573
UDC: 631.481; 631.626.87
CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITH SOIL FORMATION ON THE DRIED BOTTOM
OF THE ARAL SEA
Za a jon Jabba o ,
Doc o o Biological Sciences (DSc), P o esso
Na ional Uni e si y o Uzbekis an, E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Bogusław Wiłkomi ski,
Doc o o Biological Sciences (DSc), P o esso
Uni e si y o Wa saw, Poland
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Kamala din Idi iso ,
Doc o o Philosophy in Ag icul u al Sciences (PhD)
Head o he Depa men o A ac ing Ex e nal Non-Repayable Aid (G an s) and Coope a ion
wi h Dono s Council o Minis e s o he Republic o Ka akalpaks an
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17537945
Anno a siya. Орол денгизининг қуриш жараёни унинг турли қисмида турлича вақтда
кечган бўлиб, бу ҳолат ҳудуднинг тупроқ-грунтлар ва ўсимлик қопламаси шаклланишига
катта таъсир кўрсатган. Тадқиқот натижаларига кўра, денгиз тубининг шарқий қисмида
қуриш жараёни эртароқ бошлангани сабабли тупроқ шаклланиши ва ўсимлик дунёси
ривожланиши юқори даражада кечган. Бу ҳудудларда ўсимлик турлари сони кўп бўлиб,
уларнинг проектив қоплам даражаси ҳам юқори кўрсаткичга эга. Ғарбий қисмида эса
қуриш жараёни кеч бошлангани сабабли ўсимлик турлари кам ва проектив қоплам паст
кўрсаткичда аниқланди. Шарқий қисмида Haloxylon ammodend on, Haloxylon pe sicum,
Alhagi pseudalhagi, Calligonum acan hop e um, Tama ix hispida каби турлар устунлик қилса,
ғарбий қисмида Halos achys caspica, Tama ix amosissima, Aelu opus li o alis, Bassia
hyssopi olia каби турлар кенг тарқалган. Ушбу натижалар Орол денгизининг қуриш
босқичлари билан ўсимлик дунёси тарқалиши ўртасидаги узвий боғлиқликни тасдиқлайди.
Аннотация. Процесс высыхания Аральского моря происходил в разные периоды на
различных его участках, что существенно повлияло на формирование почвенно-грунтовых
условий и растительного покрова региона. Согласно результатам исследований,
восточная часть дна моря начала высыхать раньше, вследствие чего процессы
почвообразования и развития растительного мира здесь протекали активнее. В этих
районах наблюдается большее разнообразие растительных видов и высокий показатель
проективного покрытия. В западной части, где высыхание началось позднее, количество
видов растений меньше, а степень покрытия низкая. Для восточной части характерно
преобладание таких видов, как Haloxylon ammodend on, Haloxylon pe sicum, Alhagi
pseudalhagi, Calligonum acan hop e um, Tama ix hispida, тогда как в западной части
преобладают Halos achys caspica, Tama ix amosissima, Aelu opus li o alis, Bassia
hyssopi olia и другие. Полученные результаты подтверждают тесную взаимосвязь между
этапами высыхания Аральского моря и распределением растительности.
Abs ac . The d ying p ocess o he A al Sea occu ed a di e en imes in i s a ious pa s,
signi ican ly in luencing he o ma ion o soil and ege a ion co e . Acco ding o he esea ch
574
esul s, he eas e n pa o he o me seabed began d ying ea lie , which led o a mo e ad anced
s age o soil o ma ion and ege a ion de elopmen . This a ea exhibi s a g ea e di e si y o plan
species and a highe pe cen age o p ojec i e co e . In con as , he wes e n pa , whe e
desicca ion s a ed la e , has ewe species and a lowe ege a ion co e . In he eas e n a ea,
dominan species include Haloxylon ammodend on, Haloxylon pe sicum, Alhagi pseudalhagi,
Calligonum acan hop e um, and Tama ix hispida, whe eas he wes e n pa is cha ac e ized by
Halos achys caspica, Tama ix amosissima, Aelu opus li o alis, and Bassia hyssopi olia. These
indings con i m a s ong ela ionship be ween he s ages o he A al Sea’s desicca ion and he
dis ibu ion pa e ns o i s ege a ion.
Keywo ds: A al Sea, soils, ege a ion, p ojec i e co e deg ee, salini y.
