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UDC: 581.1:577.15:633.358
THE EFFECT OF QUINAZOLINE-THIONE DERIVATIVES ON GENE
EXPRESSION AND THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
Ayi baye Ja ohi Jonibek o’g’li, Sai kulo Foziljon E gashe ich,
Tashken s a e ag a ian uni e si y
Email: [email p o ec ed]
Shamshiddino Jahangi mi zo Khayo illaye ich,
S uden o he Ka akalpaks an ins i u e o ag icul u e and ag o echnologies
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17536684
Abs ac : This s udy in es iga es he e ec o quinazoline- hione de i a i es on gene
exp ession and hei unde lying molecula mechanisms. Quinazoline- hione compounds, known
o hei di e se biological ac i i ies, can in e ac wi h nucleic acids and egula o y p o eins,
in luencing ansc ip ional and ansla ional p ocesses. Expe imen al e idence sugges s ha
hese de i a i es modula e he exp ession o s ess- ela ed, g ow h-p omo ing, and de ense
genes in plan and mic obial sys ems. Thei ac i i y is media ed h ough signaling pa hways
in ol ing eac i e oxygen species (ROS), p o ein kinases, and ansc ip ion ac o s.
Unde s anding hese molecula in e ac ions p o ides a ounda ion o applying quinazoline-
hione de i a i es in gene ic enginee ing and bio echnology o imp o e s ess ole ance,
p oduc i i y, and esis ance in a ious biological sys ems.
Keywo ds: quinazoline- hione de i a i es, gene exp ession, molecula mechanism,
ansc ip ion egula ion, signaling pa hways, bio echnology
In oduc ion. Quinazoline and i s de i a i es ep esen one o he mos
e sa ile classes o he e ocyclic compounds possessing signi ican biological and
pha macological p ope ies. Among hese, quinazoline- hione de i a i es ha e
a ac ed inc easing scien i ic a en ion due o hei b oad spec um o biological
ac i i ies, including an imic obial, an ioxidan , an icance , and plan g ow h–
egula ing e ec s. The unique elec onic s uc u e o he quinazoline- hione
nucleus, which con ains bo h ni ogen and sul u he e oa oms, enables i s
in e ac ion wi h a ious biomolecula a ge s such as DNA, RNA, and p o eins.
This makes hese compounds p omising ools no only in medicinal chemis y bu
also in he ield o gene ic enginee ing and molecula biology.
The in e ac ion o quinazoline- hione de i a i es wi h gene ic ma e ial has
been demons a ed in se e al s udies. Thei plana a oma ic s uc u e allows o
in e cala ion in o DNA base pai s, while hei elec on-dona ing and wi hd awing
subs i uen s can in luence binding a ini y and speci ici y. Th ough hese
in e ac ions, quinazoline- hiones can modula e ansc ip ion ac o s and gene
p omo e ac i i y. Fo example, in cell cul u es, ce ain quinazoline- hione
de i a i es ha e been obse ed o up egula e genes associa ed wi h an ioxidan
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de ense and s ess ole ance. In plan sys ems, hese compounds can ac as
bios imulan s, enhancing oo and shoo de elopmen , inc easing chlo ophyll
syn hesis, and imp o ing esis ance o abio ic s esses such as d ough o salini y.
F om a biochemical pe spec i e, quinazoline- hione de i a i es exe hei e ec s
h ough complex molecula mechanisms. One o he p oposed pa hways in ol es
modula ion o eac i e oxygen species (ROS) signaling. ROS play a c ucial ole as
seconda y messenge s in s ess esponse pa hways. Con olled accumula ion o
ROS can ac i a e ansc ip ion ac o s such as WRKY, NAC, o AP2/ERF, which in
u n egula e he exp ession o de ense and s ess- esponsi e genes. Quinazoline-
hione de i a i es may in luence his signaling cascade by ei he sca enging ROS
o al e ing he ac i i y o key enzymes like ca alase and supe oxide dismu ase.
Consequen ly, hey can indi ec ly modula e gene exp ession and enhance cellula
adap a ion mechanisms.
Ano he signi ican molecula mechanism in ol es p o ein phospho yla ion
cascades. Many quinazoline-based compounds a e known inhibi o s o ac i a o s
o p o ein kinases — enzymes ha egula e cellula p ocesses h ough
phospho yla ion o a ge p o eins. By a ec ing hese kinases, quinazoline- hione
de i a i es can modula e ansc ip ional ac i a o s o ep esso s, hus in luencing
he o e all exp ession pa e n o genes.
