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FROM ARTHASHASTRA TO ATMANIRBHAR AND VIKSIT BHARAT: A CONTINUUM OF
INDIAN ECONOMIC THOUGHT TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Ind anil Roy1, D . Sau abh P an Sha ma2*
1Pos -g adua e s uden , Depa men o Economics, Gauha i Uni e si y, Guwaha i, Assam, India
2Associa e P o esso , Depa men o Economics, A ya Vidyapee h College (Au onomous), Guwaha i, Assam.
India
2*sau abhp ansha m[email p o ec ed]
ABSTRACT
The A hashas a, au ho ed by p o ound s a egis , economis and philosophe Kau ilya (popula ly known as
Chanakya), is one o he mos signi ican and no ewo hy ex ha he Indian his o y and adi ion has e e
wi nessed. I is one o he mos p ominen in age ex ha conce ns wi h he ields o poli ics, adminis a ion,
economics and philosophy. The insigh s om he A hashas a e o lessly wi hs ands he es o ime and
ha en’ los hei ele ance ill day, wi h i s lesson being implemen ed, s ill o ges excellence. Mode n
economies om ac oss he wo ld aces se e al bo lenecks in hei policies and i is a p ominen challenge o
cu -o he pe ec balance o achie ing as -paced de elopmen bu simul aneously accompanied by
sus ainabili y. The s udy con e ges upon he p ominen lessons d awn explici ly om he A hashas a i sel ,
speci ically ocusing upon he economic aspec s, om which inspi a ion can be d awn o c a con empo a y
and mode n economic policy amewo ks so as o acili a e he achie emen o he global sus ainable
de elopmen goals in he domes ic le el. The chie a ea o ocus lies upon he aspec s conce ning e icien
inancial decen aliza ion, e icien ma ke con ol, ideal in e es amewo k, ad oca ion o an e hical and
i uous inancial sys em and e icien e enue mobiliza ion. These p inciples inco po a ed in he
A hashas a p o ides a i id bluep in o ideal economic policy amewo ks, which i implemen ed has
immense po en ial o acili a e and uel he p og ession owa ds he a ainmen o Sus ainable de elopmen
Goals (SDGs) and c a e a smoo h pa hway o simul aneously achie e he Indian d eam o Viksi Bha a
uelled by Sel - eliance (A mani bha a). Thus, his s udy makes an a emp o e alua e he lessons om he
A hashas a and hei sui abili y o being implemen ed in a mode n economic amewo k o acili a e he
achie emen o A mani bha Bha a and SDGs.
Keywo ds: A hashas a, Economics, sus ainabili y, Sus ainable de elopmen Goals, A mani bha Bha a
1. INTRODUCTION
The A hashas a, au ho ed by p o ound s a egis , economis and philosophe Kau ilya (popula ly known as
Chanakya), is one o he mos signi ican and no ewo hy ex ha he Indian his o y and adi ion has e e
wi nessed. I is one o he mos p ominen in age ex ha conce ns wi h he ields o poli ics, adminis a ion,
economics and philosophy. The insigh s om he A hashas a e o lessly wi hs ands he es o ime and
ha en’ los hei ele ance ill day, wi h i s lesson being implemen ed, s ill o ges excellence. The
A hashas a may po en ially be he answe o mos i no all, ques ions and challenges ha a e aced by he
mode n economies om all a ound he wo ld. The economy o any coun y s ands as i s p ima y backbone
suppo ing he unde akings o i s i al ope a ions and acili a es i s de elopmen . Howe e , economies om
ime immemo ial, aces nume ous bo lenecks ha hinde s he achie emen o equilib ium and s abili y.
Al hough he dynamic na u e o mode n economies leading o he a ousal o he necessi y o pe pe ual
adjus men s canno be igno ed, he necessi y o ideal economic policies ha shall compose and sus ain a nea
o ideal s a us is ine i able. The a ious b anches o economics majo ly discuss upon his subjec -ma e ,
a emp ing o o mula e polices and amewo ks ha shall acili a e he main enance o s able and sus ainable
ope a ion and de elopmen o he economy. Fu he mo e, he concep o sus ainable de elopmen has gained
immense pace in he concu en imes, owed o he ealisa ion o i s impo ance o os e sus ained g ow h.
