Supplemen a y Ma e ial o ‘A Sou h A ican pe spec i e on he 2023 IPBES
Thema ic Assessmen Repo on In asi e Alien Species and hei con ol’
Ci a ion o he o iginal a icle:
Wilson JRU, Faulkne KT, Fe nández Winze L, McCulloch-Jones EJ, an Wilgen BW, Blancha d
R, Ca bu C, Dechoum MS, Foxc o LC, G e e M, Hui C, I ey P, Kgope B, Kumschick S, le Roux
PC, Masehela TS, Measey J, Miza S, Mogapi T, Mpikanisi F, Mulaudzi L, Nelukalo K, Nnze u L,
Nsikani MM, Pa ison Z, Rahlao SJ, Richa dson DM, Robinson TB, Shackle on RT, Te e ai F,
Tshidada N, Tshikhudo PP, Tshi handekano I, Wanjau K, Zille SR, Zengeya TA (2025) A Sou h
A ican pe spec i e on he 2023 IPBES Thema ic Assessmen Repo on In asi e Alien
Species and hei con ol. A ican Biodi e si y & Conse a ion 55. doi:10.38201/abc. 55.9
The a icle and his supplemen a y ma e ial can be ound a :
h ps://www.abcjou nal.o g/index.php/abc/a icle/ iew/531
This supplemen a y ma e ial is a chi ed a : h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5281/zenodo.17543246
Copy igh : © 2025. The Au ho s.
Licensee: SANBI. This wo k is licensed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0
In e na ional License
Supplemen a y Table S1. IPBES IAS Assessmen expe s and coun ies o affilia ion ............... 2
Supplemen a y Table S2. The key message pa ag aphs om he IPBES IAS Assessmen and
he co esponding Sou h A ican si ua ion ................................................................................ 3
Supplemen a y Table S3. Objec i es and ac ions o managing biological in asions wi h
de ails o he Sou h A ican si ua ion ...................................................................................... 27
Supplemen Table S4. Knowledge and da a gaps iden ified in he IPBES IAS Assessmen in he
con ex o Sou h A ica ............................................................................................................ 35
Supplemen a y Re e ences ...................................................................................................... 49
2/57
Supplemen a y Table S1. IPBES IAS Assessmen expe s and coun ies o
affilia ion
As expe s1 can ha e mul iple coun ies o affilia ion, he o al in he able is g ea e han he
o al numbe o expe s. 25 expe s lis ed Sou h A ica as an affilia ion: co-chai s (0/3);
coo dina ing lead au ho s (2/14): Melodie A. McGeoch, Seba aolo J. Rahlao; lead au ho s
(3/69): Ryan Blancha d, Llewellyn C. Foxc o , Ola L.F. Weyl; con ibu ing au ho s (17/199 +
3 also lis ed unde o he oles): Bianca Hagen, B uce R. Ellende , Cang Hui, Clin on Ca bu ,
Colleen T. Downs, Da id M. Richa dson, Johannes J. le Roux, John Measey, Julie A. Coe zee,
Llewellyn C. Foxc o , Luis R. Pe ie a, Ndi huwo Shi ambu, Philip I ey, Ross T. Shackle on,
Ryan Wasse man, Sab ina Kumschick, Sean M. Ma , Tinyiko Ca in Shi ambu, Tsungai A.
Zengeya, Za ah Pa ison; and e iew edi o s (3/12): Cang Hui, Da id M. Richa dson, John R.
Wilson. By compa ison, 9 expe s lis ed o he A ican coun ies as an affilia ion.
Coun y
Numbe o expe s
wi h ha affilia ion
UK
39
USA
35
Aus alia
28
Ge many
25
Sou h A ica
25
A gen ina
18
I aly
17
Swi ze land
15
New Zealand
13
Canada
12
Ecuado
11
Spain
11
B azil
9
Po ugal
9
F ance
8
Ne he lands
8
India
7
Aus ia
6
Chile
6
Czech Republic
5
Japan
5
China
4
Cyp us
4
No way
4
Denma k
3
Es onia
3
G eece
3
I an
3
Mexico
3
Tu key
3
1 IPBES does no call con ibu ing au ho s ‘expe s’ and he e m ‘au ho s’ is p e e ed o desc ibe all oles
( hough e iew edi o s a e o cou se no au ho s). Fo simplici y we use he e m expe o e e o all hose
in ol ed and au ho s o e e o hose esponsible o con en . Membe s o he Technical Suppo Uni (based
in Japan) we e no included he e, hough hey all played c i ical oles in he p oduc ion o he IPBES IAS
Assessmen
Coun y
Numbe o expe s
wi h ha affilia ion
A menia
2
Belgium
2
Fiji
2
Finland
2
Ghana
2
Kenya
2
Nepal
2
Panama
2
Tanzania
2
Venezuela
2
Bela us
1
Boli ia
1
Came oon
1
Canada
1
Colombia
1
Cos a Rica
1
I eland
1
Is ael
1
Leso ho
1
Poland
1
Republic o Ko ea
1
Romania
1
Russian Fede a ion
1
Senegal
1
Slo enia
1
S i Lanka
1
Uganda
1
U uguay
1
Zimbabwe
1
3/57
Supplemen a y Table S2. The key message pa ag aphs om he IPBES IAS Assessmen and he co esponding Sou h
A ican si ua ion
The key message pa ag aphs a e aken e ba im om he IAS Assessmen (IPBES 2023) and spli in o sec ions ha wa an sepa a e esponses.
The deg ee o esonance o Sou h A ica was e alua ed as one o fi e alues (comple ely ag ee, la gely ag ee, somewha simila , diffe en and
no applicable) wi h one o ou le els o confidence [well es ablished, es ablished bu incomple e, un esol ed and inconclusi e (IPBES 2018)].
See Table 1 in he pape o u he de ails o he me hod o sco ing. See Table 2 in he pape o he sco ing o he key messages hemsel es.
The ocus is on mainland Sou h A ica and he immedia e offsho e en i onmen (including islands).
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
A1
Mo e han 37 000 es ablished alien species
ha e been in oduced by human ac i i ies
ac oss all egions and biomes o Ea h …
O e 3 500 alien species a e p esen ou side o cap i i y o cul i a ion. Alien axa ha e been
eco ded in all biomes, all bu one wa e managemen a ea, and in all in-sho e ma ine
eco egions. No alien axa ha e been eco ded in o sho e ma ine eco egions. The deg ee o
es ablishmen o hese axa is no sys ema ically eco ded ye .
Zengeya e al. (2023)
A1
…, wi h new alien species p esen ly being
eco ded a an unp eceden ed a e o
app oxima ely 200 annually.
Th ee new alien species ha e been eco ded pe yea , bu his is likely an unde es ima e o he
numbe o in oduc ions. This numbe does no include hose legally in oduced o which he
isk has been assessed and ound o be accep ably low.
The global igu e used in he IPBES IAS Assessmen (200 pe yea ) is ac oss all combina ions o
coun ies and alien species. As such i is ha d o di ec ly compa e his o he a e o Sou h
A ica.
Faulkne (2023)
A1
S udies wi h e idence o nega i e impac s
exis o mo e han 3 500 o hese species,
which a e ca ego ized as in asi e alien species.
O e 1 000 axa a e ca ego ised as in asi e, bu only 36 axa ha e been o mally e alua ed o
hei en i onmen al impac (using he IUCN’s En i onmen al Impac Classi ica ion o Alien Taxa
me hodology). The economic impac o only 71 axa has been documen ed.
Van Wilgen e al.
(2022b), Zengeya e
al. (2023)
A1
The p opo ion o es ablished alien species
known o be in asi e a ies among axonomic
g oups, anging om 6 pe cen o all alien
plan s o 22 pe cen o all alien in e eb a es.
Abou a hi d o he alien species ound ou side cul i a ion o cap i i y in Sou h A ica a e
in asi e and hese a e mos ly plan s (74%) and e es ial in e eb a es (14%). Es ima es a e
likely o be lowe i we also conside all alien species only ound in cap i i y o cul i a ion. No e
he de ini ions o es ablished and in asi e di e be ween he Sou h A ican s a us epo and
he IPBES IAS Assessmen (c . Box 1 in he pape ).
Zengeya e al. (2023)
4/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
A1
Twen y pe cen o all impac s a e epo ed
om islands.
Majo impac s ha e been obse ed on Sou h A ica’s o sho e and insho e islands. Fo example,
Robben Island has many in asi es, which ha e ans o med he habi a (e.g., ca s ha e
impac ed penguins and wa les ans o med he landscape). O he islands ha e abbi s and
mice, bu hese ha e no been o mally assessed o impac . Sou h A ica has ew islands, and
mos o sho e islands a e only ecen ly sepa a ed om he mainland and so ew ca y unique
species. The si ua ion on he P ince Edwa d Islands is dis inc .
Fe nández Winze e
al. (2023, 2025),
Welle e al. (2014)
A1
A disp opo iona e numbe o documen ed
nega i e impac s ha e been epo ed in
e es ial ealms, especially in empe a e and
bo eal o es s and woodlands and cul i a ed
a eas (including ag icul u al land).
&
Abou one qua e o documen ed nega i e
impac s ha e been epo ed om aqua ic
ealms, especially om inland su ace
wa e s/wa e bodies and shel ecosys ems.
