss in a s.
Keywo ds: Shilaji , T adi ional Medicine, An icoagulan ac i i y, Bleeding ime, Blood loss, Wis a
a s, In ape i oneal adminis a ion, He bal medicine, Hemos asis.
INTRODUCTION
Acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), T adi ional Medicine (TM) encompasses heal h
p ac ices in ol ing he use o plan , mine al and animal-based emedies ei he indi idually o in
combina ion o he ea men and p e en ion o diseases, as well as o main aining o e all well-
being (1). I is es ima ed ha app oxima ely 80% o he global popula ion elies on TM o mee
p ima y heal hca e needs (2).
Mumiyo is a he bo-mine al exuda e wi h a long his o y o use in adi ional olk medicine. I o igina es
om he moun ainous egions o India (3, 5) and Russia (including o me USSR e i o ies such as
he U als, Al ai, Caucasus, Kazakhs an, he Sayan Moun ains, Baikal, Uzbekis an, and Tajikis an). I
is also ound in o he coun ies, including China, Pakis an, Nepal, A ghanis an, and Tibe (6).
Mumiyo known by a ious names such as Shilaji , Silaji a, Ma a hi o Guja a i (in Hindi), Asphal (in
English), Silaja u (in Bengali), Rock Juice (in Tibe an), Conque o o Moun ains (in Sansk i ), Haja -
ul-Musa o A ak al-Jabal (in A abic), Mumiyo o Mumnaei (in Pe sian), μούμια (in G eek), Muemu
(in Russian), Mumiyo (in Ge man), Mine al Bi umen o Smolensk, Jewish Bi umen, Mine al Wax,
and B agshun is a na u al subs ance anging in colo om pale b own o da k b ownish-black. I has
been used o o e 3,000 yea s as a eju ena ing and adap ogenic emedy (4).
The o igin o mumiyo is explained by h ee main heo ies: biological, geological, and bio-
mine alogical. Acco ding o he biological heo y, mumiyo is belie ed o o m om decomposed plan
ma e ial o animal exc e a unde speci ic physicochemical condi ions. The geological heo y sugges s
ha mumiyo esul s om long- e m geological p ocesses. The bio-mine alogical concep p oposes
ha mumiyo is p oduced h ough he mechanical con amina ion o i s liquid p ecu so wi h mine al
subs ances. Regional ac o s including plan species, geological ea u es o ocks and soil,
empe a u e, humidi y, al i ude, and o he en i onmen al pa ame e s play a c ucial ole in de e mining
he composi ion and he apeu ic p ope ies o mumiyo (9).
Al hough mumiyo om di e en egions exhibi s simila physical cha ac e is ics, hese
en i onmen al and geological a ia ions in luence i s composi ion and he a io o i s componen s.
Typically, mumiyo con ains o ganic compounds (60–80%), ino ganic compounds (20–40%), and
ace elemen s such as Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Mo, and P (10).
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In he 10 h cen u y, Ahwazi, in his book Kamel al-Sanae, ecommended mumiyo o he ea men o
cold headaches, hemop ysis, as hma, and he emo al o a dead e us. A icenna, he enowned Pe sian
physician, in his classic wo k The Canon o Medicine, desc ibed mumiyo as a highly e ec i e emedy
o s eng hening he b ain, enhancing e ili y, and ea ing a ious ailmen s. In he 12 h cen u y, he
Pe sian medical ex Zakhi e Khwa azmshahi by Jo jani ecommended mumiyo o in lamma ion,
ulce s, and u ina y and p os a e diso de s (7).
Mumiyo has been p esc ibed in a ious doses o a wide ange o heal h condi ions, including
u ogeni al diseases, jaundice, galls ones, gas oin es inal diso de s, splenomegaly, epilepsy,
hype sensi i i y, ne ous diso de s, ch onic b onchi is, ube culosis, eczema, anemia, and diabe es
(11). Howe e , ungal con amina ion—pa icula ly by myco oxins emains a majo obs acle o i s
widesp ead use in mode n medicine (12).
