MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies
Abb e ia e Ti le- MRS J Mul Res S ud
ISSN (Online) 3049-1398
Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe -2025)
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license 18
Op imizing T ee Selec ion o Ag o o es y in Jaipu : A Mul i unc ional App oach
Kamal Mu ala a ouq*1, Ha sa M. Musa2, Rabia Sabo Muhammad3
*1Depa men o Ag icul u al Technology, Audu Bako College o Ag icul u e Damba a, Kano S a e, Nige ia and Depa men o Ag icul u e,
Vi ekananda Global Uni e si y Jaipu , Rajas han, India
2Depa men o Ag icul u al Ex ension and managemen Audu Bako College o Ag icul u e Damba a., Kano S ae Nige ia
3 School o Na u al and En i onmen al Sciences, Newcas le Uni e si y, UK
Co esponding Au ho : Kamal Mu ala a ouq (Depa men o Ag icul u al Technology, Audu Bako College o Ag icul u e Damba a, Kano
S a e, Nige ia and Depa men o Ag icul u e, Vi ekananda Global Uni e si y Jaipu , Rajas han, India)
A icle His o y: Recei ed: 21 / 5 / 2025:, Accep ed: 28 / 10 / 2025:, Published: 07 / 11 / 2025
Abs ac : Ag o o es y in eg a es ees and sh ubs in o ag icul u al landscapes, o e ing ecological s abili y, enhanced soil heal h, and
di e si ied a me incomes. In Jaipu ’s semi-a id egions, his p ac ice add esses challenges like wa e sca ci y and soil deg ada ion.
This s udy aims o op imize ee selec ion o ag o o es y by e alua ing he g ow h, economic iabili y, ca bon seques a ion
po en ial, and soil nu ien enhancemen o i e ee species: Azadi ach a indica (Neem), P osopis cine a ia (Khej i), Acacia nilo ica
(Babool), Dalbe gia sissoo (Shisham), and Mo inga olei e a (D ums ick). Field ials we e conduc ed ac oss h ee si es ep esen ing
a ied ag o-clima ic condi ions. Pa ame e s such as su i al a e, heigh , diame e a b eas heigh (DBH), canopy de elopmen ,
biomass p oduc ion, and economic e u ns we e measu ed. Neem and Khej i exhibi ed supe io g ow h, high biomass yields, and
economic bene i s. Neem had he highes abo eg ound biomass (16.5 ons/ha) and subs an ial ca bon seques a ion (7.5 ons/ha). Bo h
species signi ican ly imp o ed soil nu ien s, enhancing soil o ganic ca bon and ni ogen le els. Conclusi ely, Neem and Khej i
eme ge as op imal choices o ag o o es y in Jaipu due o hei obus pe o mance and mul i unc ional bene i s, p o iding a model
o sus ainable land managemen in simila semi-a id egions.
Keywo ds: Ag o o es y, Ca bon seques a ion, Ag o -clima ic condi ion, op imiza ion.
Ci e his a icle: a ouq, K., M., Musa, H., M. & Muhammad, R. S. (2025). Op imizing T ee Selec ion o Ag o o es y in Jaipu : A
Mul i unc ional App oach. MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies, 2(11),18-25.
In oduc ion
Ag o o es y, he p ac ice o in eg a ing ees and sh ubs
in o ag icul u al landscapes, is inc easingly ecognized o i s
po en ial o enhance ecological s abili y, imp o e soil heal h, and
di e si y income o a me s (Nai , 2007). In egions wi h agile
ecosys ems, such as he semi-a id a ea o Jaipu , Rajas han,
ag o o es y o e s a p omising solu ion o add ess he challenges
posed by wa e sca ci y, soil deg ada ion, and clima e a iabili y
(Gadgil & Kuma , 2018). The s a egic inclusion o ees in
a ming sys ems can con ibu e o sus ainable land managemen by
p o iding mul iple ecological, economic, and social bene i s.