Signi ican emphasis is being laid upon he achie emen o he Sus ainable de elopmen goals (SDGs) on a
global scale, and he o mula ion o e e y policy and scheme o e e y sec o o a coun y is aimed o be
unde aken whils keeping hese Goals in mind. Fu he mo e, he Indian goal o Viksi Bha a @2047, uelled
by he policy o “A mani bha Bha a ”, wi hholds majo impo ance in he ligh o his subjec -ma e . India
commi s upon building a p og essi e, empowe ed, and sel - elian na ion unde i s Viksi Bha a doc ine,
nu u ed by he policy o sel - eliance o A mani bha a. No ably, he achie emen o his goal is subjec ed o
app op ia e and s ong economic policy backing, lacking which, i shall emain as a dis an d eam.
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Thus, he alignmen o economic policies wi h hese goals is o u mos impo ance o any coun y, as wi hou
economic endo semen and assis , he idea o achie emen o hese goals becomes absu d. In his case, he
A hashas a shall be p edominan ly esou ce ul i eso ed o, in sea ch o hese idealis ic policy o mula ion
amewo ks and bluep in s. The A hashas a inculca es a ious p inciples o ancien adminis a ion o
economy ha may po en ially p o ide aluable insigh s in o subjec s like inancial decen aliza ion, e icien
ma ke con ol, ideal in e es amewo k, e icien e enue mobiliza ion, ad oca ion o a non-co up inancial
sys em e c. These insigh s, i blended and in eg a ed in o mode n economic amewo ks ollowing equisi e
modi ica ions ensu ing i s adhe ence o sui abili y c i e ions, shall po en ially p o ide esolu ions o mos
challenges ha pose as se e e bo lenecks o mode n economic planne s o execu e an ideal economic
a angemen os e ing sus ainable de elopmen . Howe e , necessa y p ecau ions ha e o be unde aken o
judge and subs an ia e hei sui abili y so as o ealise he po en ial o hese p inciples a hei bes .
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The no ion o e alua ing he po en iali y o insigh s om A hashas a o design sus ainable and ideal mode n
economic policy amewo ks is no a con empo a y one. Nume ous a emp s ha e been made o ecognize he
ideal p inciples inculca ed in he A hashas a and hei sui abili y in esol ing mode n challenges and
bo lenecks aced by economic policy planne s. Fo Ins ance:
S udy by (Bha , 2023) a emp s o explo e he A hashas a wi h special allusion o economic go e nance and
public inance. Amongs he di e se ange o opics concen a ed upon, no ably, he iden i ica ion o se en
sou ces o e enue o he s a e by he A hashas a, iz. Income om c own p ope y, Income om s a e
con olled ac i i ies, Taxes in cash and in kind, T ade, Fees and se ice cha ges, Fines and Miscellaneous is
discussed and applauded. Fu he mo e, he p inciples o A hashas a conce ned wi h he e icien
managemen o public inance is laid emphasis upon. Addi ionally, insigh s e lec ing Kau ilya’s emphasis
upon social wel a e and economic de elopmen and inancial managemen is add essed and explo ed. In
condensa ion, i is concluded ha he A hashas a emphasizes he c i ical ole o easu y managemen ,
inancial anspa ency, and accoun abili y in go e nance. I s p inciples o e enue gene a ion, aud
p e en ion, and balancing s a e managemen wi h ci izen wel a e emain ele an . These insigh s align wi h
and add ess challenges in mode n public inance.
(Chak abo y & Du a, 2021) s udies he in eg a ion o mode n economics and A hashas a, whe ein, hey
p ima ily discuss some o he c ucial challenges and hinde ances aced by he a ious sec o s o he Indian
economy and simul aneously, he ini ia i es unde aken by he go e nmen o cu b hem. Subsequen ly, hey
e alua e he A hashas a’s ake on hese issues, ci ing ha i is qui e su p ising o wi ness he way Kau ilya
add essed he a ious a eas o he economy and he ex en o i s ele ance wi h he p esen wo ld economy.
Fu he mo e, hey ho oughly discuss he insigh s om A hashas a pe aining o he issues conce ned wi h a
di e se ange o sec o s o he economy. In conclusion, hey men ion ha his ways a e ui ul e en oday i
ollowed p ope ly and nume ous p oblems like poo co po a e cul u e, co up ion, oublesome axa ion
policy, de ici budge ing, egional and communal disc imina ion can be o e come success ully and ha he
applica ion o his hough s will su ely open he pa h o 'e a o p ospe i y' o ou belo ed na ion.