In oduc ion. The A al Sea, loca ed among he dese s o Cen al Asia, has
d ied and e illed se e al imes o e he pas 10,000 yea s [Micklin, P. 2007]. The
mos ecen desicca ion o he A al Sea, si ua ed in Cen al Asia, began in 1960, and
by now only abou 10% o i s wa e emains. As a esul , app oxima ely 5 million
hec a es o sandy a eas ha e appea ed on he d ied seabed [Jabba o , Z. e al., 2024;
Maya , M.A. e al., 2024; Su, Y. e al., 2021]. The d ying o he A al Sea is
ecognized as one o he wo ld’s la ges man-made en i onmen al disas e s
[Wal ham, T. e al., 2001]. The main cause o his desicca ion was he apid
de elopmen o i iga ion sys ems [B eckle, S.W. e al., 2012]. A p esen , 90% o
he sea has al eady d ied up, and scien i ic esea ch is being conduc ed o es o e he
ecosys em. Howe e , some p oposals—such as ans e ing wa e om he Sibe ian
i e s o he Caspian Sea—pose se ious en i onmen al isks and could cause new
la ge-scale ecological p oblems [Badescu, V. e al., 2010]. The e o e, such measu es
a e conside ed imp ac ical [Aslano , I. e al., 2024]. Scien is s emphasize he need
o esis adi ional landscape p ese a ion me hods ha me ely aim o hal o e e se
ecological deg ada ion. Ins ead, a new pa adigm o an h opogenic landscape design
in he A al egion is p oposed—no only o p ese e wha emains bu also o ensu e
a meaning ul adap a ion o decline. This app oach sugges s ha he aes he ics o
designing an h opogenic landscapes should ocus on e lec ing he human impac on
he land and mi iga ing he esul ing ecological g ie , whe e non-human elemen s
and hei agency play a i al ole in o e coming en i onmen al loss [Wong, E.O.L.
2024]. En i onmen al changes in he A al Sea egion canno be a ibu ed o a single
ac o ; mul iple in e ac ing ac o s mus be conside ed. The e a e indeed limi ing
ac o s ha equi e signi ican in es men o o e come, bu doing so will con ibu e
meaning ully o he long- e m es o a ion o he a ea.
Ma e ials and Me hods. The s udy was conduc ed on he d ied bo om o he
A al Sea, co e ing bo h i s eas e n and wes e n pa s. The dis ibu ion o ege a ion
was s udied in acco dance wi h he “Me hodical Guidelines o Geobo anical Su ey
o Na u al Fo age Lands o Uzbekis an.”
575
Resul s and Discussion. The d ying o he A al Sea occu ed a di e en
imes in di e en a eas. The eas e n pa o he sea d ied i s , while he wes e n pa
began d ying app oxima ely 30 yea s la e and con inues o desicca e o his day.
Consequen ly, he soil- o ming p ocesses and ege a ion de elopmen ha e
occu ed unde dis inc condi ions, leading o di e ences in bo h soil composi ion
and plan dis ibu ion. The e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he eas e n and
wes e n pa s in e ms o ege a ion ypes and p ojec i e co e . The eas e n pa is
cha ac e ized by a highe di e si y o species and g ea e p ojec i e co e , whe eas
in he wes e n pa , he numbe o plan species and hei co e deg ee a e ela i ely
low. This pa e n is explained by he ac ha soil o ma ion began ea lie in he
eas e n egion, as desicca ion he e s a ed i s . Acco ding o he esea ch esul s,
he eas e n pa o he A al Sea hos s species such as Haloxylon ammodend on
(C.A.Mey.) Bunge ex Fenzl, Alhagi pseudalhagi (M.Bieb.) Des . ex Wange in,
Haloxylon pe sicum Bunge, Lepidium pe olia um L., Calligonum acan hop e um
I.G.Bo shch., Ammodend on conollyi Bunge ex Boiss., Ph agmi es aus alis (Ca .)
T in. ex S eud., As agalus illosissimus Bunge, Climacop e a lana a (Pall.)