T ees and eshwa e ishes, in pa icula , ha e ‘Majo ’ nega i e impac s on people and na u e
ac oss he coun y. Signi ican impac s a e also seen along he coas , pa icula ly in he
in e idal zone. No alien species we e eco ded on shel ecosys ems and so no impac s we e
eco ded.
Almos all mone a y cos s a e no ed o he e es ial en i onmen , wi h only 1% o cos s
epo ed o he aqua ic ealm.
McCulloch-Jones e
al. (2024), Robinson
e al. (2020),
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
A1
In addi ion o hei impac s on na u e, abou
16 pe cen o in asi e alien species ha e
nega i e impac s on na u e’s con ibu ions o
people, and abou 7 pe cen on good quali y
o li e.
Impac s ha e no been e alua ed as pe he IPBES aming o impac s on ‘na u e’s con ibu ions
o people’ and ‘good quali y o li e’. Mo eo e , he impac s o in asions on ag icul u al and
human heal h ha e no been sys ema ically colla ed o da e and lis s o in asi e axa in such
ecosys ems a e no as ye in eg a ed wi h lis s o species ha pose h ea s o he en i onmen ,
biodi e si y o ecosys em se ices.
None
A2
In asi e alien species ha e con ibu ed solely
o alongside o he d i e s o 60 pe cen o
eco ded global ex inc ions, and a e he only
d i e in 16 pe cen o he documen ed global
animal and plan ex inc ions.
In asi e plan s ha e been implica ed in ~20% o plan ex inc ions in Sou h A ica (7 ou o 33)
(al hough no as he main d i e ). In asi e ishes ha e been implica ed in he ex i pa ion o
se e al eshwa e ishes.
Chakona e al.
(2022), Van de Col
e al. (2023)
5/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
A2
Bio ic homogeniza ion, whe eby biological
communi ies a ound he wo ld become mo e
simila , is a majo nega i e impac o in asi e
alien species, wi h consequences o he
s uc u e and unc ioning o ecosys ems.
Wi h he global mo emen o alien species, many p e iously unique ecosys ems in Sou h A ica
now ha e simila species composi ions o analogous clima ic egions elsewhe e in he wo ld
(e.g., Medi e anean- ype ecosys ems). Some alien plan species occu ac oss he coun y, bu
di e en assemblages o alien plan s occu in di e en pa s o he coun y: ynbos-speci ic
in ade s, g assland-speci ic in ade s, mois -sub opical in ade s and semi-a id in ade s.
Richa dson e al.
(2020b)
A2
Changes in he p ope ies o ecosys ems, such
as soil and wa e cha ac e is ics, accoun o
mo e han a qua e o documen ed impac s.
No e alua ed as a pe cen age o documen ed impac s. The e ha e been no able impac s on
nu ien cycling, signi ican changes o hyd ology, and e ec s eco ded on he in ensi y and
equency o wild i es.
Van Wilgen e al.
(2022b), Zengeya
and Wilson (2023)
A2
The magni ude and ypes o impac s a y o
di e en in asi e alien species and ac oss
ecosys ems and egions.
The impac s o only 36 alien species ha e been assessed o mally, bu hese species ha e
impac s ha a y in hei magni ude (‘Minimal Conce n’ o ‘Massi e’) and mechanism (including
compe i ion, disease ansmission, changes o ecosys em unc ioning, and pa asi ism).
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
A2
The majo i y o documen ed global ex inc ions
a ibu ed mainly o in asi e alien species
ha e occu ed on islands (90 pe cen ), and
local ex inc ions accoun o 9 pe cen o
documen ed impac s o in asi e alien species
on islands.
Wi h ew islands, impac s a e much mo e p ominen on he mainland. The si ua ion on he
P ince Edwa d Islands is dis inc .
Fe nández Winze e
al. (2023, 2025)
A2
Some a eas, despi e being p o ec ed o
na u e conse a ion o being emo e, a e also
ulne able o he nega i e impac s o in asi e
alien species.
All p o ec ed a eas o which he e a e da a ha e alien species, wi h he a ea in aded anging
om mino o ex ensi e.
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
A3
In 2019, global annual cos s o biological
in asions we e es ima ed o exceed
US$ 423 billion.
The IPBES IAS Assessmen global es ima e inco po a es bo h damage and managemen cos s,
which comp ise modelled (his o ical o cu en cos p ojec ions) and obse ed es ima es (ac ual
incu ed cos s). These cos s ha e been sepa a ely epo ed o Sou h A ica.
The obse ed annual cos o managemen is ZAR 150M (2022 alues); he modelled annual cos
o managemen is ZAR 3.6B; and he modelled annual cos o damage is: ZAR 1–10B. The e was
insu icien da a o ge an es ima e o he obse ed annual cos o damage.
McCulloch-Jones e
al. (2024)
6/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
A3
The as majo i y o global cos s (92%) acc ue
om he nega i e impac s o in asi e alien
species on na u e’s con ibu ions o people o
on good quali y o li e, while only 8 pe cen o
ha sum is ela ed o managemen
expendi u es o biological in asions.
O he o al obse ed cos s, 85% we e due o nega i e impac s and 15% ela ed o managemen
expendi u e.
McCulloch-Jones e
al. (2024)
A3
The bene i s o people ha some in asi e
alien species p o ide do no mi iga e o undo
hei nega i e impac s, which include ha m o
human heal h (such as disease ansmission),
li elihoods, wa e secu i y and ood secu i y …
Fo many species, bene i s a e seen in he sho e m, bu nega i e impac s a e el elsewhe e
and la e in ime; wi h in asions o en becoming a ne nega i e.
Shackle on e al.
(2007), Van Wilgen
and Richa dson
(2014), Weyl e al.
(2017), Zengeya e
al. (2017)
A3
… wi h educ ion in ood supply being by a
he mos equen ly epo ed impac (mo e
han 66%).
In asi e plan s can educe he ca ying capaci y o angelands o li es ock p oduc ion a a a m
scale by 75%. In Sou h A ica, in asi e plan s a e es ima ed o educe he alue o li es ock
p oduc ion by ZAR 340M, his could inc ease as he in asions sp ead. The o e all cos o
ag icul u e has no been es ima ed.
O’Conno and Van
Wilgen (2020), Yapi
e al. (2018)
A4
People wi h he g ea es di ec dependence on
na u e, including hose in ol ed in gende -
and age-speci ic ac i i ies, such as ishing o
weeding, may be disp opo iona ely a ec ed
by in asi e alien species.
Al hough a spa ial co ela ion has been shown be ween income le els and he p esence o
in asi e plan s, he e is no clea e idence o disp opo iona e impac s. By con as , he e is
clea e idence ha hose who di ec ly depend on na u e in Sou h A ica o en u ilise in asi e
species.
Ellende and Weyl
(2014), Reynolds e
al. (2020),
Shackle on e al.
(2007)
A4
Mo e han 2 300 in asi e alien species a e
ound on lands managed, used and/o owned
by Indigenous Peoples ac oss all egions o
Ea h, h ea ening hei quali y o li e and
o en leading o gene al eelings o despai ,
sadness and s ess.
The numbe o in asi e species ound on ‘lands managed, used and/o owned by Indigenous
Peoples’ has no been speci ically e alua ed. Resea ch on he impac s o in asions in communal
land a eas in Sou h A ica has ound ha people bene i (in he sho e m) om some in asi e
species; his has no ye been mapped. Please no e ha he e minology used in Sou h A ica is
o en di e en om he IPBES e minology (c . Box 4 in he pape ).
De Nee gaa d e al.
(2005), Shackle on
e al. (2007),
Shackle on and
Shackle on (2018),
Woo on and
Shackle on (2023),
Yapi e al. (2018)
7/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
A4
Indigenous Peoples and local communi ies,
e hnic mino i ies, mig an s, and poo u al and
u ban communi ies a e disp opo iona ely
impac ed by in asi e alien ec o -bo ne
diseases.
Rela i ely high densi ies o alien disease ec o s (e.g., oden s) in u al a eas and u ban in o mal
se lemen s pu people in hese a eas a isk o con ac ing zoono ic diseases. The Depa men
o Heal h and a ious municipali ies ha e ini ia ed ec o con ol, especially ela ing o oden s
and mosqui oes. Mos o his esea ch, howe e , is om he pe spec i e o heal h a he han
he en i onmen o social science.
Bas os e al. (2011),
Jassa e al. (2013),
Lebelo (2020)
A4
Biological in asions nega i ely a ec he
au onomy, igh s and cul u al iden i ies o
Indigenous Peoples and local communi ies
h ough he loss o adi ional li elihoods and
knowledge, educed mobili y and access o
land, and inc eased labou o manage he
in asi e alien species.
The de ini ions used in Sou h A ica a e no always he same as hose used by IPBES (Box 4).
None heless compa able issues ha e been e alua ed in some cases. E idence o such nega i e
impac s a e a ailable om ac oss A ica, pa icula ly o subsis ence ag icul u e.
Yapi e al. (2018)
A4
Impac epo s by some Indigenous Peoples
and local communi ies documen 92 pe cen
nega i e impac s and 8 pe cen posi i e
impac s on na u e caused by in asi e alien
species.
The e a e examples o bo h posi i e and nega i e impac s, bu he ela i e p opo ion has no
been es ima ed. Cu en in o ma ion is a he pa chy. Bo h a e needed o inc ease he numbe
o s udies and o a me hod o summa ise in o ma ion.