In plan bio echnology, he applica ion o quinazoline- hione de i a i es can
open new di ec ions o enhancing c op p oduc i i y and s ess esilience. When
in eg a ed in o b eeding p og ams, hese compounds can ac as chemical egula o s
ha s imula e bene icial gene exp ession wi hou he need o ansgenic
modi ica ion. This app oach is pa icula ly ele an in he con ex o sus ainable
ag icul u e, whe e eco- iendly and non-GMO me hods a e inc easingly a o ed.
Fo example, ea men o seeds o seedlings wi h low concen a ions o
quinazoline- hione de i a i es could lead o imp o ed ge mina ion a es, as e
oo de elopmen , and highe yield po en ial h ough he ac i a ion o g ow h-
ela ed genes.
F om a s uc u al chemis y s andpoin , he unc ionaliza ion o he
quinazoline- hione ing is a key ac o de e mining i s biological ac i i y.
Subs i uen s a posi ions 2, 3, o 4 o he quinazoline ing can d as ically al e he
compound’s lipophilici y, elec onic dis ibu ion, and binding a ini y o molecula
a ge s. Fo example, he in oduc ion o me hyl, ni o, o halogen g oups may
enhance in e ac ion wi h DNA g oo es o imp o e pe meabili y h ough biological
memb anes. Ra ional design and syn hesis o such de i a i es allow esea che s o
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ailo he compounds o speci ic biological unc ions, such as a ge ed gene
ac i a ion o supp ession.
In gene ic enginee ing applica ions, quinazoline- hione de i a i es can also be
used as chemical induce s o gene exp ession. In syn he ic biology sys ems, genes
can be enginee ed unde he con ol o p omo e s esponsi e o small molecules.
When quinazoline- hione de i a i es a e applied, hey may bind o ansc ip ional
egula o s o p omo e elemen s, he eby u ning speci ic genes “on” o “o .” This
me hod p o ides a con ollable and e e sible sys em o s udying gene unc ion
and o p oducing desi ed p o eins o me aboli es in a ime-dependen manne .
Fu he mo e, quinazoline- hione de i a i es ha e po en ial use in genome
p o ec ion and epai p ocesses. Thei an ioxidan and adical-sca enging
p ope ies can p o ec gene ic ma e ial om oxida i e damage caused by
en i onmen al s ess o adia ion.
O e all, he in es iga ion o quinazoline- hione de i a i es a he molecula
le el b idges he gap be ween chemis y and gene ics. Unde s anding hei mode o
ac ion enables he de elopmen o no el bio echnological ools ha combine
chemical p ecision wi h gene ic speci ici y. The in eg a ion o hese compounds
in o gene ic enginee ing and b eeding p og ams holds p omise o c ea ing c ops
wi h imp o ed p oduc i i y, esilience, and adap abili y o en i onmen al
challenges.
In summa y, quinazoline- hione de i a i es ep esen a new gene a ion o
bioac i e molecules wi h signi ican po en ial o in luence gene exp ession h ough
mul i ace ed molecula mechanisms. Thei dual unc ionali y — as bo h signaling
modula o s and p o ec i e agen s — p o ides a ounda ion o inno a i e
app oaches in gene egula ion and plan bio echnology. Con inued in e disciplina y
esea ch combining o ganic syn hesis, molecula biology, and compu a ional
modeling will be essen ial o unlock hei ull po en ial in mode n ag icul u e and
gene ic enginee ing.
Table 1. Possible molecula a ge s and biological e ec s o quinazoline- hione
de i a i es
№
Ta ge Sys em
Molecula
Mechanism
Obse ed E ec
Applica ion
A ea
1
DNA and RNA
In e cala ion be ween
base pai s,
s abiliza ion o
nucleic acid s uc u e
Regula ion o
ansc ip ion and
eplica ion p ocesses
Gene ic
enginee ing,
gene modula ion
2
P o ein kinases
Inhibi ion o
ac i a ion o
Modula ion o s ess-
esponse and g ow h-
Plan
bio echnology,
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phospho yla ion
pa hways
ela ed genes
s ess
physiology
3
An ioxidan
enzymes (SOD,
CAT, POD)
Enhancemen o
enzyme ac i i y and
ROS sca enging
Inc eased oxida i e
s ess ole ance
C op
imp o emen ,
abio ic s ess
esis ance
4
T ansc ip ion ac o s
(WRKY, NAC, ERF
amilies)
Ac i a ion h ough
ROS and kinase
signaling
Up egula ion o
de ense and s ess-
ela ed genes
Func ional
genomics, plan
de ense s udies
Li e a u e:
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