Bo sch., Ca oxylon scle an hum (C.A.Mey.) Akhani & Roalson, Bassia e iopho a
(Sch ad.) Asch., Halos achys caspica (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey., Tama ix hispida Willd.,
Climacop e a a alensis (Iljin) Bo sch., Peganum ha mala L., Suaeda mic ospe ma
(C.A.Mey.) Fenzl, E emopy um i iceum (Gae n.) Ne ski, A iplex ominii Iljin,
Ephed a s obilacea Bunge, Xylosalsola ich e i (Moq.) Akhani & Roalson, and
S ipag os is ka elinii (T in. & Rup .) H.Scholz. In con as , he wes e n pa con ains
Halos achys caspica (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey., Tama ix hispida Willd., Ph agmi es
aus alis (Ca .) T in. ex S eud., Aelu opus li o alis (Gouan) Pa l., Alhagi
pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Des . ex Wange in, Tama ix amosissima Ledeb.,
Haloxylon ammodend on (C.A.Mey.) Bunge ex Fenzl, Climacop e a a alensis
(Iljin) Bo sch., Bassia hyssopi olia (Pall.) Kun ze, Haloxylon pe sicum Bunge, and
Ca oxylon scle an hum (C.A.Mey.) Akhani & Roalson (Figu es 1 and 2).
576
Figu e 1. Plan species dis ibu ed in he eas e n pa o he d ied A al Sea
bed and hei p ojec i e co e age deg ee, %
15
10
10
1
0,5
0,5
15
15
55
1
25
0,5
2
5
0,5
0,5
0,5
8
10
1
0,5
010 20 30 40 50 60
S ipag os is ka elinii (T in. & Rup .) H.Scholz
Xylosalsola ich e i (Moq.) Akhani & Roalson
Ephed a s obilacea Bunge
A iplex ominii Iljin
E emopy um i iceum (Gae n.) Ne ski
Suaeda mic ospe ma (C.A.Mey.) Fenzl
Haloxylon ammodend on (C.A.Mey.) Bunge ex Fenzl
Alhagi pseudalhagi (M.Bieb.) Des . ex Wange in
Haloxylon pe sicum Bunge
Lepidium pe olia um L.
Calligonum acan hop e um I.G.Bo shch.
Ammodend on conollyi Bunge ex Boiss.
Ph agmi es aus alis (Ca .) T in. ex S eud.
As agalus illosissimus Bunge
Climacop e a lana a (Pall.) Bo sch.
Ca oxylon scle an hum (C.A.Mey.) Akhani & Roalson
Bassia e iopho a (Sch ad.) Asch.
Halos achys caspica (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey
Tama ix hispida Willd.
Climacop e a a alensis (Iljin) Bo sch.
Peganum ha mala L.
P ojec i e co e age deg ee, %
Plan s
20
1
5
1
1
10
20
1
1
1
5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Halos achys caspica (M.Bieb.) C.A.Mey.
Tama ix hispida Willd.
Ph agmi es aus alis (Ca .) T in. ex S eud.
Aelu opus li o alis (Gouan) Pa l.
Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Des . ex Wange in
Tama ix amosissima Ledeb.
Haloxylon ammodend on (C.A.Mey.) Bunge ex Fenzl
Haloxylon pe sicum Bunge
Ca oxylon scle an hum (C.A.Mey.) Akhani & Roalson
Climacop e a a alensis (Iljin) Bo sch.
Bassia hyssopi olia (Pall.) Kun ze
P ojec i e co e age deg ee, %
Plan s
577
Figu e 2. Plan species dis ibu ed in he wes e n pa o he d ied A al
Sea bed and hei p ojec i e co e age deg ee, %
F om he igu es abo e, i is e iden ha he composi ion o plan species and
hei p ojec i e co e age deg ee in he eas e n and wes e n pa s o he d ied A al
Sea bed di e signi ican ly. This di e ence can be explained by he ime o he A al
Sea’s desicca ion and he p ope ies o soil and g ound ma e ials.
Conclusion and ecommenda ions. Due o he ac ha he d ying p ocess
o he A al Sea occu ed a di e en s ages in i s eas e n and wes e n egions, he
de elopmen o ege a ion also a ies. In he eas e n pa , soil o ma ion and plan
communi y de elopmen a e mo e ac i e, esul ing in a g ea e numbe o plan
species and highe co e age deg ee. In he wes e n pa , since he d ying began la e ,
he numbe o plan species is lowe , and he biological ac i i y o he soil is weak.
This condi ion is closely ela ed o he age o he soil, mois u e con en , salini y le el,
and en i onmen al ac o s.
Funding S a emen : This wo k was suppo ed by he Minis y o
Inno a ional De elopmen o he Republic o Uzbekis an. Numbe FL-8323102111
on opic "C ea ing a scien i ic basis o g ouping a eas o plan ing plan s acco ding
o he salini y, physical, chemical and biological p ope ies o he soils dis ibu ed in
he d y bo om o he A al Sea".
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