See e e ences in
o he sec ions.
A5
Up o 2020, only pa ial p og ess was made
owa ds in e na ional goals and a ge s (e.g.,
Aichi Biodi e si y Ta ge 9 and Sus ainable
De elopmen Goal Ta ge 15.8).
Sou h A ica has made signi ican p og ess owa ds epo ing on biological in asions, as well as
de eloping he indica o s needed o do so.
Wilson e al. (2018),
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
A5
While mos coun ies ha e a ge s ela ed o
he managemen o biological in asions wi hin
hei na ional biodi e si y s a egies and
ac ion plans, e ec i e policies a e o en
lacking o inadequa ely implemen ed.
A na ional s a egy and ac ion plan is unde de elopmen . A na ional a ge o 2030 o espond
o ou obliga ions unde he KM-GBF o he CBD is also unde de elopmen .
The Na ional En i onmen al Managemen : Biodi e si y Ac o 2004 and he Alien and In asi e
Species Regula ions along wi h o he legisla ion guide managemen ac i i ies, as does Sou h
A ica’s Na ional Biodi e si y S a egy and Ac ion Plan 2014–2025. Howe e , coo dina ion is
lacking and he ex en o in e en ions a y.
Lukey and Hall
(2020), Wilson and
Kumschick (2024)
8/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
A5
Eigh y- h ee pe cen o coun ies do no ha e
na ional legisla ion o egula ions di ec ed
speci ically owa d he p e en ion and con ol
o in asi e alien species.
Na ional legisla ion add essing alien plan s has been in place since 1983, and since 2014
add essing all alien axa. Regula o y lis s a e in place and ha e been upda ed e e y ew yea s.
Di e en legisla ion is in place o add ess di e en aspec s o he p oblem (e.g., ag icul u e and
biodi e si y); hese aspec s a e no well aligned.
Kumschick e al.
(2020a), Lukey and
Hall (2020), Wilson
and Kumschick
(2024)
A5
Policy ele an o biological in asions is also
agmen ed wi hin coun ies and ac oss
sec o s.
Va ious na ional policies add ess biodi e si y and plan heal h, bu he e is no in eg a ed single
policy on biological in asions.
Lukey and Hall
(2020)
A5
To da e, capaci y o espond o biological
in asions has a ied widely ac oss egions,
wi h nea ly hal o all coun ies (45%) no
in es ing in managemen o in asi e alien
species (SDG indica o 15.8.1).
App oxima ely ZAR 320 million (adjus ed o 2020 alues) has been spen by he go e nmen
annually (1998–2020), la gely on managing plan in asions, al hough he annual expendi u e
has declined ecen ly. This igu e does no include biosecu i y and in es men by p i a e
companies, hough o he e idence shows ha signi ican in e en ions a e in place (no ably he
Cape Town Wa e Fund). Volun ee g oups a e making subs an ial inpu s.
Jubase e al.
(2021a), S a o d e
al. (2019), Tu pie e
al. (2019), Van
Rensbu g e al.
(2017), Van Wilgen
e al. (2022a)
A5
Di e ences in pe cep ion, including con lic ing
in e es s and alues, o he impo ance and
u gency o he h ea o in asi e alien species,
coupled wi h lack o awa eness o he need o
a collec i e and coo dina ed esponse, as well
as gaps in da a and knowledge, can hinde he
managemen o in asi e alien species.
The managemen o con lic -gene a ing species has been pa icula ly challenging and
managemen in e en ions ha e o en equi ed ade-o s ha aim o p ese e bene i s while
limi ing nega i e impac s. S akeholde engagemen a ound he managemen o cac i in asions
has helped build sha ed unde s anding in Sou h A ica.
No oa e al. (2017),
Zengeya e al. (2017)
A5
Economic de elopmen policies and hose
aiming o manage o he d i e s o change
some imes acili a e biological in asions.
Ac ions o imp o e wa e secu i y ha e esul ed in biological in asions h ough in e -basin
wa e ans e schemes. Rela i ely new policies such as he p omo ion o aquacul u e as a
sou ce o ood and Sou h A ica as a des ina ion o he main enance o oil and gas
in as uc u e could acili a e new in oduc ions, while u u e clima e change mi iga ion and
adap a ion s a egies (e.g., ca bon seques a ion p ojec s) simila ly pose a h ea .
Bio uels/biomass o s imula e u al de elopmen could also c ea e in asions (e.g., Ja opha and
bamboo).
Faulkne e al.
(2020), Richa dson
and Blancha d
(2011), Van Wilgen
e al. (2023b)
9/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
A5
Demog aphic d i e s also acili a e he
in oduc ion and sp ead o in asi e alien
species while acknowledging ha d i e s di e
ac oss egions and le el o impac .
People ha e immig a ed o Sou h A ica om di e en egions a di e en imes b inging plan s
and animals om hei home egions o se e a ious pu poses. T ade in alien species (such as
pe s) is ocused in highly popula ed a eas, and alien species ichness (a leas o bi ds and
plan s) is highes a ound u ban a eas.
Faulkne e al.
(2020), Man in silili
e al. (2022),
Measey
e al. (2020),
Shi ambu e al.
(2021), Shi ambu e
al. (2022), Zengeya
and Wilson (2023)
A5
The lack o bo de biosecu i y (such as
inspec ions unde aken by qua an ine o ice s
o commodi ies, goods and people) in one
coun y weakens he e icacy o such
measu es in o he coun ies.
Mos A ican coun ies ha e a low capaci y o p e en he in oduc ion o alien species. The
sp ead o alien species be ween A ican coun ies ep esen s an impo an and possibly
inc easing h ea o Sou h A ica’s biosecu i y. Ag eemen s such as he A ican Con inen al F ee
T ade Ag eemen will acili a e biological in asions especially conside ing ha neighbou ing
ju isdic ions do no apply biosecu i y in e en ions p e-po and a -po o he same ex en as
Sou h A ica.
Ea ly e al. (2016),
Faulkne e al.
(2017)
B1
Many in asi e alien species ha e been
in en ionally in oduced ou side hei na u al
ange a ound he wo ld o hei pe cei ed
bene i s wi hou conside a ion o knowledge
o hei nega i e impac s …
Mos e es ial and eshwa e alien species in oduced o Sou h A ica ha e been in en ionally
in oduced. These include hund eds o plan axa o o namen al/ho icul u al, o es y and
ag icul u al pu poses, and animals o ishing o as pe s.
Faulkne e al.
(2016), Faulkne e
al. (2020)
B1
…, bu he e ha e also been many
unin en ional in oduc ions, including as
con aminan s o aded goods and s owaways
in shipmen s.
Many alien o ganisms ha e been acciden ally in oduced, pa icula ly wi h impo ed plan s,
animals o hei p oduc s, and h ough shipping. The ela i e impo ance o acciden al
in oduc ions has inc eased o e ime.
Faulkne e al.
(2020), Faulkne e
al. (2016)
B1
Indi ec d i e s o change, pa icula ly hose
associa ed wi h economic ac i i ies, o which
in e na ional ade is he mos impo an , a e
inc easingly acili a ing anspo and
in oduc ion, he ea ly s ages o biological
in asion.
The i s known in oduc ions we e in en ional, wi h plan s and animals being in oduced o
se e speci ic pu poses (economic, aes he ic, esou ce ela ed), bu as Sou h A ica’s ade and
anspo inc eased and expanded geog aphically, and echnologies changed, in oduc ion
pa hways became di e se, wi h acciden al in oduc ions beginning o play a mo e impo an
ole.
Faulkne e al.
(2020)
16/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
C3
O e he las 100 yea s, 88 pe cen o
e adica ion a emp s on 998 islands ha e
p o en success ul, especially o in asi e alien
e eb a es.
The e a e a ew examples o ex i pa ion o in asi e e eb a es om in-sho e islands, including
abbi s om Robben Island.
Da ies e al. (2020b)
C3
La ge-scale e adica ions ha e been achie ed
bu in many cases a e likely o be in easible.
No examples om Sou h A ica. As a highly connec ed con inen al sys em, la ge-scale
e adica ions would o en equi e egional collabo a ion. In gene al, hese a e only possible on
islands.
None
C3
The e a e also examples o e adica ion o
in asi e alien plan s and in e eb a es,
pa icula ly o hose wi h limi ed dis ibu ion.
A snail species was e adica ed om mainland Sou h A ica, se e al ongoing p og ammes a e
unde way o plan s, and possibly se e al undocumen ed cases exis . The e a e no ma ine
examples.
Wilson e al. (2013)
C3
Adop ion o app op ia e ools and
echnologies and in ol emen o ele an
s akeholde s unde pin and imp o e he
success o e adica ion p og ammes.
Se e al alien ish species ha e been ex i pa ed om disc e e wa e ca chmen s using ei he
mechanical me hods (gill ne s, elec o ishing and seine ne ing) o chemical con ol (use o
piscicides such as o enone).
Da ies e al. (2020b),
Zengeya and Wilson
(2020)
C3
Sus ained in es men is equi ed o
e adica ion p og ammes bu hey a e
gene ally mo e cos -e ec i e han long e m
and pe manen con ol o he cos s incu ed
h ough inac ion.
