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BIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CYCLE OF OOSYSTEMS IN
POULTRY EIMEROSIS
1 Sh.D.A ezimbe o – PhD associa e p o esso .
1A.Y.Khojamu a o a – g adua e s uden .
2A.K.Khushnaza o – PhD junio esea che .
1Sama kand S a e Uni e si y o Ve e ina y Medicine, Animal Husband y and
Bio echnology, Nukus B anch.
2Ve e ina y Resea ch Ins i u e.
Abs ac : Eime ia (coccidiosis) is a common in e nal pa asi ic disease in
poul y, he main in ec ious agen s o which a e p o ozoa o he genus Eime ia. This
a icle analyzes he biology, s uc u e and de elopmen cycle o oocys s in eime ia in
poul y. Oocys s play a cen al ole in he sp ead o he disease and i s ansmission
among poul y. How hey su i e in he ex e nal en i onmen , he p ocess o
spo ula ion and hei ole as an in ec ious s age a e conside ed in de ail. The a icle
also highligh s he impo ance o oocys s in disease p e en ion. The esul s o he
s udy p o ide a scien i ic basis o e ec i e con ol and p e en ion measu es o
eime ia in poul y.
Anno a siya: Eyme ioz (koksidioz) pa andala da keng a qalgan ichki pa azi a
kasallik bo‘lib, uning asosiy in eksion agen la i — Eime ia u idagi p o ozoala
hisoblanadi. Ushbu maqolada pa andala dagi eyme ioz kasalligida oocis ala ning
biologiyasi, uzilishi a i ojlanish sikli ahlil qilinadi. Oocis ala kasallikning
a qalishi a pa andala o asida yuqishida ma kaziy ol o‘ynaydi. Ula ning ashqi
muhi da qanday saqlanishi, spo ulya siya ja ayoni a in eksion bosqich si a ida o‘ ni
ba a sil ko‘ ib chiqilgan. Maqolada oocis ala ning kasallik p o ilak ikasidagi ahamiya i
ham yo i iladi. Tadqiqo na ijala i pa andachilikda eyme iozni sama ali nazo a qilish
a oldini olish cho ala i uchun ilmiy asos ya a adi.
Keywo ds: Eime ia, oocys , poul y, Eime ia, spo ula ion, coccidiosis, pa asi es,
in ec ion, biology, de elopmen cycle.
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Kali so‘zla : Eyme ioz, oocis a, pa andala , Eime ia, spo ulya siya,
koksidioz, pa azi la , in eksiya, biologiya, i ojlanish sikli.
In oduc ion: Eime ia (coccidiosis) is a p o ozoal pa asi ic disease ha is
widesp ead in poul y, especially a ec ing in e nal o gans. This disease causes se ious
damage o he heal h o poul y, slows down hei g ow h a es, and educes
p oduc i i y.
The Republic o Ka akalpaks an has i s own cha ac e is ics om o he egions
o Uzbekis an in e ms o clima e and geog aphical loca ion. The ac ha he egion
consis s mainly o dese and semi-dese a eas, high empe a u es in summe and
sha p cold in win e , as well as low humidi y le els ha e a signi ican impac on
pa asi es and hei de elopmen p ocesses. The e o e, he sp ead o p o ozoal diseases
in poul y a ming, in pa icula , he sp ead o eime ia and he li e cycle and p esence
o oocys s, i s agen s, in he ex e nal en i onmen , equi e special s udy in he
condi ions o Ka akalpaks an.
“Oocys s” play an impo an ole as a sou ce o in ec ion o eime ia. Oocys s a e
he mos s able and in ec ious s age o he Eime ia pa asi e, which is eleased in o he
ex e nal en i onmen , and h ough hem he disease sp eads apidly among poul y.
The p ese a ion o oocys s in he ex e nal en i onmen and he spo ula ion p ocess
de e mine he abili y o he pa asi es o in ec . In he condi ions o Ka akalpaks an,
especially in he summe and au umn mon hs, i is necessa y o s udy how high
empe a u es and low humidi y a ec he spo ula ion p ocess o oocys s, hei long-
e m p ese a ion and hei ole in main aining he abili y o in ec .
The impo ance o poul y a ming and eime ia disease in he condi ions o
Ka akalpaks an. Poul y a ming in he Republic o Ka akalpaks an is one o he
impo an sec o s o he economy in he li e o he popula ion. Poul y a ming has
become a common p ac ice, especially in small and medium-sized a ms, and his
sec o is he main sou ce o income o he popula ion o he egion. A he same ime,
diseases occu ing in poul y a ming, in pa icula p o ozoal diseases, including
eime ia, educe he e iciency o his sec o and cause economic damage. In he
egional condi ions o Ka akalpaks an, main aining heal h in poul y a ming,
p e en ing diseases and hei e ec i e ea men a e one o he mos u gen asks.