(Mu hukuma , 2024) s udies he Rele ance o insigh s om he A hashas a in Con empo a y Go e nance
and T ade Policies. The s udy highligh s Kau ilya’s economic hough s, ci ing ha , The A hashas a
emphasizes ideologies conce ning equi able axa ion, s a egic in es men s in in as uc u e, and policies
os e ing sus ainable g ow h. Fu he mo e, i is men ioned ha i unde sco es he impo ance o e hical
conduc , anspa ency in ade, and s a e egula ion o ensu e ai ness and s abili y. Addi ionally,
in as uc u e de elopmen and long- e m planning a e highligh ed as i al o economic p ospe i y and
socie al wel a e. Wi h special allusion o ade and comme ce, i is ci ed ha he A hashas a ad oca es o
bo h domes ic and in e na ional ade. Fai axa ion, s anda dized cu ency, and ade policies ha ensu e
s abili y and anspa ency ha e been emphasized upon. E hical business p ac ices, ee compe i ion, and us
in ma ke dynamics a e cen al o his ision o economic p ospe i y. They men ion ha , The A hashas a
o e s imeless insigh s in o economic go e nance, emphasizing s a e egula ion, equi able axa ion, and
in as uc u e de elopmen o os e g ow h and s abili y. The ocus on e hical conduc and ai ness in
business aligns wi h mode n alues o co po a e esponsibili y and sus ainable p ac ices. In condensa ion,
hese p inciples p o ide guidance o c ea ing inclusi e and p ospe ous socie ies.
F om he analysis o he a ious li e a u es, i could be obse ed ha he idea o eso ing o he p inciples o
A hashas a o esol e and ackle mode n economic challenges has been discussed widely and a ious sec o s
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and aspec s o an economy has been delibe a ed upon. Howe e , a peculia i y can be obse ed om he
e alua ion o he s udies, whe ein, majo i y o hem e alua es upon he p inciples wi h an agg ega e
iewpoin , lacking shee speci ici y. Mo eo e , mos o he s udies conduc ed upon his heme neglec s and
o e looks he sus ainabili y angle o his heme. Fu he mo e, app oaches blending p inciples o A hashas a
in o mode n economics ha wi hholds po en iali y owa ds he ideology o sus ainabili y is oo p edominan ly
bypassed and o e looked, gi ing ise o a po en ial esea ch gap. Thus, his s udy aims a ul illing his gap,
whe ein he blend o A hashas a p inciples in o mode n economic amewo ks is analysed in he ligh o he
idea o sus ainable de elopmen and SDGs.
3. OBJECTIVE
A. To e alua e he p inciples o A hashas a acili a ing he o mula ion o Mode n Economic policy
amewo ks.
B. To analyse he po en iali y o he policy amewo ks in os e ing he achie emen o Sus ainable
de elopmen and sus ainable de elopmen goals (SDGs)
4. METHODOLOGY
The Resea ch ocuses on g illing he di e se p inciples o he A hashas a and subsequen ly in eg a ing hem
in o mode n economic policy amewo k while simul aneously os e ing sus ainable de elopmen . Fo he
pu pose o s udy, majo ly a quali a i e app oach was eso ed o and he in o ma ion o he same we e
sou ced solely om seconda y sou ces o us ed o igins like Jou nals, esea ch pape s, go e nmen and p ess
eleases. Fu he mo e, hey we e analysed h ough heo e ical me hods and app op ia e conclusions we e
d awn.
5. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
The A hashas a inculca es nume ous p inciples which con ey insigh ul bluep in s and lessons o o mula e
economic polices os e ing sus ainabili y. In he subsequen analysis, each sui able po ion/p inciple shall be
speci ically obse ed and e alua ed, so as o de i e he F amewo k o he p eposi ion, Key akeaway om he
p inciple he implica ion in concu en imes o each p inciple and hei alignmen wi h sus ainable
de elopmen Goals (SDGs). The quo a ions ha shall be u ilised a e exclusi ely sou ced om (Shamasas y,
1951).
I. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
The A hashas a’s Book II, Chap e XXXV men ions:
“HAVING di ided he kingdom (janapada) in o ou dis ic s… along wi h hei colleagues and ollowe s
a end o hei du ies likewise.”
a) F amewo k o p eposi ion:
The amewo k con eys he di ision o kingdom in o ou dis ic s and illage is di ided in o h ee ca ego ies,
iz. i s , middle and lowes ank, which shall be bough unde one o ano he o he ou di isions:
Pa ihá aka (Tax-exemp illages); áyudhíya (Soldie -supplying illages); G ain, ca le, gold (hi anya), o
ma e ial-paying illages (kupya) and Vish i and dai y-p o iding illages. The e is he p esence o a Village
Accoun an (Gopa) whose esponsibili y is o keep ack o he accoun s o i e o en illages, including
egis e ing land, c ops, animals, axes (e.g., numbe ing he houses as axpaying o non- axpaying), and he
numbe o people in he illage, along wi h hei occupa ions and income. Then he e is a dis ic o ice
(S hánika), who is esponsible o he accoun s o a qua e o he kingdom. The supe ision unc ion is
unde aken by commissione s (p odesh á ah) who inspec he wo k o illage and dis ic o ice s, including
collec ion o a special eligious ax called bali. These o ice s also ensu e ha he eco ds o axes, land
owne ship, and popula ion a e accu a e. The nex impo an elemen o he p eposi ion a e he spies who
disguise hemsel es as householde s, me chan s, asce ics, o e en hie es o ga he in o ma ion; iz., he
accu acy o illage and dis ic eco ds, he mo emen o people, goods, and me chandise, he a i al and
depa u e o o eign ade s o spies and he ac ions o go e nmen o icials, a me s, me chan s, and o he s.
b) Key akeaways:
The amewo k ad oca es he idea o di ision o he axable e i o y on a ious basis, be i anks o on he
basis o ype o ax o be le ied (I any). This acili a es ease in adminis a ion and de e mining sui able ax
h esholds. Fu he mo e, he s uc u e p opaga es he concep o mul i a ious axa ion, ensu ing di e si y in
he na u e o ax o be collec ed o ul il all- ound equi emen s. Mo eo e , he obliga ion o collec ing ax is
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no a ibu ed o one pe son bu is dis ibu ed amongs mo e han one indi idual including an o ice
esponsible o supe ision o he ease o adminis a ion. Fu he mo e, disguised spies a e ec ui ed as a
ac ical measu e o ensu e p ope axa ion, law en o cemen , and economic managemen .
c) Recommended policy implica ions based on he obse ed amewo k
The amewo k inspi es o design a axa ion sys em inculca ing he cannon o di e si y, which is indeed a
equisi e cha ac e is ic o a good ax sys em, which ci es ha he s a e should no depend upon a concen a ed
ange o axes bu upon a much b oade spec um, o a ge and ouch e e y sec ion o he popula ion, in equal
e ms, so as o boos e enue and os e equi y. Mo eo e , he s uc u e should ea u e a mul i- ie ed sys em o
collec ion, whe ein he ax is collec ed on a ious le els.
d) Alignmen wi h SDGs
This s uc u al con igu a ion shall acili a e o achie e SDG 1 (No Po e y), 8 (Decen Wo k and Economic
G ow h) and 10 (Reduced Inequali y), as such a ax sys em shall assis in e adica ion o po e y and
inequali y and os e economic g ow h.
II. EFFICIENT MARKET CONTROL
The A hashas a’s Book II, Chap e XVI men ions:
“THE Supe in enden o Comme ce shall asce ain demand o absence o demand o ... he shall anspo his
me chandise o p o i able ma ke s and a oid unp o i able ones”
a) F amewo k o p eposi ion:
The amewo k men ions he esponsibili ies o he Supe in enden o Comme ce, who is a high- anking
o icial esponsible o managing ade and comme ce. He bea s a numbe o esponsibili ies including
Managing Supply and Demand, Cen aliza ion o Goods, P ice Con ol and Fai T ade, Suppo ing Fo eign
T ade, Sale o he King’s Me chandise e c. I is elabo a ed ha ; he Supe in enden mus ca e ully ack he
demand o locally p oduced and impo ed goods so as o es ima e and e alua e cu en ma ke ends. He
acili a es he Cen aliza ion o Goods, whe ein, i ce ain goods a e a ailable in many ma ke s, he
Supe in enden should cen alize hese goods by collec ing hem in one loca ion, which can hen be used o
inc ease hei p ice. The Supe in enden also aims o a oid allowing goods o be sold a excessi ely high
p ices. Fo goods ha a e equen ly needed by people, he e should be no es ic ions on when hey can be
sold, and hese goods should no be subjec o he nega i e e ec s o cen aliza ion. The Supe in enden
should suppo o eign me chan s who b ing goods in o he kingdom by exemp ing hem om ce ain ade
axes.
