Co esponding au ho : Almadhani Nu Fadila
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
E ec o b omelain enzyme in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) on he Acidi y Deg ee
o Sali a
Almadhani Nu Fadila * and G iselda Yolanda
Facul y o Den al Medicine, Uni e si as Ai langga, Su abaya, Indonesia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1421-1425
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 01 June 2025; e ised on 12 July 2025; accep ed on 14 July 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.1.2606
Abs ac
Backg ound: Den al and o al heal h is pa o o e all body heal h. Many o al p oblems can be p e en ed wi h sel -ca e
such as consuming ui s ha a e ich in ibe and wa e such as pineapple. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) has bene i s
ha a e e y good o heal h because pineapple con ains 90% wa e and is ich in Po assium, Calcium, Iodine, Sul u ,
and Chlo ine.
Pu pose: To de e mine he e ec o he enzyme B omelain in pineapple on he acidi y le el o sali a.
Me hod: By using he me hod o collec ing and sea ching a ious jou nals ela ed o he discussion o be analyzed.
Resul s: Based on he sea ch esul s, i shows ha he e ec o he B omelain enzyme con ained in pineapple has an
e ec on sali a pH.
Conclusion: The enzyme b omelain in pineapple can a ec changes in sali a pH.
Keywo ds: Pineapple; Sali a; pH; B omelain
1. In oduc ion
O al diseases in Indonesia a e s ill one o he p oblems ha a e s ill conce n un il now. O al diseases can be in luenced
by negligen habi s, o lack o knowledge in how o ca e o ee h and mou h. These p oblems may be expe ienced by
anyone ega dless o age, e hnici y, o economic condi ions1. Den al and o al heal h p oblems can be p e en ed. One way
o p e en den al and o al diseases is h ough sel -ca e. Examples o sel -ca e include b ushing you ee h, using den al
loss, ga gling, and consuming ui s ha a e ich in ibe and wa e , one example o which is pineapple2
Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) has many heal h bene i s. Pineapple con ains 90% wa e and is ich in calcium, sodium,
phospho us, pec in, i on, ca o ene, magnesium, ca bohyd a es, hiamine, p o ein, po assium, suc ose, chlo ine, iodine,
and phenol. In addi ion, pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) also con ains la ge amoun s o Bio in, Vi amin B12, Vi amin E,
i amin A, i amin C, i amin B1, i amin B6, mine als, and an ioxidan s3.
Pineapples also con ain se e al ac i e componen s such as B omelain Enzyme which can supp ess he g ow h o plaque
bac e ia and inc ease sali a sec e ion. An inc ease in sali a pH is di ec ly p opo ional o an inc ease in sali a low a e4.
The b omelain enzyme wo ks by educing glycop o eins which a e media o s o bac e ia o adhe e o he oo h su ace.
The b omelain enzyme also plays a ole in acid me abolism. The high wa e and ibe con en in pineapple can help he
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1421-1425
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ole o sali a in cleaning he o al ca i y, he eby inhibi ing plaque o ma ion. Plaque o ma ion canno be a oided and
is in luenced by se e al ac o s, such as oo h ana omy, oo h posi ion, ood consumed and sali a5.
Based on hese esul s, i can be concluded ha consuming pineapple can s imula e sali a low so ha i can a ec he
acidi y o sali a. Pineapple is easily ound in he communi y and can inc ease he acidi y o sali a. On his basis, he au ho
is in e es ed in knowing he e ec o he b omelain enzyme in pineapple ex ac (Ananas Comosus L.) on sali a pH.
2. Me hods
In his a icle e iew, he da a collec ion me hod is ca ied ou by e iewing he li e a u e (li e a u e e iew). The sea ch
o esea ch jou nals and scien i ic a icles was conduc ed in July 2025 h ough elec onic jou nal da abases, namely
Google Schola , Science Di ec , Pubmed, Else ie , and o he s. The sea ch was ca ied ou using he keywo ds, "B omelain
Enzyme Ac i i y on Pineapple". The inclusion c i e ia o he li e a u e a e scien i ic a icles ha ela ed o b omelain
enzyme ac i i y on pineapple peel, and a icles ha discuss he e ec o empe a u e and pH on b omelain enzyme
ac i i y on pineapple peel.
3. Resul
3.1. B omelain
B omelain is an enzyme ha comes om he plan amily B omeliaceae, and se e al s udies s a e ha he highes
b omelain con en is ound in pineapple plan s. B omelain is an enzyme whose main composi ion is p o ein so ha he
p o ein concen a ion indica es he amoun o b omelain con ained in each pa o each pineapple a ie y6.
B omelain enzyme belongs o he g oup o sul hyd yl p o ease enzymes ha can hyd olyze p o eins o p oduce simple
amino acids ha a e soluble in wa e . The ac i e side o he b omelain enzyme con ains cys eine and his idine g oups
which a e impo an o he ac i i y o he enzyme, so ha he b omelain enzyme speci ically cu s pep ide bonds in
ca bonyl g oups such as hose ound in a ginine o a oma ic amino acids, namely phenylalanine and y osine. The
b omelain enzyme also hyd olyzes pep ide bonds in he middle o he pep ide chain, so i is classi ied as an
endopep idase7.