ZAR 183 million has been in es ed be ween 2006 and 2020 on alien plan s ha a e po en ial
a ge s o e adica ion. Addi ional esou ces ha e been in es ed o e adica e alien pes s o
ag icul u al c ops. The cos e ec i eness o hese in es men s has no been es ima ed.
Van Wilgen e al.
(2020)
C4
Physical con ol alongside chemical con ol
op ions in e es ial and closed wa e sys ems
a e gene ally only e ec i e a a local scale and
can ha e non- a ge e ec s.
The b oad-scale impac o he bicide usage in effo s o con ol in asi e plan s in Sou h A ica has
no been ully e alua ed. Wo king o Wa e has, howe e , had p ojec s co e ing 2.7 million ha,
which is ~ 14 % o he es ima ed in aded a ea, wi h some cases demons a ing effec i e con ol
a landscape scales.
Van Wilgen e al.
(2023a), Van Wilgen
e al. (2022a)
C4
Biological con ol can be applied o widely
dis ibu ed in asi e alien species and has been
success ul in managing some in asi e alien
plan s, in e eb a es and, o a lesse ex en ,
plan pa hogenic mic obes and e eb a es, …
A leas 17 species ha e been b ough unde pe manen con ol h ough biological con ol and
educ ions in many o he in asions exis . Biological con ol can also be e ec i ely deployed
agains in asi e plan species wi h limi ed dis ibu ions.
Olcke s (2004), Van
Wilgen e al.
(2023a),
Zacha iades
e al. (2017)
17/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
C4
… bu i may also ha e non- a ge e ec s i no
well egula ed. In e na ional s anda ds and
isk-based egula o y amewo ks o
biological con ol ha e been used in many
coun ies o manage isks, and con inue o be
success ully applied.
In o e a cen u y o classical biological con ol in Sou h A ica he e has been no signi ican non-
a ge damage. Sou h A ica has p ocesses in place o adhe e o in e na ional bes p ac ice in
he ield.
Hill e al. (2020),
I ey e al. (2021)
C4
In eg a ed managemen , whe e mo e han
one con ainmen o con ol op ion a e used,
can imp o e ou comes.
In eg a ed managemen has shown posi i e esul s; o example, he use o biological con ol in
he landscape in combina ion wi h si e-based con ol.
Nsikani e al. (2018),
Van Wilgen e al.
(2001)
C5
Managemen ou comes can be imp o ed by
he in eg a ion o si e- and/o ecosys em-
based managemen op ions ha enhance
ecosys em unc ion and esilience.
See C4.
See C4
C5
F equen long- e m moni o ing o si es
ensu es ea ly de ec ion o in asi e alien
species, including e-in asions, and can in o m
u he managemen ac ions.
Moni o ing is c ucial o he managemen o biological in asions; hence clea ing effo s a e o en
accompanied by ollow-up ea men s aimed a educing e-in asions.
Nsikani e al. (2017)
C5
In ma ine and connec ed wa e sys ems,
ecosys em es o a ion has so a p o ed o be
la gely ine ec i e.
No es o a ion has been a emp ed in ma ine o connec ed wa e sys ems in Sou h A ica.
The e is no e idence ha i would be success ul.
None
C5
Adap i e managemen , possibly combining
mul iple op ions, will imp o e managemen o
biological in asions unde ongoing clima e and
land-use change.
The e a e cases o es o a ion effo s in he coun y ha ha e combined mul iple op ions (e.g.
biological con ol, manual emo al o a ge in ade s, ollow-ups and seed applica ion) leading
o enhanced ecosys em eco e y h ough he managemen o ba ie s o ecological es o a ion.
F amewo ks o adap i e managemen ha e been de eloped.
Foxc o (2004),
Nsikani e al. (2018)
C5
In eg a ing si e and/o ecosys em-based
app oaches can imp o e managemen
ou comes o biological in asions and also
enhance ecosys em unc ioning unde ongoing
clima e and land-use change.
The applica ion o biological con ol in he landscape educes he ep oduc i e ou pu o
in ade s and slows hei sp ead. When combined wi h si e-based clea ing ha is ollowed-up by
es o a ion, managemen ou comes ha e been imp o ed. Simila ly, in aqua ic en i onmen s,
biological con ol o floa ing aqua ic in asi e plan s p omo es ecosys em eco e y.
Coe zee e al.
(2020), Mo i soe e
al. (2020), Nsikani e
al. (2018)
18/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
C6
Engaging s akeholde s, including he p i a e
sec o , and Indigenous Peoples and local
communi ies in he collabo a i e managemen
o biological in asions is impo an o social
accep abili y and imp o ing en i onmen al,
social and economic ou comes, pa icula ly
whe e he e a e con lic ing pe cep ions o he
alue o in asi e alien species and he e hics o
managemen op ions.
Specific app oaches and amewo ks o engage wi h s akeholde s on he issue o biological
in asions we e de eloped by Sou h A ican s akeholde s a a wo kshop in Cape Town.
Collabo a i e engagemen ac oss sec o s (including academics, go e nmen ins i u ions and
p i a e s akeholde s) is being unde aken o suppo he sus ainabili y o biological con ol
p og ammes in he coun y.
I ey e al. (2024),
Jubase e al.
(2021a),
No oa e al.
(2018)
C6
Managemen ac ions also bene i om sha ing
and collabo a ion ac oss knowledge sys ems.
The e a e a a ie y o ac i e wo king g oups and an annual na ional symposium on biological
in asions and hei managemen . In addi ion, building collabo a i e go e nance ini ia i es can
help o ensu e su icien unding o esea ch and managemen ha is ele an o s akeholde s’
needs. Howe e , mo e can be done in Sou h A ica o p omo e his bo h wi hin and ou side o
academia.
Ab ahams e al.
(2019), Foxc o e
al. (2020), I ey e al.
(2024)
C6
Recognizing Indigenous Peoples’ and local
communi ies’ knowledge, igh s and
cus oma y go e nance sys ems in acco dance
wi h na ional legisla ion also helps o imp o e
long- e m managemen .
Managemen o biological in asions, pa icula ly in communal a eas, o en akes place in
consul a ion wi h adi ional leade ship and au ho i ies. These ha e no , howe e , been well
documen ed as a as we a e awa e. Unde s anding local pe spec i es and needs is being
conside ed inc easingly by manage s and decision-make s and has helped o shape discou ses
on managemen and go e nance [ o example, jus i ying he suppo o he in oduc ion o
mo e damaging biological con ol agen s o managing in asi e Nel uma (p osopis) in he
No he n Cape]. In addi ion, in some a eas, local communi ies a e e y ac i e in managing hei
local en i onmen s o p e en o limi in asions, his could be a use ul le e age poin o build
collabo a i e go e nance mo ing o wa d.
I ey e al. (2024),
Jubase e al.
(2021a), Shackle on
e al. (2007),
Shackle on e al.
(2015)
19/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
D1
S a egic ac ions o p e en he in oduc ion
and impac o in asi e alien species include:
enhancing coo dina ion and collabo a ion
ac oss in e na ional and egional mechanisms;
de eloping and adop ing e ec i e and
achie able na ional s a egies; sha ing e o s
and commi men and unde s anding he
speci ic ole o all ac o s; imp o ing policy
cohe ence; b oad engagemen ac oss all
s akeholde s and Indigenous Peoples and local
communi ies; esou cing inno a ion, esea ch
and echnology; and suppo ing in o ma ion
sys ems, in as uc u es and da a sha ing.
These a e discussed in u n in Table 3 in he pape .
A ‘pa icipa o y u u ing p ocess’ has been applied wi h a iew o scaling up a ange o al eady
success ul o p omising in e en ions o ans o m and imp o e in asi e species managemen in
Sou h A ica.
Van Velden e al.
(2023)
D2
In e na ional, na ional and local agencies
in ol ed in de eloping policies o he
en i onmen , ag icul u e, aquacul u e, ishing,
o es y, ho icul u e, bo de con ol, shipping
(including bio ouling), ou ism, ade (including
online ade in animals, plan s, and o he
o ganisms), communi y and egional
de elopmen (including in as uc u e),
anspo a ion and he heal h sec o can all
play a ole in de eloping a cohe en app oach
o managing biological in asions and
p e en ing and con olling in asi e alien
species.
Va ious policies and legisla ion exis , bu hese a e no comple ely aligned. O he ac ions (i.e.,
hose no a he bo de ) a e no cohe en (e.g., di e en isk analyses sys ems o di e en
h ea s).
A newly c ea ed in a-depa men al Alien and In asi e Species Fo um was es ablished by he
DFFE o acili a e in eg a ed go e nance ac oss all aspec s o biological in asions. The in en ion
is o i o become in e depa men al.
The e a e a ious p o incial wo king g oups and pa ne ships wi h a ious sec o s (e.g., he
ho icul u al and o es y indus ies). These acili a e discussions a ound egula o y lis s
published o public consul a ion, in a ew cases while lis s a e being implemen ed. The e a e,
howe e , se e al un esol ed issues (e.g., how o add ess he isks o ho icul u al cul i a s).
The Bo de Managemen Au ho i y (BMA) was es ablished as a schedule 3(A) public en i y and
he hi d law en o cemen agency on 1 Ap il 2023. The BMA is he single au ho i y o he
managemen o Sou h A ica’s bo de s. The BMA in eg a es and acili a es he implemen a ion
o biosecu i y in e en ions a po s o en y and he Bo de Law En o cemen a ea unde a
single command and con ol.