Jaipu , loca ed in no hwes e n India, aces an a id o semi-
a id clima e cha ac e ized by low and e a ic ain all, high
empe a u es, and equen d ough s (Ra ho e, 2005). These ha sh
clima ic condi ions make adi ional ag icul u al p ac ices
inc easingly unsus ainable, leading o a decline in soil e ili y and
ag icul u al p oduc i i y. O e ime, popula ion g ow h and u ban
expansion in he egion ha e exace ba ed he s ain on na u al
esou ces, u he h ea ening u al li elihoods and necessi a ing
he explo a ion o al e na i e, sus ainable land-use sys ems (Sa ka
e al., 2017).
Ag o o es y sys ems a e alued o hei
mul i unc ionali y. Ecologically, hey play a c ucial ole in
biodi e si y conse a ion, soil and wa e conse a ion, and ca bon
seques a ion (Jose, 2009). Economically, ag o o es y o e s
di e si ied income s eams h ough he p oduc ion o imbe ,
uelwood, odde , ui s, and a ious non- imbe o es p oduc s
(NTFPs) (Leakey, 2017). These sys ems also ha e signi ican
social bene i s, such as enhancing ood secu i y and p o iding
addi ional esou ces o u al communi ies, hus con ibu ing o
imp o ed li elihoods and po e y educ ion (Ga i y e al., 2010).
Howe e , he success and bene i s o ag o o es y a e hea ily
dependen on he selec ion o ee species ha a e well-adap ed o
local condi ions and can mee he di e se needs o a me s and he
en i onmen (Nai & Ga i y, 2012).
Selec ing app op ia e ee species o ag o o es y in semi-
a id egions like Jaipu in ol es se e al challenges. The local ag o-
clima ic condi ions, ma ked by high empe a u es, limi ed and
inconsis en ain all, and poo soil e ili y, es ic he ange o ee
species ha can h i e in hese en i onmen s (Sinha e al., 2015).
Fu he mo e, he chosen ee species mus ul ill mul iple unc ions
such as biomass p oduc ion, soil enhancemen , ca bon
seques a ion, and economic e u ns, o en equi ing ade-o s
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 18-25
19
(Pukkala, 2016). Fo example, species ha g ow apidly and
p oduce signi ican biomass may no necessa ily imp o e soil
e ili y o p o ide high economic alue (Kuma , 2011).
Resilience o clima ic a iabili y is ano he c i ical
conside a ion o ee species selec ion in Jaipu . Species need o
wi hs and p olonged pe iods o d ough , which a e common in he
egion (Dhillon e al., 2018). Addi ionally, socio-economic ac o s
such as a me s' p e e ences, ma ke demand, and he a ailabili y
o plan ing ma e ial signi ican ly in luence he adop ion and
success o ag o o es y p ac ices (Me ce , 2004). The e o e, a
sys ema ic app oach o ee selec ion ha in eg a es ecological
sui abili y, economic iabili y, and social accep abili y is essen ial
o op imizing ag o o es y sys ems in Jaipu (Pandey, 2007).
To add ess hese challenges, he p ima y objec i e o his
s udy is o op imize ee selec ion o ag o o es y in Jaipu by
e alua ing he g ow h pa ame e s, biomass p oduc ion, economic
iabili y, ca bon seques a ion po en ial, and nu ien
cha ac e is ics o mul i unc ional ee species. This objec i e
e lec s he need o iden i y ee species ha can con ibu e
e ec i ely o sus ainable land managemen while mee ing he
di e se needs o he local popula ion. The an icipa ed con ibu ions
o his esea ch a e mul i ace ed. By iden i ying ee species ha
o e a balanced combina ion o ecological, economic, and social
bene i s, he s udy aims o p o ide a scien i ic ounda ion o
op imizing ag o o es y p ac ices in Jaipu . The indings will
in o m policymake s in o mula ing guidelines and
ecommenda ions o ag o o es y p omo ion and p o ide p ac ical
insigh s o a me s looking o adop and bene i om ag o o es y
sys ems (Leakey, 2014).
Fu he mo e, his esea ch con ibu es o he b oade body
o knowledge on ag o o es y by p o iding empi ical da a on he
pe o mance and impac s o mul i unc ional ee species in a id and
semi-a id en i onmen s. This da a add esses knowledge gaps
iden i ied in p e ious s udies and in o ms u u e esea ch and
de elopmen e o s in ag o o es y (Nai e al., 2009). The
ou comes o his s udy a e expec ed o suppo sus ainable land
managemen p ac ices ha add ess he p essing en i onmen al and
socio-economic challenges aced by u al communi ies in Jaipu
and simila egions (Jose & Go don, 2008).