b) Key akeaways:
The amewo k men ions he unc ions o he go e nmen conce ning he ma ke , which shall be ca ied ou
by a ec ui ed o icial known as he Supe in enden o comme ce. Via his o icial, he go e nmen aims a
e alua ing he ma ke dynamics and making in o med decisions ega ding he ansac ion o goods, iz.
buying, selling, o dis ibu ing goods. The go e nmen also decides upon he op imal iming o i s
unde akings, so as o simul aneously maximize p o i s o he kingdom and mee he needs o he popula ion.
The go e nmen ad oca es he cen aliza ion o goods wi h he mo i e o inc easing hei p ice so as o make
he goods mo e aluable. The go e nmen asse s on p ice con ol so as o sa egua d he popula ion om
exploi a ion and cu ing a balance be ween easonable p o i s o me chan s and wel a e o he people.
Fo eign ade is signi ican ly encou aged by he go e nmen .
c) Recommended policy implica ions based on he obse ed amewo k:
The go e nmen should asse necessa y con ol o e he ma ke by keeping a pa o he i al sec o s o he
economy unde he public sec o , iz; Educa ion, heal h, banking e c, so as ensu e wel a e in he economy and
e adica e po e y and inequali y. The go e nmen should implemen necessa y policies o achie e he a ious
ideal objec i es including, e icien p ice con ol o necessa y commodi ies ia subsidies and ax imposi ions,
ideal o eign ade policies o build ade ela ions leading o lou ishing impo s and expo s e c. These shall
acili a e he seamless ope a ion o ma ke s, deli e ing op imis ic ou comes o de elopmen whils
elimina ing he cu ses o po e y and inequali y.
d) Alignmen wi h SDGs
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This s uc u al con igu a ion shall acili a e o achie e SDG 1 (No Po e y), SDG 2 (Ze o Hunge ), SDG 8
(Decen Wo k and Economic G ow h), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequali ies) and SDG 12 (Responsible
Consump ion and P oduc ion).
III. PROFICIENT FISCAL MOBILIZATION
The A hashas a’s Book II, Chap e VI men ions:
“THE Collec o -Gene al shall a end o ( he collec ion o e enue om) o s (du ga), coun y-pa s ( ásh a),
mines …...Thus a wise collec o -gene al shall conduc he wo k o e enue-collec ion, inc easing he income
and dec easing he expendi u e.”
a) F amewo k o p eposi ion
The amewo k men ions nume ous elemen s o an ideal iscal policy. I s a es ha , he e enue shall be
collec ed by he Collec o -Gene al om se e al di e en a eas; Fo s ( axes om olls, ines, weigh s and
measu es, he own-cle k e c), Coun y Pa s ( e enue om c own lands, eligious axes, axes paid in money,
e c), Mines (Re enue om mine als like gold, sil e , diamonds, sal e c), Buildings and Ga dens ( lowe
ga dens, we ields, and c ops g own om oo s like suga cane), Fo es s (Re enue om game- o es s ( o
hun ing), imbe - o es s ( o wood), e c). These o m he sou ces o go e nmen income, o ming wha
Kau ilya calls he "body o income" (áyasa í am). Mo eo e , he a ious o ms o e enue o he go e nmen
om which i ecei es income a e laid emphasis upon, which includes, Capi al (múla), Sha e (bhága), P emia
( yáji), Fixed Taxes (kl ip a), P emia on Coins ( úpika) and Fixed Fines (a yaya), which a e e e ed o as
"mou hs o income" (áyamukha). Fu he mo e, he expendi u e aspec is highligh ed upon, whe ein i is
ca ego ised in o Daily and P o i able Expendi u e. Daily expendi u e includes Regula cos s, such as
main enance o he oyal ha em, ki chen, messenge se ice, wa ehouses, a mou y e c, while p o i able
expendi u e includes Cos s associa ed wi h in es men s aimed a gene a ing p o i o o he long- e m bene i s
o he s a e. The goal o he go e nmen is o manage hese wo ypes o expendi u e e ec i ely so ha hey
do no exceed he go e nmen 's income. Kau ilya also men ions he di ision o ime and he equi emen o
he collec o gene al o keep ack o he wo k being done in he go e nmen . Fu he mo e, he eceip s o he
go e nmen a e ca ego ised in o Cu en Receip s (Va amána), Las Balance (Pu yushi a) and Acciden al
Receip s. The ne balance is he amoun emaining a e all he e enue has been accoun ed o and a e all
expendi u es ha e been deduc ed. This balance can ei he be posi i e ( e enue exceeds expenses) o nega i e
(expenses exceed e enue).