Che y e al. (2024),
Wilson and
Kumschick (2024),
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
20/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
D2
Enhancing coo dina ion and collabo a ion
ac oss in e na ional and egional mechanisms
is one o he key s a egic ac ions o apid and
ans o ma i e p og ess. In e na ional and
egional pa ne ships can imp o e
managemen o biological in asions.
The e a e pa ne ships be ween A ican coun ies o moni o o new alien species, hese
pa ne ships end o be indus y speci ic (e.g., he Fo es In asi e Species Ne wo k o A ica
moni o s o o es y pes s).
The e a e inc easing ini ia i es a he le el o he Sou he n A ican De elopmen Communi y
(SADC) and he e is he po en ial o an A ica-wide s a egy o add ess biological in asions.
Howe e , he e is li le e idence o on-g ound implemen a ion o such ini ia i es. A g ea e
ocus on bo om-up app oaches (e.g., h ough esea ch and managemen collabo a ion) migh
lead o angible imp o emen s.
To ou knowledge
he e has been no
gene al pe spec i e
pape on his opic
o RSA
D2
Collabo a ion and co-de elopmen wi h
Indigenous Peoples and local communi ies can
inc ease he e ec i eness o implemen ed
s a egies.
The IPBES de ini ions do no always co espond o de ini ions used in Sou h A ica, bu he
sen imen does (c . Box 4 in he pape ).
The e a e a ious hack g oups, spo e ne wo ks and a me g oups. Some e o s ha e gone
in o ansla ing in o local languages. The e a e also land use incen i e p og ammes.
Recen ly, a m-le el managemen s a egies o imp o e he con ol o Nel uma in asions in he
No he n Cape we e co-de eloped by mul iple local and na ional s akeholde s. This d ew
hea ily on co-de eloped na ional s a egy sugges ions. Simila ly, co-de elopmen ac ions o
s a egic planning ha e been de eloped o o he axa, such as in asi e cac us species.
I ey e al. (2024),
Jubase e al.
(2021a), Kaplan e
al. (2017), No oa e
al. (2016), Nxele e
al. (unpublished),
Shackle on e al.
(2017)
D3
Implemen a ion- ocused na ional biodi e si y
s a egies and ac ion plans can help o spu
s a egic ac ions and es ablish he p ope ies
o he go e nance sys ems equi ed o he
success ul p e en ion and con ol o in asi e
alien species and he managemen o
biological in asions, and wo k owa ds
deli e ing Ta ge 6.
Sou h A ica’s Na ional Biodi e si y S a egy and Ac ion Plans (NBSAPs) included ac i i ies o
add ess biological in asions. The Con en ion on Biological Di e si y’s p og amme o wo k
p o ides an obliga ion o Sou h A ica o de elop a na ional s a egy (which is unde
de elopmen ).
Unde de elopmen
21/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
D3
Coo dina ed e o s o s eng hen na ional
egula o y ins umen s a e also p io i ies,
including hose o online ading and he
c ea ion o app op ia e policies o he
de elopmen and use o en i onmen ally
sound echnologies, as well as making
a ailable da a and in o ma ion accessible.
Na ional egula o y ins umen s: he managemen o biological in asions is mainly in o med by
he NEM:BA A&IS Regula ions o 2014 and as e ised in 2016 and 2020. These egula ions
p o ide a lis o axa ha equi e managemen . Inclusion o axa in hese lis s was ini ially
la gely in o med by expe opinion; howe e , isk analyses a e inc easingly being elied upon o
in o m he lis o species a ge ed o managemen . I
mp o emen s o he egula ions ha e been
made, e.g., amendmen s o The Na ional En i onmen al Laws Amendmen Ac , 2022 (NEMLAA)
which came in o e ec on 30 June 2023.
Online ading: some s udies ha e looked a his, hough he e is no a speci ic policy.
De elopmen and use o en i onmen ally sound echnologies: biological con ol is well
egula ed.
Making a ailable da a and in o ma ion accessible: he Sou h A ican s a us epo p o ides a
c ucial unc ion in his ega d. Risk analyses a e no in public domain ye , bu he plan is o
hem o be published in conce wi h e isions o egula o y lis s. Howe e , much mo e needs
o be done. Fo example, he cu en biosecu i y landscape is agmen ed and cha ac e ised by
se e al da abases and in en o ies ha a e managed by a ious en i ies, including go e nmen
depa men s and en i ies, non-p o i o ganisa ions and esea ch ins i u ions. While he e has
been some coope a ion be ween hese en i ies, he a ying o ma , con en and comple eness
o hese da abases make i di icul o ully de ine he scope o biosecu i y. The e a e signi ican
gaps in he a ailable in o ma ion on pa hways o in oduc ion and dispe sal, making i di icul
o de elop e ec i e biosecu i y measu es. A cen alised and comp ehensi e sys em o
managing biosecu i y, which in eg a es he exis ing da abases and in en o ies in o a uni ied
sys em, is in de elopmen .
I ey e al. (2021),
Man in silili e al.
(2022), Nelu ule e
al. (2020), Shi ambu
e al. (2020), Wilson
and Kumschick
(2024)
D3
Ma ke -based ins umen s such as ax elie
and subsidiza ion can be used o incen i ize
ac ion and spu ele an in es men .
Paymen s o ecosys em se ices ha e been p oposed, bu no ye implemen ed. Value-added
indus ies ha u ilise alien biomass ha e been shown in heo y o be beneficial bu ha e no
been success ul in p ac ice.
Pi a d (2023), Tu pie
e al. (2008)
D3
Sha ing e o s and commi men ,
unde s anding he speci ic oles o all ac o s
and encou aging engagemen ac oss sec o s
on p e en ion, con ol and en i onmen al
liabili y a e in eg al o he e ec i e
managemen o biological in asions.
The d a Na ional In asi e Alien Species S a egy and Ac ion Plan p omises o see a s ep-
change in he coo dina ion o Sou h A ica’s esponse o he issues o biological in asions.
Unde de elopmen
22/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
D4
Awa eness o he isks o biological in asions
will con ibu e o he e ec i e deli e y o
se e al o he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals,
especially hose add essing he conse a ion
o ma ine biodi e si y (Goal 14) and e es ial
biodi e si y (Goal 15, including bu no
es ic ed o Ta ge 15.8) …
Acknowledging and managing he h ea o biological in asions o Sou h A ica con ibu es o
p og ess bo h owa ds SDG Goals 14 and 15 and o many o he goals as well. Fo example, he
la ge-scale Wo king o Wa e P og amme, which ocuses on clea ing in asi e plan s,
con ibu es o he p o ision o wa e (add essing Goals 6, 13) and employmen and up-
skilling/educa ion o poo u al communi ies in he coun y (add essing Goals 1, 2, 4, 8, 10).
Cumming e al.
(2017), Van Wilgen
and Wannenbu gh
(2016)
D4
… ood secu i y (Goal 2) …
Managemen o pes s and diseases o majo c op species, e.g. all a my wo m, is c i ical o
ensu e ood secu i y. Employmen has been c ea ed h ough Wo king o Wa e ’s ocus on
clea ing in asi e plan s, his has aided household ood secu i y o he u al poo .
Cumming e al.
(2017), Mendesil e
al. (2023), Van
Wilgen and
Wannenbu gh
(2016)
D4
… sus ainable economic g ow h (Goal 8) …
Responsible use o in asi e ee biomass can aid sus ainable economic g ow h a local scales.
I ey e al. (2024)
D4
… and sus ainable ci ies (Goal 11) …
Some municipali ies (e.g., Ci y o Cape Town and eThekwini) ha e uni s de o ed o wo king on
biological in asions. The e is also a la ge body o wo k done on municipali ies by en i onmen al
heal h p ac i ione s unde he amewo k o he Heal h P o essions Ac o 1974.
Gae ne e al.
(2016)
D4
… as well as clima e change (Goal 13) …
Managing in asi e species will help mi iga e clima e- ela ed e ec s and s esso s. Fo example,
clima e change is expec ed o impac wa e secu i y in sou he n A ica. The Wo king o Wa e
P og amme, which clea s in asi e ees ha use up excess wa e , hus con ibu es o clima e
change mi iga ion.
Le Mai e e al.
(2016), Van Wilgen
and Wannenbu gh
(2016)
D4
… and heal h and well-being (Goal 3).
Many in asi e species in Sou h A ica ha e di ec impac s on he heal h and well-being o
people, e.g., by causing alle gies and as hma. In addi ion, in asi e species can hinde well-being
by educing economic op ions. Managing and educing hese impac s di ec ly aids p og ess
owa d Goal 3.
Job c ea ion h ough la ge-scale in asi e species con ol (e.g., he Wo king o Wa e
P og amme) p o ides income and educa ion o poo u al communi ies, con ibu ing o
li elihoods and well-being.
Magadlela and
Mdzeke (2004),
Shackle on and
Shackle on (2018),
Van Wilgen and
Wannenbu gh
(2016)
23/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
D4
Exis ing collabo a i e and mul isec o al
app oaches (e.g., One Heal h) could p o ide
amewo ks o c oss-disciplina y hinking and
could con ibu e o he managemen o
biological in asions.