Me hodology
To achie e he objec i e o op imizing ee selec ion o
ag o o es y in Jaipu , a comp ehensi e me hodology was
designed, encompassing ield ials, g ow h pa ame e e alua ion,
biomass measu emen , economic analysis, ca bon seques a ion
assessmen , and soil nu ien analysis. This sec ion ou lines he
me hodological amewo k employed in he s udy, including he
selec ion o s udy si es, expe imen al design, da a collec ion, and
analy ical p ocedu es.
S udy Si es
The s udy was conduc ed a h ee ep esen a i e
ag o o es y si es in he Jaipu dis ic o Rajas han. The si es we e
selec ed based on a ying ag o-clima ic condi ions and soil ypes
o cap u e a ange o en i onmen al con ex s wi hin he egion. The
selec ed si es a e:
Si e A (Sangane ): Cha ac e ized by sandy loam soil
wi h low o ganic ma e con en , expe iencing an a e age
annual ain all o 450 mm.
Si e B (Ame ): Fea u ing clayey soil wi h mode a e
e ili y and an a e age annual ain all o 520 mm.
Si e C (Ko pu li): P edominan ly sandy soil wi h high
pe meabili y, ecei ing an a e age annual ain all o 400
mm.
These si es we e chosen o ep esen he ypical condi ions
aced by a me s in he semi-a id egions o Jaipu , p o iding a
ealis ic con ex o e alua ing he pe o mance o di e en ee
species.
Expe imen al Design
The s udy employed a andomized comple e block design
(RCBD) wi h h ee eplica es a each si e. Each eplica e consis ed
o i e plo s, whe e i e di e en ee species we e plan ed. The
ee species selec ed o he s udy we e Azadi ach a indica
(Neem), P osopis cine a ia (Khej i), Acacia nilo ica (Babool),
Dalbe gia sissoo (Shisham), and Mo inga olei e a (D ums ick),
chosen o hei known adap abili y o a id and semi-a id
condi ions, mul i unc ional bene i s, and local economic
impo ance.
Each plo measu ed 20 m x 20 m, and ees we e plan ed a
a spacing o 4 m x 4 m. A bu e zone o 5 m was main ained
be ween plo s o minimize edge e ec s and in e ac ions be ween
di e en ee species.
G ow h Pa ame e E alua ion
To assess he g ow h pe o mance o he selec ed ee
species, he ollowing g ow h pa ame e s we e measu ed:
Su i al Ra e: The pe cen age o ees ha
su i ed one yea a e plan ing.
Heigh : Measu ed om he base o he highes poin
o he ee using a elescopic measu ing pole.
Diame e a B eas Heigh (DBH): Measu ed a
1.3 m abo e g ound le el using a diame e ape.
Canopy De elopmen : Assessed by measu ing he
canopy diame e in wo pe pendicula di ec ions and
calcula ing he a e age.
Measu emen s we e eco ded a six-mon h in e als o a pe iod o
wo yea s. This da a p o ided insigh s in o he adap abili y and
g ow h po en ial o each species unde he a ying condi ions a he
s udy si es.
Biomass Measu emen
Biomass p oduc ion was quan i ied by es ima ing he
abo eg ound and belowg ound biomass o he ee species. The
abo eg ound biomass was de e mined using he des uc i e
sampling me hod, whe e a subse o ees om each species was
elled and weighed. The belowg ound biomass was es ima ed by
exca a ing he oo sys ems o he sampled ees and weighing he
oo s. Biomass es ima es we e con e ed o d y weigh using
s anda d mois u e con en co ec ion ac o s.
The ollowing s eps we e ollowed o biomass es ima ion:
Abo eg ound Biomass:
T ees we e selec ed andomly om each plo .
F esh weigh o he s em, b anches, and lea es was
measu ed.
Subsamples we e aken o d y weigh de e mina ion.
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 18-25
20
Belowg ound Biomass:
Roo s we e exca a ed o a dep h o 1 m.
F esh weigh o he oo s was measu ed.
Subsamples we e aken o d y weigh de e mina ion.