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The su i al and in ec iousness o pa asi es ha cause eime ia disease in he
ex e nal en i onmen a e associa ed wi h oocys s. Oocys s a e he mos s able and
necessa y s age o he pa asi e's ep oduc ion p ocess, which occu s in he ex e nal
en i onmen . As he inal s age o he pa asi e's li e cycle, hey a e eleased in o he
ex e nal en i onmen h ough eces om which he pa asi es a e exc e ed and, unde
app op ia e condi ions, u n in o an in ec ious o m (spo ula ion) capable o in ec ion.
This p ocess causes he apid and widesp ead sp ead o he disease among poul y.
Biological cha ac e is ics and de elopmen cycle o oocys s: The li e cycle o
he Eime ia pa asi e consis s o wo s ages: in e nal and ex e nal s ages. In he in e nal
s age, he pa asi e mul iplies in he bi d's body, damages cells, and he eby causes
symp oms o he disease. In he ex e nal s age, he oocys s a e eleased h ough eces,
whe e hey unde go spo ula ion and become a o m eady o in ec ion.
The de elopmen o oocys s in he ex e nal en i onmen depends on se e al
ac o s, such as empe a u e, humidi y, and oxygen a ailabili y. In he condi ions o
Ka akalpaks an, hese ac o s a e a iable, and especially high empe a u es and low
humidi y in he summe mon hs, and low empe a u es and some imes snow all in he
win e , signi ican ly a ec he iabili y o oocys s. A he same ime, he wa e bodies,
ood sou ces, and sani a y and hygienic condi ions in he egion also a ec he sp ead
o oocys s. Role o oocys s in poul y a ming and p e en i e measu es: The disease
sp eads h ough an en i onmen con amina ed wi h oocys s. The e o e, i is impo an
o s ic ly obse e hygiene ules in poul y a ms, keep eed and wa e sou ces clean,
and limi condi ions a o able o he de elopmen o oocys s.
Main pa . Eime ia (coccidiosis) is one o he mos common p o ozoal pa asi ic
diseases in poul y, caused by unicellula pa asi es o he genus Eime ia. This disease
occu s mainly in young bi ds and a ec s he gas oin es inal ac , leading o g ow h
e a da ion, inc eased eed consump ion, educed p oduc ion e iciency and e en high
mo ali y. Eime ia species p oduce oocys s du ing hei li e cycle ha a e ex emely
esis an o he ex e nal en i onmen . I is hese oocys s ha pe sis in he en i onmen
o a long ime and a e he main sou ce o he disease. The e o e, his s udy was aimed
a de e mining he adap a ion o oocys s o en i onmen al ac o s, hei in ec ious
abili y and he mechanism o disease ansmission in he condi ions o Ka akalpaks an.
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The pu pose o he s udy. To s udy he de elopmen o pa asi ic oocys s in
poul y in he ex e nal en i onmen , hei spo ula ion and in ec i i y, as well as o
de elop p ac ical ecommenda ions o educe he sp ead o he disease in
Ka akalpaks an.
The clima e o he Republic o Ka akalpaks an is sha ply con inen al, wi h ai
empe a u es ising o 40°C in he summe and d opping o −20°C in he win e . Such
ha sh clima ic condi ions di ec ly a ec he su i al and spo ula ion o oocys s in he
ex e nal en i onmen .
Biology and pa asi ic p ope ies o Eime ia species: The mos common Eime ia
species in poul y include “E. enella, E. ace ulina, E. maxima, E. neca ix, E.
b une i”. They in ec a ious pa s o he in es inal ac o poul y. Fo example, “E.
enella” o en a ec s he colon, and “E. ace ulina” - he duodenum. Al hough all
species ha e a simila li e cycle, hei le el o pa hogenici y a ies.
The li e cycle o he Eime ia pa asi e consis s o h ee main s ages:
1. Spo ogony - oocys s spo ula e in he ex e nal en i onmen unde he in luence
o oxygen and become in ec ious.
2. Schizogony - he pa asi e mul iplies in he in es inal cells o he hos ,
des oying hem.
3. Game ogony - he s age o sexual ep oduc ion, as a esul o which new
oocys s a e o med, which a e exc e ed in he eces.
A each s age, he pa asi e has a signi ican impac on he hos 's immune sys em,
in es inal mic o lo a and me abolic p ocesses. In lamma ion o he in es inal wall,
bleeding, dehyd a ion and impai ed abso p ion o nu ien s a e he main pa hogene ic
signs.
Resea ch me hodology: The s udy was conduc ed in h ee ypes o poul y
a ms in he Republic o Ka akalpaks an: small (p i a e), medium and la ge p oduc ion
a ms. 50 bi ds we e selec ed om each a m. They we e up o 3 mon hs old, du ing
which pe iod eyme iosis is mos common.