The e ha e been academic discussions on he simila i ies be ween eme ging in ec ious diseases,
o es y heal h and pa hogens and biological in asions. In e ms o ac ual implemen a ion he e
is li le di ec ou pu . The Uni e si y o P e o ia has a One Heal h ne wo k ha is a mul i-
sec o al communi y o p ac ice, his o e s he oppo uni y o mo e engagemen on wo k on
biological in asions.
Ogden e al. (2019),
Paap e al. (2020)
D5
By deli e ing cu en da a o ele an ac o s,
in o ma ion sys ems can acili a e he
p io i iza ion o ac ions and allow o ea ly
de ec ion and apid esponse.
The Sou h A ican Eme gency Plan Pes Response Plan (SAEPPRP) ou lines a esponse s a egy
o de ec ing, iden i ying and mi iga ing an eme gency plan pes incu sion in Sou h A ica.
Sou h A ica has an incu sion esponse uni ha is pa o SANBI and he uni has been ac i e o
mo e han 16 yea s. O e 80 axa ha e been managed by his uni o a ying deg ees. The
NEM:BA A&IS Regula ions lis axa ha equi e managemen and hose ha a e specifically
e adica ion a ge s. The incu sion esponse uni selec s a ge s om his lis , collec s da a on
incu sion esponse a ge s while managing he axa. Ta ge s ha a e no lis ed in he NEMBA
A&IS Regula ions a e also selec ed i he e is sufficien documen ed e idence o show he
po en ial o e adica ion, which wa an s in-dep h in es iga ion and incu sion esponse.
In bo h cases a clea flow o da a om obse a ion o ac ion and sui able da a pipelines and
wo kflows a e needed.
Wilson e al. (2013)
D5
In o ma ion sys ems can also suppo
imp o ed go e nance …
The Wa e In o ma ion Managemen Sys em (WIMS) was de eloped o ack clea ing e o s
and imp o e go e nance. I has, howe e , been qui e di icul o use. In he absence o quali y
in o ma ion, acking he e icacy o con ol is di icul .
K aaij e al. (2017),
Ma ais e al. (2004),
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
D5
… and help de elop indica o s o biological
in asions, which in u n eed in o policy
suppo ools.
Sou h A ica has pionee ed he de elopmen o indica o s o ack he s a us o biological
in asions. Na ional le el indica o s ha e been de eloped and a e implemen ed in he Sou h
A ican s a us epo s. These ini ia i es link o in e na ional p ocesses including he
de elopmen o indica o s o ack p og ess owa ds Ta ge 6 o he KM-GBF.
McGeoch e al.
(2006), McGeoch e
al. (2010), McGeoch
e al. (2023), Wilson
e al. (2018),
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
24/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
D5
Collabo a ion be ween biological in asion
expe s and ac oss knowledge sys ems in all
egions, and enhancemen o esea ch
capaci y whe e needed, can imp o e da a and
in o ma ion a ailabili y and he unde s anding
o he con ex -speci ic ea u es o biological
in asions and hei impac s.
The in e -ins i u ional Cen es o In asion Biology and o Biological Con ol ha e been highly
success ul in building esea ch ne wo ks ac oss he coun y and wi h in e na ional pa ne s.
Va ious mee ings add ess biological in asions including he Conse a ion Symposium in KZN and
he Na ional Biological In asions Symposium. The e a e also some o a ha ha e ceased o
mee , e.g., he Managemen , Resea ch and Planning (MAREP) mee ings. The e a e also a me s
days, in eg a ed wo king g oups, online and in-p in pamphle s, popula books and a ious
sho cou ses.
By ne e al. (2020),
Richa dson e al.
(2020a)
D6
Ad ances can be achie ed h ough adequa ely
and sus ainably esou ced public awa eness
campaigns …
The Wo king o Wa e P og amme unded a signi ican public awa eness campaign o many
yea s.
By ne e al. (2020)
D6
… educa ion …
Va ious awa eness campaigns a e un and popula a icles published abou biological in asions,
wi h he ocus on educa ing diffe en people (including school child en) on wha biological
in asions a e, hei impac s and managemen . S udies in Sou h A ica ha e shown ha
imp o ing public awa eness p omo es accep ance o he managemen o biological in asions.
By ne e al. (2020),
No oa e al. (2017)
D6
… ci izen science …
The e a e nume ous ci izen science and olun ee ing ini ia i es in Sou h A ica such as
iNa u alis , SAPIA, SABAAP2, Bi d A las, socie y p og ams (Bo anical Socie y o Sou h A ica) and
o he s (e.g., local hack g oups).
D6
… and a ge ed in es men in esea ch
inno a ion …
Two la ge in e -ins i u ional esea ch ins i u es ( he Cen es o In asion Biology and Biological
Con ol) ecei ed signi ican go e nmen al unding o many yea s, al hough his unding has
d ama ically declined in he pas ew yea s.
Richa dson e al.
(2020a)
D6
… and en i onmen ally sound echnology.
Biological con ol o in asi e plan s has a subs an ial eco d wi h no majo di ec nega i e non-
a ge impac s eco ded in Sou h A ica. The e has been no e alua ion o he en i onmen al
impac o he bicides o da e. Unde some condi ions, using helicop e s o apply he bicides may
be cos -e ec i e.
De Lange e al.
(2022), Hill e al.
(2020)
25/57
Pa ag aph
A ailable in o ma ion o RSA
RSA Re e ences
D6
Public engagemen wi h ci izen science
pla o ms and communi y-d i en e adica ion
campaigns can aise awa eness and con ibu e
o ac ions ha educe he h ea o in asi e
alien species. This can also be aligned wi h
e o s o sha e e o s and commi men and
unde s and he speci ic oles o all ac o s.
The e a e nume ous a enues o p omo e awa eness and engagemen such as he ARC
Newsle e , in o ma ion shee s, and he In asi es Sou h A ica websi e
(h ps://in asi es.o g.za/).
iNa u alis and o he online epo ing p og ammes ha e g own in usage and Sou h A ica has a
ela i ely la ge global p esence (e.g., in he BioBli z and Ci y Challenge).
Hack g oups a e sp eading awa eness and p omo ing IAS con ol.
F om ou expe ience, when people know ha axa a e being con olled (e.g., as pa o an
e adica ion), people a e e y willing o help iden i y new in es a ions.
By ne e al. (2020),
Jubase e al. (2021a)
D6
Communica ion s a egies based on e idence
can help o b ing abou communi y ac ion on
biological in asions by suppo ing he co-
design o managemen ac ions, knowledge
exchange and enhanced pa ne ships among
s akeholde s.
Va ious wo king g oups a e in place based on pa icula axa o egions (e.g., in asi e animals
and Cac aceae). The link be ween esea ch and communica ion p ojec s could, none heless, be
imp o ed. De eloping a comp ehensi e in eg a ed communica ion s a egy and acili a ing co-
managemen should be included in he na ional s a egy.
By ne e al. (2020),
Da ies e al. (2020a),
Foxc o e al.
(2020), No oa e al.
(2016)
D7
Wi h su icien esou ces, poli ical will and
long- e m commi men , p e en ing and
con olling in asi e alien species a e a ainable
goals ha will yield signi ican long- e m
bene i s o people and na u e.
The Wo king o Wa e P og amme has been ac i e since 1995. The unding has no been
su icien o b ing plan in asions in Sou h A ica down o main enance le els, bu none heless
subs an ial p og ess has been made, wi hou which he si ua ion would undoub edly be much
wo se. Mone a y es ima es sugges con ol is easible, and in a ew cases o biological con ol
ex emely inancially a ac i e.
McConnachie e al.
(2003), McCulloch-
Jones e al. (2024),
Van Wilgen e al.
(2022a)
D7
Inc easing he a ailabili y and accessibili y o
in o ma ion and means o implemen a ion and
add essing majo knowledge gaps on biological
in asions, pa icula ly in de eloping coun ies,
would esul in mo e obus and e ec i e
policy ins umen s and managemen ac ions.
The e is o en a close wo king ela ionship be ween scien i ic and go e nmen al ins i u ions in
Sou h A ica. Knowledge can be c i ical o in o m e ec i e policy al hough issues wi h esea ch-
implemen a ion gaps s ill exis . The e is a need o mobilise a ious in o ma ion sou ces making
hem b oadly a ailable, including isk analyses, ac shee s on in asi e species, suppo ing he
websi e ‘In asi e Species Sou h A ica’ and a ious pamphle s and ou - each ma e ial. Va ious
ini ia i es a e unde way o de elop da a pipelines including h ough he Sou h A ican s a us
epo .
Esle e al. (2010),
Zengeya and Wilson
(2023)
32/57
Objec i e
Managemen
ac ion
A ailabili y
Ease o use
E ec i eness
No es
Re e ences
RSA
Global
RSA
Global
RSA
Global
Con ainmen
and con ol
Chemical
con ol ** *–*** ** ** *–*** **
E ec i e egis e ed he bicides a e a ailable o many bu no all in asi e
plan s. Piscicides (Ro enone) ha e been e ec i ely used locally.
Insec icides
a e o en used o con ol ag icul u al pes s and manage
household pes s such as an s, cock oaches
, and house lies.
Compe ency equi es aining and expe ience. The egis a ion o
he bicides o
a pa icula a ge can be e y cumbe some and he e is
o en no comme cial incen i e o acqui e egis a ion.