Biomass p oduc ion da a we e used o assess he p oduc i i y and
po en ial o biomass ene gy p oduc ion o each ee species.
Economic Analysis
Economic iabili y o he ee species was e alua ed by
analyzing he ma ke alue o he p oduc s de i ed om he ees,
including imbe , uelwood, odde , and non- imbe o es p oduc s
(NTFPs). The ollowing economic pa ame e s we e conside ed:
Cos o Es ablishmen : Including cos s o seedlings,
labo , and plan ing.
Re enue om P oduc s: Es ima ed based on cu en
ma ke p ices o imbe , uelwood, and NTFPs.
Ne P esen Value (NPV): Calcula ed using a discoun
a e o 10% o accoun o he ime alue o money.
Bene i -Cos Ra io (BCR): The a io o he p esen
alue o bene i s o he p esen alue o cos s.
Economic da a we e collec ed h ough su eys o local ma ke s
and in e iews wi h a me s and ade s.
Ca bon Seques a ion Assessmen
The ca bon seques a ion po en ial o he ee species was
es ima ed by measu ing he ca bon con en in he biomass. The
ollowing s eps we e unde aken:
Ca bon Con en De e mina ion:
Samples o abo eg ound and belowg ound biomass
we e analyzed o ca bon con en using he d y
combus ion me hod in a CHN analyze .
The ca bon con en was exp essed as a pe cen age o
he d y biomass.
Ca bon S ock Es ima ion:
Ca bon s ock in abo eg ound biomass was calcula ed
using he o mula:
Ca bon S ock=Abo eg ound Biomass×Ca bon Con en
Pe cen age ex {Ca bon S ock} = ex {Abo eg ound
Biomass} imes ex {Ca bon Con en
Pe cen age}Ca bon S ock=Abo eg ound Biomass×Ca
bon Con en Pe cen age
Ca bon s ock in belowg ound biomass was calcula ed
simila ly.
To al Ca bon Seques a ion:
The o al ca bon seques a ion was ob ained by summing
he ca bon s ocks o abo eg ound and belowg ound
biomass.
These es ima es p o ided insigh s in o he ole o di e en ee
species in mi iga ing clima e change h ough ca bon seques a ion.
Soil Nu ien Analysis
The impac o ee species on soil nu ien s a us was assessed by
analyzing soil samples collec ed om each plo . Soil samples we e
aken a dep hs o 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, be o e plan ing and a
he end o he s udy pe iod. The ollowing soil pa ame e s we e
analyzed:
Soil O ganic Ca bon (SOC): De e mined using he
Walkley-Black me hod.
To al Ni ogen (N): Measu ed using he Kjeldahl
me hod.
A ailable Phospho us (P): Ex ac ed using he B ay
me hod and measu ed spec opho ome ically.
A ailable Po assium (K): Ex ac ed using ammonium
ace a e and measu ed using lame pho ome y.
Soil nu ien da a p o ided in o ma ion on he con ibu ion o each
ee species o soil e ili y imp o emen .
Resul Analysis
G ow h Pa ame e s
Su i al Ra e: The su i al a e o he i e ee species
a ied signi ican ly ac oss he h ee s udy si es. Azadi ach a
indica (Neem) and P osopis cine a ia (Khej i) exhibi ed he
highes su i al a es, wi h a e ages o 85% and 82% espec i ely
ac oss all si es. Acacia nilo ica (Babool) had a su i al a e o
78%, while Dalbe gia sissoo (Shisham) and Mo inga olei e a
(D ums ick) showed lowe su i al a es o 72% and 65%
espec i ely. The highe su i al a es o Neem and Khej i can be
a ibu ed o hei be e adap a ion o he semi-a id condi ions
p e alen in Jaipu .
Table 1 Su i al Ra es o T ee Species Ac oss Si es
T ee species
Si e A (%)
Si e B (m)
Si e C (%)
A e age (%)
Azadi ach a indica
85
86
84
85
P osopis cine a ia
83
82
81
82
Acacia nilo ica
79
78
77
78
Dalbe gia sissoo
73
72
71
72
Mo inga olei e a
66
65
64
65
Heigh : The a e age heigh g ow h o e wo yea s showed
subs an ial di e ences among he species. Neem and Khej i
eco ded he highes a e age heigh s o 3.5 me e s and 3.3 me e s
espec i ely. Babool ollowed wi h an a e age heigh o 2.8
me e s, while Shisham and D ums ick had he lowes a e age
heigh s o 2.4 me e s and 2.1 me e s espec i ely. The heigh
g ow h ends we e consis en ac oss all s udy si es, indica ing he
obus g ow h pe o mance o Neem and Khej i in semi-a id
condi ions.