T adi ional medicine p ac i ione s claim ha mumiyo is e ec i e agains condi ions such as educed
libido, kidney s ones, bone pain and ac u es, os eoa h i is, spondyli is, edema, hemo hoids, aging,
eju ena ion, in ec ions (as an an isep ic), obesi y, ano exia, and weigh loss (9). Owing o he an i-
in lamma o y, an ioxidan , an imu agenic, and immunomodula o y p ope ies o ul ic acid (FA) and
humic acid (HA), some s udies sugges ha mumiyo may also se e as a po en ial agen o cance
p e en ion (10). Fu he mo e, a ious doses o mumiyo ha e been shown o lowe blood glucose
le els and imp o e lipid p o iles in a s (13). Mumiyo ex ac has also been ound o enhance nucleic
acid syn hesis and p omo e mine al anspo in o muscle and bone issues (6). Addi ionally, mumiyo
inc eases diu esis and na iu esis (14).
Objec i e o he S udy
In ligh o nume ous s udies and claims ega ding he he apeu ic p ope ies o mumiyo in T adi ional
Medicine (TM), as well as in Ayu edic and Siddha sys ems o medicine, and conside ing he lack
o comp ehensi e e alua ions on his subjec , he p esen s udy aims o assess he e ec s o mumiyo
a adi ional emedy well known in he ancien medical p ac ices o bo h he Eas and he Wes on he
an icoagulan ac i i y o blood in a s subjec ed o ail inju y.
Me hods
The expe imen s demons a ed ha adminis a ion o mumiyo led o a p olonga ion o bleeding
du a ion. To elucida e he mechanism behind his phenomenon, blood coagula ion p ocesses unde
he in luence o mumiyo we e u he in es iga ed.
Expe imen al s udies we e pe o med on Wis a a s olde han h ee mon hs, weighing be ween 250
and 300 g. The animals we e main ained in a empe a u e-con olled en i onmen wi h ee access o
a s anda d die and wa e . They we e andomly di ided in o ou g oups: a con ol g oup and h ee
expe imen al g oups ecei ing mumiyo a doses o 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg.
The e ec o mumiyo on bleeding ime and blood loss was e alua ed using he me hod desc ibed by
I.E. Akopo e al. (1971). In his p ocedu e, he ip o he a ’s ail was excised, and bleeding du a ion
and o al blood loss we e measu ed o assess he d ug’s e ec ollowing in ape i oneal adminis a ion
a doses o 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg. The esul s a e p esen ed in Table 1.
Resul s and Discussion
The esul s p esen ed in Table 1 demons a e ha mumiyo signi ican ly p olonged bleeding du a ion,
which was accompanied by an inc ease in o al blood loss. Fu he mo e, highe doses o mumiyo we e
associa ed wi h longe bleeding imes and g ea e blood loss.
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When he dose was doubled (1 g/kg), bleeding du a ion dec eased sligh ly compa ed wi h he 0.5 g/kg
g oup bu emained highe han ha o he 0.25 g/kg g oup. The o al blood loss a 1 g/kg did no
di e signi ican ly om ha a 0.5 g/kg (P > 0.5).
Table 1. E ec o Alai Mumiyo Ex ac on Bleeding Time and Blood Loss in Ra s (M ± m, n = 10)
Expe imen al g oup
Du a ion o bleeding (min)
Blood loss (mg o d y esidue)
Con ol g oup
5,7 ± 0,21
35,0 ± 5,8
Mumiyo 0,25 g/kg
14,4 ± 1,07
440,0 ± 41,6
Mumiyo 0,5 g/kg
22,1 ± 4.16
322,2 ± 84,0
Mumiyo 1 g/kg
17,1 ± 0,47
364,2 ± 72,7
Conclusions
1. Based on he expe imen al esul s, i can be concluded ha mumiyo, when adminis e ed
in ape i oneally o a s a doses o 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg, signi ican ly p olongs bleeding ime.
2. This hemos a ic-modula ing p ope y o mumiyo may be o po en ial use in p ac ical medicine
o he p e en ion and managemen o condi ions associa ed wi h inc eased blood coagula ion.
Re e ences
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13. T i edi N, Mazumda B, Bha J, Hema a hi K. E ec o shilaji on blood glucose and lipid p o ile
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