The Biodi e si y S ewa dship P og amme (na ional and p o incial)
some imes o e complimen a y he bicides o
pa icipa ing landowne s
as an incen i e o engage wi h he p og amme and secu e p ope ies o
conse a ion.
E ec i e con ol has been achie ed in some places, bu he cos o
widesp ead applica ion o chemicals is high and can ha e signi ican
non
- a ge impac s. A be e sys em o accoun ing o chemical usage
and impac s is needed.
Bellingan e
al. (2019),
P insloo and
Uys (2015),
Weyl e al.
(2013)
Con ainmen
and con ol
Biological
con ol *** *** *–*** ** *** ***
Sou h A ica is a wo ld-leade in biocon ol. Va ious qua an ine, esea ch
and mass
- ea ing acili ies a e in place. The e is a well- egula ed sys em
o e iew p oposed biological con ol eleases.
Al eady eleased agen s o en sel
-dispe se and o m sel -sus aining
popula ions ( equi ing no addi ional in e en ion). In o he si ua ions,
pe iodic e
-in oduc ions migh equi e mass ea ing ( equi ing some
echnical expe ise).
De eloping and es ing new biological con ol agen s, howe e , equi es
subs an ial echnical and esea ch expe ise and acili ies.
46 alien plan species a e unde e ec i e o pe manen biological
con ol. Many ag icul u al pes s
a e also e ec i ely managed using
biological con ol.
Hill e al.
(2020), I ey
e al. (2021)
33/57
Objec i e
Managemen
ac ion
A ailabili y
Ease o use
E ec i eness
No es
Re e ences
RSA
Global
RSA
Global
RSA
Global
Con ainmen
and con ol
Adap i e
managemen * *–** *–** * * *–***
Adap i e managemen is only eally p ac ised in some p o ec ed a eas
as i
equi es capaci y, moni o ing, and ha o ganisa ions can be
esponsi e (e.g.,
by ha ing lexible budge s).
Mo e adap a i e managemen could lead o signi ican imp o emen s i
mo e widely used in Sou h A ica.
Foxc o and
McGeoch
(2011)
Ecosys em
es o a ion
Adap i e
managemen *–** *–*** *–*** * *–*** *–***
Signi ican con ibu ions h ough esea ch ha e been made o he
heo y and p ac ice o es o a ion ecology and local guidelines o
ecological es o a ion ha e been de eloped o nume ous si ua ions.
Res o a ion o en equi es ca e ul planning, goal se ing and moni o ing
o be e ec i e.
The e a e ew quali ied es o a ion ecologis s and
ce i ied p ac i ione s
ela i e o he demand. The e has been limi ed
up ake in implemen ing ac i e es o a ion p ojec s a la ge scales.
Res o a ion e o s, pa icula ly ac i e es o a ion, emain limi ed o
local scales (o en localised o some p o ec ed a eas), i.e., he scale o
es o a ion is low
compa ed o he scale o he p oblem.
E ec i eness is elian on capaci y, cos and scale. In some cases, ew
in e en ions a e needed
– he sys em eco e s wi h passi e es o a ion
–
in o he cases e en d as ic ac ion would be unlikely o b ing abou
eco e y o a p e
-in aded s a e. In cases whe e ac i e es o a ion is
e ec i e and inancially easible compa ed o passi e es o a ion, he
cos s a e some imes deemed p ohibi i e, and co
n ol p og ammes ely
on passi e es o a ion e en i i is inapp op ia e o do so.
Gae ne e
al. (2011,
2012a,b,c),
Holmes e al.
(2020)
34/57
Objec i e
Managemen
ac ion
A ailabili y
Ease o use
E ec i eness
No es
Re e ences
RSA
Global
RSA
Global
RSA
Global
Public
unde s anding
Public
engagemen ** *** *–** *–** ? ***
The e a e nume ous educa ional campaigns (e.g., ‘Alien bus e s’),
‘
hacking days’ h ough olun ee s ha equi e minimal unding, and
educa ion h ough Wo king o Wa e ha is inc easingly d awing on co
-
de eloped managemen ini ia i es including a ious s akeholde s.
Va ious on
-line esou ces a e a ailable (see abo e). Resou ces and
capaci y a e needed, as well as ansla ion in o o he
languages.
Ou comes ha e a ely i e e been moni o ed so i is unclea wha
wo ks.
By ne e al.
(2020), I ey
e al. (2024),
Mu ay
(2005)
35/57
Supplemen Table S4. Knowledge and da a gaps iden ified in he IPBES IAS Assessmen in he con ex o Sou h A ica
This is based on Table SPM.A1 o he IPBES IAS Assessmen (IPBES 2023). Fi e ca ego ies we e conside ed: e y low, low, medium/in e media e,
high, and e y high. Se en ypes o gaps we e iden ified ( he ollowing wo ding is aken e ba im om he IPBES IAS Assessmen ): 1. Gaps in
biomes, uni s o analysis and species g oups; 2. Regional gaps in da a and knowledge; 3. In e ope able da a o moni o ing in asi e alien
species and effec s o d i e s o biodi e si y change; 4. Gaps in how in asi e alien species affec na u e’s con ibu ions o people; 5.
Managemen and policy app oaches; 6. Gaps o fill o suppo he implemen a ion o policy and managemen ; and 7. Gaps in knowledge on
in asi e alien species o pa icula ele ance o Indigenous Peoples and local communi ies. The ocus is on mainland Sou h A ica and he
immedia e offsho e en i onmen (including islands). Some gaps we e combined whe e he esponses we e he same. A leas du ing he
plena y sessions, i was o en ound o be difficul o sco e he po en ial managemen gain and po en ial unde s anding gain, so we ha e li le
confidence ha hese a e eliable es ima es.
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
1
Incomple e o lack
o in en o ies o
in asi e alien
species in ma ine,
opical and A c ic
ecosys ems
Ma ine su eys ha e aken place, bu hese a e p ima ily
in ha bou s, wi h less known abou na u al habi a s.
T opical a eas (a ela i ely small a ea o he coun y) a e
no speci ically unde -sampled in Sou h A ica, in ac
he alien axa in he K uge Na ional Pa k a e egula ly
in en o ied.
A c ic ecosys ems a e no ound in mainland Sou h
A ica, hough see Box 3 on he P ince Edwa d Islands.
• In eg a e da a om ci izen science in o
in en o ies o ma ine p o ec ed a eas and o he
ele an da abases.
• Coo dina e long- e m moni o ing and da a
cu a ion concu en ly wi h de ec ion ac i i ies.
High (ma ine)
Low
( opical)
NA (A c ic)
Ve y High
(ma ine)
Low ( opical)
NA (A c ic)
36/57
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
1
Incomple e o lack
o in en o ies o
in asi e alien
mic oo ganisms and
in e eb a es
No sys ema ic in en o y o mic o-o ganisms in pa due
o issues wi h biogeog aphic knowledge, bu also as
exis ing in o ma ion has no been colla ed wi hin he
amewo k on biological in asions.
The e a e a ious in e eb a e lis s, bu he e is
signi ican unde -sampling.
The comple eness o pa icula lis s depends on he
a ailabili y o ele an axonomis s and sampling.
Biocon ol in oduc ions a e well documen ed and
in en o ied.
Be e knowledge would p o ide oppo uni ies o
e adica ion o con ol.
• In eg a e cu en da a sou ces and da abase in o
cu en species lis (e.g., he Founda ional
Biodi e si y In o ma ion P og amme).
• Ensu e molecula da a and eDNA su eys a e
linked o g ound u hing su eys and
con en ional sampling (in pa icula o s udies
on mic oo ganisms).
• Link ounda ional biodi e si y da a o lis s o
aliens.
• Suppo ounda ional wo k by axonomis s.
• Suppo gene al su eys a ge ing in e eb a es
and mic oo ganisms.
High
Ve y High
1
Lack o
unde s anding o
he d i e s o
change ha
acili a e biological
in asion o some
animal g oups
(no ably
in e eb a es), ungi
and mic obes
D i e s o ecosys em change in e es ial, eshwa e
and ma ine ecosys ems a e ai ly well s udied o some
axa (plan s and e eb a es) bu less so o ungi,
mic obes and in e eb a es.
The e a e gaps in ou unde s anding o pa hways o
in e eb a es, ungi and mic obes; pa icula ly
acciden al in oduc ions. Delibe a e in oduc ions a e
much be e unde s ood.
Be e knowledge would enable isks o be es ima ed
and mapped, and in e en ions o be a ge ed and
become p o-ac i e.
• Map he d i e s acili a ing in asions and look a
scena ios o how hey migh change in u u e,
pa icula ly a ound acciden al in oduc ions.
• Explo e how o ganisms mo e a ound he coun y
(delibe a ely and acciden ally).
Ve y High
Ve y High
37/57
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
1
&
2
Lack o
unde s anding and
syn hesis o he
impac s o in asi e
alien mic obes (1)
&
Incomple e da a on
he impac s o
in asi e alien
species ac oss A ica
and Cen al Asia (2)
The e a e ew limi ed s udies on he impac s o alien
mic obes. Fo example, ecen s udies ha e highligh ed
he impac o he polyphagous sho hole bo e and i s
ungal symbion , Fusa ium euwallaceae. In gene al calls
o g ea e in e ac ion be ween mic obiologis s and
in asion scien is s ha e no been me .