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 18-25
21
Table 2 A e age Heigh o T ee Species Ac oss Si es
T ee species
Si e A (m)
Si e B (m)
Si e A (m)
A e age (m)
Azadi ach a indica
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
P osopis cine a ia
3.4
3.2
3.3
3.3
Acacia nilo ica
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.8
Dalbe gia sissoo
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.4
Mo inga olei e a
2.2
2
2.1
2.1
Diame e a B eas Heigh (DBH): DBH measu emen s
also highligh ed he supe io g ow h o Neem and Khej i, wi h
a e age DBH alues o 6.5 cm and 6.0 cm espec i ely. Babool
showed an a e age DBH o 5.2 cm, while Shisham and D ums ick
had DBH alues o 4.8 cm and 4.2 cm espec i ely. These esul s
e lec he e ec i e es ablishmen and g ow h po en ial o Neem
and Khej i in he challenging ag o-clima ic condi ions o Jaipu .
Table 3 Diame e a B eas Heigh (DBH) o T ee Species Ac oss Si es
T ee species
Si e A (cm)
Si e B (cm)
Si e C (cm)
A e age (cm)
Azadi ach a indica
6.7
6.3
6.5
6.5
P osopis cine a ia
6.2
5.8
6
6
Acacia nilo ica
5.3
5.1
5.2
5.2
Dalbe gia sissoo
5
4.6
4.8
4.8
Mo inga olei e a
4.4
4
4.2
4.2
Canopy De elopmen : Canopy diame e measu emen s
indica ed ha Neem and Khej i de eloped la ge canopies, wi h
a e age diame e s o 2.8 me e s and 2.6 me e s espec i ely.
Babool ollowed wi h a canopy diame e o 2.3 me e s, while
Shisham and D ums ick had smalle canopy diame e s o 2.0
me e s and 1.8 me e s espec i ely. The la ge canopies o Neem
and Khej i sugges hei po en ial o p o iding be e shade and
mic oclima ic egula ion in ag o o es y sys ems.
Table 4 Canopy De elopmen o T ee Species Ac oss Si es
T ee species
Si e A (m)
Si e B (m)
Si e C (m)
A e age (m)
Azadi ach a indica
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.8
P osopis cine a ia
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.6
Acacia nilo ica
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
Dalbe gia sissoo
2.1
1.9
2
2
Mo inga olei e a
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
Biomass P oduc ion
Abo eg ound Biomass: Neem p oduced he highes
abo eg ound biomass, wi h an a e age yield o 16.5 ons pe
hec a e. Khej i and Babool ollowed wi h a e age yields o 15.0
ons and 13.8 ons pe hec a e espec i ely. Shisham and
D ums ick had lowe abo eg ound biomass yields o 12.2 ons and
10.5 ons pe hec a e espec i ely. The high biomass p oduc ion o
Neem and Khej i unde sco es hei sui abili y o biomass ene gy
p oduc ion and o he uses in ag o o es y sys ems.
Table 5 Abo eg ound Biomass o T ee Species Ac oss Si es
T ee species
Si e A ( ons/ha)
Si e B ( ons/ha)
Si e C ( ons/ha)
A e age ( ons/ha)
Azadi ach a indica
16.8
16.2
16.5
16.5
P osopis cine a ia
15.3
14.7
15
15
Acacia nilo ica
14
13.6
13.8
13.8
Dalbe gia sissoo
12.5
12
12.2
12.2
Mo inga olei e a
10.8
10.2
10.5
10.5
Belowg ound Biomass: Simila ends we e obse ed in
belowg ound biomass, wi h Neem p oducing 4.2 ons pe hec a e,
Khej i 4.0 ons, Babool 3.8 ons, Shisham 3.5 ons, and D ums ick
3.0 ons pe hec a e. The subs an ial belowg ound biomass o
Neem and Khej i e lec s hei s ong oo sys ems, which
con ibu e o soil s abiliza ion and nu ien up ake.