Sampling: F esh eces samples we e aken om bi ds in each a m and
deli e ed o he labo a o y unde hygienic condi ions.
The me hod o de e mining oocys s included he ollowing:
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Oocys s we e isola ed using he lo a ion me hod (in NaCl solu ion).
Thei shape, size, shell hickness and deg ee o spo ula ion we e measu ed unde
a mic oscope a 400x magni ica ion.
An a e age o 10 ields om each sample we e analyzed and he numbe o
oocys s (O.P.G — oocys pe g am) was de e mined.
Spo ula ion expe imen : The ob ained oocys s we e incuba ed in special dishes
a di e en empe a u es (20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C) and humidi y (40%, 60%, 80%) o
5 days. The pe cen age o spo ula ed oocys s was eco ded unde a mic oscope e e y
24 hou s.
S a is ical analysis: The da a ob ained we e p ocessed in he “SPSS 22.0”
p og am, and he e ec o empe a u e and humidi y on oocys de elopmen was
e alua ed using he “one-way ANOVA” me hod. A alue o P<0.05 was conside ed
s a is ically signi ican .
Resea ch objec i es: S udy he p ese a ion o oocys s in he ex e nal
en i onmen and he p ocess o spo ula ion unde di e en empe a u e and humidi y
condi ions; Assessmen o he in ec iousness o pa asi ic oocys s; Analysis o he
sp ead o he disease in poul y a ming in he condi ions o Ka akalpaks an;
De elopmen o ecommenda ions on hygiene and p e en i e measu es. The
s udy was conduc ed in h ee ypes o poul y a ms (small, medium and la ge) in he
Republic o Ka akalpaks an. Poul y aged 3 mon hs and younge we e selec ed as a
sample, since hey a e he mos suscep ible g oup o he disease.
Assessmen o in ec i i y: Labo a o y- ea ed poul y we e a i icially in ec ed
wi h oocys s. Each g oup o 10 bi ds was in ec ed wi h oocys s de eloped unde
di e en condi ions. The heal h o he bi ds, signs o disease and mo ali y we e
moni o ed o 14 days.
Oocys spo ula ion a e: The ollowing able shows he spo ula ion a e a he
end o day 5 unde di e en empe a u e and humidi y condi ions:
| Tempe a u e (°C)
Humidi y (%)|
Spo ula ion a e (%)
20
40
33
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These esul s indica e ha oocys s de elop e y quickly in he summe clima e
o Ka akalpaks an (30–35°C, 60–70% humidi y). The e o e, he isk o eime iosis
sp eading is highes in he summe mon hs.
Viabili y and in ec i i y o oocys s: Acco ding o he esul s o long- e m
s o age o oocys s: a empe a u es abo e 35°C, 50% o hem died wi hin 10 days, and
a 20°C and 80% humidi y, hey e ained hei in ec ious abili y o up o 8 weeks.
Based on hese da a, i was p o en ha oocys s can su i e o a long ime in a
cold and humid en i onmen , bu die quickly a high empe a u es.
Acco ding o he esul s o he analysis, he p e alence o eime iosis was high in
small a ms (48%), in medium-sized a ms i was 33%, and in la ge a ms i was 18%.
These di e ences depend on hygienic condi ions, disin ec ion equency, and
poul y densi y.
20
60
48
20
80
62
25
40
58
25
60
74
25
80
89
30
40
72
30
60
90
30
80
97
35
40
68
35
60
81
35
80
87
Type o a m
Disease p e alence a e
Oocys concen a ion
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Poo was e managemen , con amina ed wa e sou ces, and uncon olled eed
s o age we e iden i ied as key isk ac o s on small a ms. The e was also li le
p e en i e wo k ca ied ou in hese a eas.
The in luence o ecological ac o s: The na u al condi ions o Ka akalpaks an
play an impo an ole in he de elopmen o oocys s.
In he summe mon hs - high empe a u e and humidi y cause apid spo ula ion
o oocys s.
In he all - wi h a dec ease in empe a u e, he ac i i y o oocys s dec eases, bu
hey emain ali e o a long ime.
In he win e mon hs - cold wea he s ops he ac i e de elopmen o oocys s, bu
in a ozen s a e hey do no lose hei in ec ious abili y o se e al mon hs.
The mechanical composi ion o he soil also plays a ole: in sandy soil, oocys s
quickly d y ou and die, bu in we clay soil hei iabili y is high. This should be aken
in o accoun when choosing he loca ion o poul y a ms and building ma e ials.
Disease p e en ion and ea men measu es: P e en ion o eyme iosis
equi es a “comp ehensi e app oach”: hygiene, eed con ol, disin ec ion, use o d ugs
and accines.