Imp o ed impac assessmen me hodologies ha e aided
in iden i ying highly impac ul species in Sou h A ica.
The e is ongoing de elopmen o amewo ks and
models assessing po en ial impac s and isks posed.
Be e knowledge would assis managemen bu only i
e ec i e in e en ions a e easible.
• P omo e and und s udies ha o mally assess
he impac s o alien species, especially
unde ep esen ed axa such as mic obes.
• Tes exis ing isk analysis and impac amewo ks
o hei applicabili y o mic obes (and de elop
new ools as needed).
• C ea e wo king g oups o poin s o in e ac ion
be ween pa hologis s,
ungal biologis s and hose
wo king on biological in asions.
• Colla e exis ing in o ma ion in e ms o biological
in asions.
• De elop pa hway managemen s a egies
ela ing o high- isk mic obes o implemen a ion
o con ingency plans.
• Ins i u ionalise ale s h ough su eillance
mechanisms.
Ve y High
Ve y High
38/57
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
1
&
2
Poo unde s anding
o d i e s o change
ha acili a e
biological in asions
in aqua ic and
ma ine sys ems (1)
&
Compa a i e lack o
unde s anding o
he d i e s o
change ha
acili a e biological
in asions in
de eloping
economies (2) &
Lack o da a and
knowledge o he
d i e s o biological
in asions in sub-
Saha an A ica,
opical Asia and
Sou h Ame ica (2)
D i e s o ecosys em change in e es ial, eshwa e ,
and ma ine ecosys ems a e ai ly well s udied bu he e
a e some gaps. Eu ophica ion and a ia ion in wa e
low a e well known o ha e impac s on aqua ic weeds.
The impac o plas ic pollu ion on he ma ine
en i onmen (Sou h A ica is a collec o o plas ics) is
no known. Ele a ed dissol ed CO2 le els is likely o
a ec aqua ic plan g ow h.
FBIS (h ps:// eshwa e biodi e si y.o g/) p o ides a
baseline o species dis ibu ion, ichness and abundance
o enable an unde s anding o d i e s in eshwa e
ecosys ems.
Be e knowledge would enable isks o be es ima ed
and mapped, and in e en ions o be a ge ed and
become p o-ac i e.
• Fund esea ch in o how he impac s o biological
in asions in e ac wi h o he d i e s o global
change.
Ve y High
Ve y High
39/57
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
1
Lack o da a on
success ul
es o a ion a emp s
in e es ial and
ma ine sys ems
Sou h A ica has been a leading coun y in he science o
es o a ion o in aded habi a s in ipa ian and e es ial
ecosys ems. Such s udies need long- e m moni o ing o
es o a ion success pos in ade emo al. Some speci ic
ac i e es o a ion p ojec s ha e been well documen ed.
The Wo king o Wa e P og amme has subs an ial
clea ing ac i i ies, bu i is no designed speci ically o
es o a ion (la gely elying on passi e es o a ion).
No hing has been done in ma ine sys ems as
unce ain ies a e oo high. As e adica ion is no easible,
emo al and ensuing es o a ion would need o be
ongoing, making i cos ly.
Be e knowledge would allow o adap i e
managemen .
• De elop ools [e.g., he ‘Managemen Uni Clea
Plan’ (MUCP)] o ack clea ing ac i i ies and
expand hese o explici ly include es o a ion.
• Ensu e da a on he cos s, he spa ial co e age o
wo k, and olun ee and paid wo k hou s a e
cap u ed and made a ailable, so me hods a e
ans e able.
• Upscale he es o a ion componen o
managemen p ojec s.
• De elop indica o s o ack ecosys em eco e y
and inco po a e hose in o e alua ions o he
ou come o in e en ions.
High
High
2
Compa a i ely
incomple e
in en o ies o
in asi e alien
species in A ica and
Cen al Asia
Sou h A ica has eliable es ima es o in asi e mammals,
plan s, bi ds, and eshwa e ishes bu no o o he
axa.
Knowledge in neighbou ing coun ies ends o be a lo
less han in Sou h A ica.
Be e knowledge is ounda ional o egula ions and he
p io i isa ion o in e en ions.
• Cu a e and egula ly upda e in en o ies.
• Fo malise p ocesses and wo k lows o adding o
emo ing species om na ional in en o ies.
• Collabo a e wi h neighbou ing coun ies o
imp o e da a low.
Ve y High
Ve y High
40/57
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
3
Lack o
s anda diza ion o
e minology o
in asi e alien
species
moni o ing
Sou h A ica has e minology se ou in egula ions and
na ional syn heses (see Box 1 o he pape ).
The unde s anding o manda es can be a ec ed by
iews on e minology belonging o a pa icula discipline
(e.g., pes s a e ag icul u e, in asi es a e biodi e si y,
eme ging in ec ious diseases a e heal h), po en ially
leading o a disconnec .
• Align egula o y e ms wi h e ms used in he
glossa y in he Sou h A ican s a us epo and o
hose used in p ac ice.
• Whe e possible and desi able align e ms o
in e na ional s anda ds.
• Cu a e e ms used in a single place.
• Ensu e e ms a e de ined whe e e used
Medium
Medium
3
Lack o in o ma ion
on he ole o
indi ec d i e s,
especially
go e nance and
sociocul u al d i e s,
in a ec ing
biological in asions
Va ious con lic s ha e a isen when all s akeholde s a e
no conside ed, including h ough pe e se incen i es
(e.g., a na ow ocus on inc easing ee
co e can lead o
he plan ing and sp ead o in asi e ees).
Be e knowledge would allow o mo e in eg a ed
go e nance and likely acili a e managemen .
• Incen i ise in e disciplina y esea ch (e.g.,
looking a causal loops and eedbacks).
• Conduc a s akeholde mapping exe cise.
• E alua e in o ma ion on social media cul u e and
‘ ashions’ as an indi ec d i e o assis wi h
e alua ing he deg ee o which alien species
ha e been inco po a ed in o adi ion and
cul u e.
High
High
3
Lack o
unde s anding o
he ne e ec s o
mul iple in e ac ing
d i e s in shaping
and p omo ing
biological in asions
&
Lack o knowledge
on in e ac ions and
eedback ac oss
d i e s in p omo ing
in asions
The e is a ealisa ion ha in e ac ions be ween d i e s
can be impo an , bu ew s udies explici ly look a hem
(gi en how di icul such s udies o en a e).
Di e en go e nmen al depa men s wi h di e en
manda es and pe o mance measu es a e
no conduci e
o looking a in e ac ing d i e s.
• Se up mechanisms o allow o c oss-
depa men al and c oss-p o incial alignmen o
s a egies and moni o ing e o s (in eg a ed
go e nance).
• U ilise symposia o exchange ideas and p omo e
c oss-sec o al collabo a ion.
Unknown
(po en ially
e y high i
e ec i e)
Unknown
41/57
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
4
Incomple e da a on
impac s on na u e’s
con ibu ions o
people and good
quali y o li e
While a guably Sou h A ica is a leade in esea ch on
he opic, much mo e is needed. All impac s ha e been
unde s udied. A hand ul o p elimina y s udies ha e
e alua ed impac s using he SEICAT amewo k. The e
a e his o ical s udies on he impac o in asions on
ecosys ems se ices, economics, and li elihoods.
The e a e ew collabo a ions be ween in asion
scien is s, social scien is s, and economis s in Sou h
A ica. Whe e his has happened, he pape s ha e been
highly ci ed and he esea ch e y impac ul.
Be e knowledge would help demons a e he impac s
on na u e’s con ibu ions o people and good quali y o
li e and likely be highly e ec i e o p omp ing ac ion.
• Syn hesise s udies on he impac o biological
in asions on Sou h A ica and upda e he
es ima es whe e possible.
• Se up me hods o collec da a & sys ema ically
moni o impac s on na u e’s con ibu ion o
people and good quali y o li e.
Ve y High
Unknown
5
Lack o con ol
op ions o ma ine
in asi e alien
species and in asi e
alien mic obial
ungal pa hogens o
plan s and animals
The e a e e y ew con ol op ions in ma ine sys ems in
Sou h A ica (as globally), almos all a e mechanical, e y
di icul , and o en e y dange ous.
Some con ol echniques ha e been de eloped o
ungal pa hogens o plan s, bu only in a ew cases.
I seems unlikely ha game-changing echnologies will
come along soon.
• Piggyback on he de elopmen o no el
echnologies as hey become a ailable.
• In e ac wi h plan pa hologis s o explo e
con ol op ions.
Ve y High
Low
48/57
Type
Gap(s)
Si ua ion in Sou h A ica and no es on alue o
imp o ed knowledge
P oposed ac ions o s a egy
Managemen
gain
Unde s anding
gain
7
Lack o
conside a ion o he
knowledge and
pe cep ions o
Indigenous Peoples
and local
communi ies in
scena ios and
models
The ASSET p ojec aimed o be inclusi e in hei
app oach o clea ing and bene icia ion exe cises o
suppo es o a ion ac i i ies
(h ps://asse esea ch.o g.za/in e ac i e- es o a ion-
models/).
• Combine pa icipa o y mapping exe cises o
imp o e he inclusion o local communi ies in
scena io planning and modelling exe cises.
High
High
49/57
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