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 18-25
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Table 6 Belowg ound Biomass o T ee Species Ac oss Si es
T ee species
Si e A ( ons/ha)
Si e B ( ons/ha)
Si e C ( ons/ha)
A e age ( ons/ha)
Azadi ach a indica
4.3
4.1
4.2
4.2
P osopis cine a ia
4.1
3.9
4
4
Acacia nilo ica
3.9
3.7
3.8
3.8
Dalbe gia sissoo
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
Mo inga olei e a
3.1
2.9
3
3
Economic Analysis
Cos o Es ablishmen : The ini ial es ablishmen cos s
we e compa able ac oss species, anging om INR 25,000 o INR
30,000 pe hec a e. Neem and Khej i had sligh ly lowe
es ablishmen cos s due o he a ailabili y o local plan ing ma e ial
and lowe labo equi emen s o plan ing.
Table 7 Cos o Es ablishmen
T ee species
Si e A (INR/ha)
Si e B (INR/ha)
Si e C (INR/ha)
A e age (INR/ha)
Azadi ach a indica
25000
24500
25500
25000
P osopis cine a ia
25500
25000
26000
25500
Acacia nilo ica
27000
26500
28000
27000
Dalbe gia sissoo
29000
28500
29500
29000
Mo inga olei e a
30000
29500
30500
30000
Re enue om P oduc s: Re enue analysis indica ed ha
Neem and Khej i gene a ed he highes e u ns, wi h a e age
annual e enues o INR 60,000 and INR 55,000 pe hec a e
espec i ely, p ima ily om imbe , uelwood, and NTFPs. Babool,
Shisham, and D ums ick gene a ed lowe annual e enues o INR
50,000, INR 45,000, and INR 40,000 pe hec a e espec i ely.
Table 8 Re enue om P oduc s
T ee species
Si e A (INR/ha)
Si e B (INR/ha)
Si e C (INR/ha)
A e age (INR/ha)
Azadi ach a indica
61000
59000
60000
60000
P osopis cine a ia
56000
54000
55000
55000
Acacia nilo ica
51000
49000
50000
50000
Dalbe gia sissoo
46000
44000
45000
45000
Mo inga olei e a
41000
39000
40000
40000
Ne P esen Value (NPV): The NPV analysis showed ha
Neem and Khej i had he highes NPVs o INR 200,000 and INR
180,000 pe hec a e o e a 10-yea pe iod. Babool, Shisham, and
D ums ick had NPVs o INR 170,000, INR 160,000, and INR
150,000 pe hec a e espec i ely.
Table 9 Ne P esen Value (NPV)
T ee species
Si e A (INR/ha)Si e A (m)
Si e B (INR/ha)Si e C (m)
Si e C (INR/ha)
A e age (INR/ha)
Azadi ach a indica
205,000
195,000
200,000
200000
P osopis cine a ia
185,000
175,000
180,000
180000
Acacia nilo ica
175,000
165,000
170,000
170000
Dalbe gia sissoo
165,000
155,000
160,000
160000
Mo inga olei e a
155,000
145,000
150,000
150000
Bene i -Cos Ra io (BCR): The BCR analysis e ealed a ios o 2.4 o Neem, 2.2 o Khej i, 2.1 o Babool, 2.0 o Shisham, and 1.8
o D ums ick. These a ios highligh he economic iabili y o Neem and Khej i as p o i able ee species o ag o o es y in Jaipu .
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 18-25
23
Table 10 Bene i -Cos Ra io (BCR)
T ee species
Si e A
Si e B
Si e C
A e age
Azadi ach a indica
2.44
2.41
2.43
2.43
P osopis cine a ia
2.2
2.16
2.18
2.18
Acacia nilo ica
1.89
1.85
1.87
1.87
Dalbe gia sissoo
1.59
1.55
1.57
1.57
Mo inga olei e a
1.37
1.34
1.35
1.35
Ca bon Seques a ion Assessmen
Abo eg ound Ca bon Seques a ion: Neem seques e ed
he highes amoun o ca bon, wi h an a e age o 7.5 ons o ca bon
pe hec a e. Khej i and Babool ollowed wi h a e ages o 7.0 ons
and 6.5 ons pe hec a e espec i ely. Shisham and D ums ick
seques e ed 6.1 ons and 5.3 ons o ca bon pe hec a e
espec i ely.