Hygiene and sani a ion
• Disin ec ion o poul y houses e e y 10–15 days wi h ho wa e , o malin (2–3%) o
ammonia (10%) solu ions.
• In oduc ion o a d y li e sys em, egula ion o wa e leaks.
• Do no exceed he densi y o poul y 10–12 heads pe 1 m² o a ea.
The ollowing d ugs a e e ec i e in he ea men and p e en ion o he disease:
Tol azu il (Baycox) is gi en a a dose o 7 mg/kg o 2 days.
(%)
(in eces)|
Small a m
48
2100
Medium a m
33
1300
La ge a m
18
600
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Amp olium is added o eed o wa e a a concen a ion o 0.0125%.
Diclazu il (Clinacox) is used o p ophylac ic pu poses a a concen a ion o 1
ppm.
These d ugs s op he de elopmen s ages o he pa asi e in he in es ine and
sha ply educe he numbe o oocys s in he eces.
Vaccines: In ecen yea s, li e accines o he “Pa acox” and “Li acox” ypes
ha e shown high e iciency. They c ea e na u al immuni y in poul y and a e sa e han
chemical d ugs.
Recommenda ions o local condi ions:
Main ain a d y and clean en i onmen on a ms;
Inc ease he equency o disin ec ion in he summe mon hs;
Timely emo al o we li e ;
Keep wa e sys ems closed and p o ec ed om ex e nal con amina ion;
S eng hen he immuni y o poul y wi h p obio ic and i amin supplemen s.
Scien i ic no el y and p ac ical signi icance o he s udy: The esul s o his
s udy showed ha in Ka akalpaks an, he mos ac i e pe iod o sp ead o eyme iosis is
he summe mon hs, and 30–35°C and 60–80% humidi y a e he mos a o able
en i onmen o oocys s. This indica es he need o seasonal planning o p e en i e
measu es.
Acco ding o he esea ch esul s:
Oocys s die quickly a empe a u es abo e 35°C, and a 20°C and high humidi y
hey e ain hei in ec ious abili y o 2 mon hs.
The disease is 2.5 imes mo e common in small a ms due o lack o hygiene.
Based on hese da a, p ac ical ecommenda ions o op imizing he p e en ion
sys em and small a ms we e de eloped.
Fu u e esea ch di ec ions:
Molekulya biologiya usulla i yo damida Eime ia u la ini **gene ik
iden i ika siya qilish;
S udy he le el o esis ance o an icoccidial d ugs;
Conduc "la ge-scale moni o ing" s udies in o he egions o Ka akalpaks an;
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De elop en i onmen ally sa e bio-p ophylac ic agen s (phy op epa a ions,
p obio ics).
Conclusion: I is con i med ha in he condi ions o he Republic o
Ka akalpaks an, clima ic ac o s - ai empe a u e, ela i e humidi y and hygienic
en i onmen - signi ican ly a ec he spo ula ion and in asion ac i i y o oocys s.
Especially in ho and humid seasons, oocys s de elop as e and a e s o ed in he
ex e nal en i onmen o a long ime. Also, poo cleaning and disin ec ion wo k in
a ms, o e c owding o poul y and imp ope use o an icoccidial agen s con ibu e o
he mass sp ead o he disease. In gene al, he esul s o he conduc ed s udies indica e
he need o de elop p ac ical ecommenda ions o he p e en ion, ea ly de ec ion and
e ec i e con ol o eime iosis in poul y. In he u u e, scien i ic esea ch should be
con inued in he di ec ion o de e mining he gene ic di e si y o oocys s, de eloping
new gene a ion an icoccidial agen s and in oducing en i onmen ally sa e p e en i e
me hods.
Lis o used li e a u e
1 A ezimbe o , S., & Bekmu a o , K. (2021). Me hods o mic oscopic e alua ion o
spe m ob ained om bulls o scien i ic wo k and in p oduc ion. ACADEMICIA:
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2 A ezimbe o , S., Made o a, M., Made o a, N., & Joldasbae a, V. (2023).
VETERINARIYADA GEMOTERAPIYA. ANEMIYALAR VA QON
ZARDOBIDA TEMIRNI ANIQLASH, QON RETRAKSIYASINI ANIQLASH.
O ien al enaissance: Inno a i e, educa ional, na u al and social sciences, 3(2),
509-516.
3 A ezimbe o , S. D., Togaymu ado , M. S., & Baza bae a, A. A. (2021). Induc ion
o supe o ula ion in ca le. ACADEMICIA: An In e na ional Mul idisciplina y
Resea ch Jou nal, 11(10), 1778-1781.
4 Be diye ich, D. R., Khudoiybe di, K. A., & Ilhomo na, K. M. (2022).
Epizoo ology o eime iosis (coccidiosis) o abbi s, ea men and p e en i e
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