b) Key akeaways:
The amewo k lays an ideal bluep in o seamless iscal ope a ions in an economy. I asse s ha he body /
sou ce o income o a go e nmen should be mul i- ace ed, aiming o ex ac e enue om a di e se ange o
sou ces. The na u e o he e enue imposed (also known as body o income) is mul idimensional,
emphasizing upon a wide a ay o e enues o be collec ed. The expendi u e o be incu ed is ca ego ised wi h
ega ds o he na u e o expendi u e o acili a e e icien moni o ing and managemen o expenses. The
e minal objec i e o he go e nmen is o e ec i ely balance he expenses wi h ega ds o he income so as o
p e en he occu ences o de ici s o he go e nmen budge .
c) Recommended policy implica ions based on he obse ed amewo k
The go e nmen should eso o a di e se and mul idimensional na u e o axa ion so as o p e en he
inse ion o bu den on any one sec o o aspec o he economy. The expendi u e should be incu ed while
keeping he income in mind, and a emp s should be made o p e en de ici s. Though his may seem o
ad oca e he p inciple o sound inance, bu i is an i a ional and un ealis ic no ion o mode n economies
whe e a balanced budge majo ly doesn’ exis . Howe e , he poin o be no ed is ha , hough i is no
obliga o y o main ain a balanced budge , a highly de ici budge o a p olonged pe iod is de imen al o an
economy. Thus, in mode n economies, he budge should be e ec i ely managed o p e en he de imen s o
he de ici s om impac ing he g ow h o he economy.
d) Alignmen wi h SDGs and Viksi Bha a doc ine
This s uc u al con igu a ion shall acili a e o achie e SDG 17 (Pa ne ships o he Goals), SDG 8 (Decen
Wo k and Economic G ow h) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequali ies) and aligns wi h he Viksi Bha a ’s ision
o build a p og essi e, empowe ed, and sel - elian India.
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Thus, he a ious p inciples inculca ed in he A hashas a possess immense ele ance and po en ial o shape
mode n economic policy amewo ks ha shall sus ain and os e sus ainable de elopmen .
6. CONCLUSION
The pape aimed a e alua ing he lessons F om A hashas a wi h expec ed po en iali ies o shape Sus ainable
Economic Policy F amewo ks. Speci ically, he lessons laid emphasis upon he e icien inancial
managemen , e icien ma ke con ol and a p o icien iscal policy amewo k. Upon analysis, i could be
asce ained ha he nume ous p inciples o he A hashas a indeed possess immense po en ial o inspi e
mode n sus ainable policy amewo ks. The a ious s uc u al composi ions shall acili a e de elopmen upon
nume ous aspec s o an economy and assis o e adica e he majo challenges o an economy like po e y,
inequali y, ques ion o wel a e e c. No ewo hily, hese challenges a e i sel he majo hind ances owa ds he
achie emen o Sus ainable de elopmen and he Indian d eam o Viksi Bha a , and e en he Sus ainable
de elopmen goals a e hemsel es conce ned wi h he elimina ion o hese h ea s. Thus, i he policy
amewo ks po en ially aid in ackling hese complica ions, di ec alignmen can be d awn be ween hese
amewo ks and he goals o Viksi Bha a and SDGs and he same is i idly unde aken in his s udy. E e y
composi ion laid a bluep in wi hholding po en ial o inspi e policy amewo ks ha can acili a e he
e adica ion o one hind ance o he o he leading o eased achie emen o speci ic sus ainable de elopmen
goals, which can be majo ly boos ed h ough an app op ia e blend o sel - eliance (A mani bha a), as
os e ed by he A hashas a. Howe e , he magni ude o he sui abili y and e ec i eness o hese amewo ks
a e subjec ed o e icien edesigning and implemen a ion as pe equi emen s and he same shall be e ealed
by he e i able esul s o he es o ime.
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