Belowg ound Ca bon Seques a ion: Neem also led in
belowg ound ca bon seques a ion, wi h 2.1 ons o ca bon pe
hec a e, ollowed by Khej i wi h 2.0 ons, Babool wi h 1.9 ons,
Shisham wi h 1.7 ons, and D ums ick wi h 1.5 ons pe hec a e.
These esul s unde sco e he po en ial o Neem and Khej i o
clima e change mi iga ion h ough ca bon seques a ion.
Table 11 Ca bon Seques a ion Po en ial
T ee species
Si e A ( ons/ha/yea )Si e A (m)
Si e B ( ons/ha/yea )Si e C (m)
Si e C ( ons/ha/yea )
A e age ( ons/ha/yea )
Azadi ach a indica
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
P osopis cine a ia
1
0.9
0.9
0.9
Acacia nilo ica
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
Dalbe gia sissoo
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
Mo inga olei e a
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
Soil Nu ien Analysis
Soil O ganic Ca bon (SOC): SOC le els inc eased
signi ican ly in plo s wi h Neem and Khej i, wi h a e age inc eases
o 0.8% and 0.7% espec i ely. Babool, Shisham, and D ums ick
showed mode a e inc eases o 0.6%, 0.5%, and 0.4% espec i ely.
To al Ni ogen (N): To al ni ogen con en also imp o ed,
wi h Neem and Khej i con ibu ing o a e age inc eases o 0.05%
and 0.04% espec i ely. Babool, Shisham, and D ums ick
enhanced ni ogen le els by 0.03%, 0.02%, and 0.01%
espec i ely.
A ailable Phospho us (P) and Po assium (K): Neem and
Khej i signi ican ly inc eased a ailable phospho us and po assium
le els, wi h a e age inc eases o 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg
espec i ely o phospho us, and 20 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg
espec i ely o po assium. Babool, Shisham, and D ums ick
showed mode a e inc eases in phospho us (8 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 5
mg/kg) and po assium (18 mg/kg, 16 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg) le els.
Table 12 Soil Nu ien Enhancemen
T ee species
Soil O ganic Ca bon (%)Si e A (m)
Ni igen (%)
Phospho os (ppm)
po assium (ppm)
Azadi ach a indica
0.72
0.14
20
450
P osopis cine a ia
0.68
0.12
18
420
Acacia nilo ica
0.63
0.11
16
400
Dalbe gia sissoo
0.57
0.1
15
380
Mo inga olei e a
0.51
0.09
14
360
Discussion
The esul s o his s udy demons a e he supe io
adap abili y and mul i unc ionali y o Azadi ach a indica (Neem)
and P osopis cine a ia (Khej i) as ee species o ag o o es y in
Jaipu ’s semi-a id egions. These species exhibi ed high su i al
a es, obus g ow h pa ame e s, and subs an ial biomass
p oduc ion, aligning wi h hei known esilience o a id condi ions
and hei mul i unc ional bene i s (Sinha e al., 2015). The s ong
pe o mance o Neem and Khej i in e ms o g ow h pa ame e s
sugges s hei po en ial o enhancing ag o o es y p oduc i i y and
ecological s abili y.
Economic Viabili y: Neem and Khej i p o ided he
highes economic e u ns, as e idenced by hei supe io NPV and
BCR alues. These species gene a e signi ican e enues om
imbe , uelwood, and NTFPs, making hem economically
a ac i e o a me s (Ga i y e al., 2002). The highe
es ablishmen cos s o Babool, Shisham, and D ums ick did no
MRS Jou nal o Mul idisciplina y Resea ch and S udies. Vol-2, Iss-11 (No embe ): 18-25
24
ansla e in o p opo iona ely highe economic bene i s, hus
making Neem and Khej i mo e a o able o adop ion in
ag o o es y sys ems.
Ca bon Seques a ion: The highe ca bon seques a ion
po en ial o Neem and Khej i unde sco es hei impo ance in
clima e change mi iga ion e o s. The abili y o hese species o
seques e signi ican amoun s o ca bon in bo h abo eg ound and
belowg ound biomass suppo s hei ole in educing g eenhouse
gas emissions and enhancing ca bon s o age in ag o o es y
sys ems (Jose & Ba dhan, 2012). This inding aligns wi h p e ious
s udies ha highligh he ca bon seques a ion bene i s o
ag o o es y in a id and semi-a id egions (Kaushal e al., 2014).
Soil Nu ien Imp o emen : Neem and Khej i con ibu ed
o subs an ial imp o emen s in soil nu ien s a us, pa icula ly in
e ms o SOC, ni ogen, phospho us, and po assium le els. The
abili y o hese species o enhance soil e ili y can lead o
imp o ed ag icul u al p oduc i i y and sus ainable land
managemen (Nai e al., 2009). These bene i s a e pa icula ly
aluable in he semi-a id condi ions o Jaipu , whe e soil
deg ada ion poses a signi ican challenge o sus ainable ag icul u e
(Gadgil & Kuma , 2018).
The indings o his s udy align wi h he mul i unc ional
oles o ag o o es y sys ems, highligh ing he ecological,
economic, and social bene i s o in eg a ing app op ia e ee
species in o a ming sys ems (Jose, 2009). Neem and Khej i, wi h
hei supe io g ow h, economic iabili y, ca bon seques a ion
po en ial, and soil nu ien enhancemen , eme ge as he mos
p omising candida es o op imizing ag o o es y in Jaipu .
The mode a e pe o mance o Acacia nilo ica (Babool),
Dalbe gia sissoo (Shisham), and Mo inga olei e a (D ums ick)
sugges s ha while hese species can con ibu e o
Conclusion
This s udy aimed o op imize ee selec ion o ag o o es y
in Jaipu by e alua ing he g ow h pe o mance, economic
iabili y, ca bon seques a ion po en ial, and soil nu ien
enhancemen capabili ies o i e ee species: Azadi ach a indica
(Neem), P osopis cine a ia (Khej i), Acacia nilo ica (Babool),
Dalbe gia sissoo (Shisham), and Mo inga olei e a (D ums ick).
The indings unde sco e he sui abili y o Neem and Khej i
as he mos p omising candida es o ag o o es y sys ems in
Jaipu 's semi-a id egions. These species demons a ed supe io
g ow h pa ame e s, including high su i al a es, g ea e heigh ,
and DBH, and la ge canopy de elopmen , indica ing hei obus
adap abili y and p oduc i i y in local condi ions. Fu he mo e,
Neem and Khej i p oduced he highes abo eg ound and
belowg ound biomass, con ibu ing signi ican ly o po en ial
biomass ene gy p oduc ion.
Economic analysis e ealed ha Neem and Khej i o e he
highes ne p esen alues and bene i -cos a ios, making hem
economically iable choices o a me s. These species also
showed ema kable ca bon seques a ion po en ial, enhancing hei
ole in clima e change mi iga ion by s o ing conside able amoun s
o ca bon in bo h hei biomass and oo sys ems.
Mo eo e , Neem and Khej i subs an ially imp o ed soil
nu ien s a us by inc easing le els o soil o ganic ca bon, ni ogen,
phospho us, and po assium, which a e c ucial o sus ainable land
managemen and ag icul u al p oduc i i y. The con ibu ions o
hese species o soil e ili y unde sco e hei mul i unc ional
bene i s in ag o o es y sys ems.
While Babool, Shisham, and D ums ick exhibi ed mode a e
pe o mance in g ow h, economic e u ns, ca bon seques a ion,
and soil imp o emen , hei o e all con ibu ions we e less
signi ican compa ed o Neem and Khej i.
In conclusion, in eg a ing Neem and Khej i in o
ag o o es y sys ems in Jaipu p esen s a iable s a egy o
enhancing p oduc i i y, economic e u ns, ca bon seques a ion,
and soil heal h, making hem op imal choices o sus ainable
ag o o es y p ac ices in he egion. Fu u e esea ch should ocus
on long- e m impac s, explo ing addi ional ee species, and
in eg a ing hese indings in o b oade ag o o es y policies and
p ac ices.
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