3.2. Cha ac e iza ion o B omelain
The wo k o b omelain as an enzyme is ce ainly in luenced by se e al ac o s such as pH, empe a u e. Thus, o
de e mine he cha ac e is ics o he b omelain enzyme, i is also necessa y o de e mine he op imum condi ions o he
b omelain enzyme in ca ying ou i s ac i i y. Visual con i ma ion o he op imal empe a u e and pH o b omelain
ac i i y as a p o ease o p o ein diges ion a di e en empe a u es and pH alues. Based on he esea ch ha has been
done, he ac i i y o he c ude b omelain enzyme inc eases wi h inc easing empe a u e up o 50 °C and will dec ease
apidly, o pu e b omelain, he ac i i y will inc ease up o a empe a u e o 60 °C, and will begin o dec ease
he ea e 6.B omelain enzyme is gene ally ound in b omelain ex ac ed om pineapple s ems (80%), ui (10%) and
ananain (5%). On he o he hand, b omelain enzyme can also be ound in lowe concen a ions, o example in pineapple
was e, namely skin, co e, lea es, and c own8.
3.3. Uses o B omelain
B omelain enzyme can be used in se e al indus ial ields, such as b omelain enzyme is used as a mea ende ize , bee
making ma e ial, de elope , and p o ein hyd olysa e. Then in he ex ile indus y, b omelain enzyme is used as a anne ,
hai emo e , wool and lea he so ene , and as a de e gen o mula ion7.
Then, in he heal h sec o , b omelain can inhibi pla ele agg ega ion, sinusi is, pos -ope a i e auma,
h ombophlebi is, pyeloneph i is, angina pec o is, b onchi is, and inc ease d ug abso p ion, such as an ibio ics. In
addi ion, he b omelain enzyme can also be an an i- umo , immune modula o , help he diges i e p ocess, imp o e
wound healing, and imp o e ca dio ascula ci cula ion9.
3.4. Role o Sali a
Sali a is a complex o al luid. Sali a consis s o a mix u e o sec e ions om he sali a y glands in he o al mucosa. Sali a
is a luid in he o al ca i y ha is composed o 98-99% wa e , while a ound 2% is composed o o ganic and ino ganic
componen s, elec oly es, mucus, an imic obial subs ances, and a ious enzymes. The unc ions o sali a include
lub ica ing he issues in he o al ca i y, p o ec ing agains dehyd a ion and as a bu e sys em o p o ec he o al ca i y
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in p e en ing coloniza ion o pa hogenic bac e ia and neu alizing he o al ca i y om acidic condi ions so as o a oid
enamel demine aliza ion10. Sali a has se e al unc ions, namely p o ec ing he issue in he o al ca i y by mechanically
cleaning o educe plaque accumula ion on he oo h su ace, as a bu e o main ain op imal pH, helping he as e and
diges ion unc ions, and helping issue epai . The p o ec i e unc ion o sali a is g ea ly in luenced by changes ela ed
o he composi ion and iscosi y, he composi ion o sali a ions and p o eins, and sali a pH 11 .
3.5. pH Sali a
Powe o Hyd ogen (pH) is he deg ee o acidi y o sali a which in no mal condi ions anges om 5.6-7.0 wi h an a e age
pH o 6.7. Se e al ac o s ha cause changes in sali a y pH include he a e age speed o sali a low, mic oo ganisms in
he o al ca i y, sali a y bu e capaci y, and ood and d inks ha a e o en consumed12. Bac e ia will b eak down
ca bohyd a es in o lac ic acid, bu y ic acid, and aspa ic acid, which causes a dec ease in he pH alue o sali a. Fa s
consumed will also be b oken down by bac e ia in o a y acids which can also educe he pH alue o sali a. The
dec ease in pH causes a dec ease in supe sa u a ion o calcium and phospha e which will inc ease demine aliza ion o
oo h enamel and den in13.
The acidi y le el (pH) o sali a is an impo an ac o ha plays a ole in he o al ca i y, so ha sali a can unc ion
p ope ly, he composi ion and p ope ies o sali a mus be main ained in op imal balance, especially he acidi y le el.
Because pH is closely ela ed o se e al chewing ac i i ies ha occu in he o al ca i y. A dec ease in sali a y pH can
cause apid demine aliza ion o oo h elemen s, while an inc ease in pH can o m bac e ial coloniza ion ha s o es and
inc eases he o ma ion o calculus14.
The acidi y le el (pH) o sali a unde no mal condi ions is in he ange o 6.8–7.0 (neu al). The bu e capaci y o sali a
is he abili y o sali a o e u n o i s no mal pH. Sali a has h ee main bu e s, namely bica bona e (HCO3-), phospha e
(PO4+), and p o ein, howe e , he mos impo an o he h ee is bica bona e (HCO3-)15. Sali a is a complex luid
p oduced by he sali a y glands and has a e y impo an ole in main aining he balance o he ecosys em in he o al
ca i y. Sali a is he esul o sec e ions om se e al sali a y glands, whe e 93% o he o al olume o sali a is sec e ed
by he majo sali a y glands which include he pa o id, submandibula , and sublingual glands, while he emaining 7%
is sec e ed by he mino sali a y glands which consis o he buccal, labial, pala ine, glossopala ine, and lingual glands15.
4. Discussion
The b omelain enzyme is ela ed o changes in sali a pH. This b omelain enzyme comes om pineapple ui which is
gene ally ound in pineapple s ems (80%), ui (10%), and se e al o he pa s16. The b omelain enzyme plays a ole in
educing glycop o eins which a e media o s o bac e ia o adhe e o he oo h su ace. The b omelain enzyme plays a
ole in inhibi ing he g ow h o no mal acid- p oducing lo a bac e ia17, 18. The wo k o b omelain is ce ainly in luenced
by pH. The acidi y le el (pH) o sali a is in he ange o 6.8–7.0 (neu al). When he pH o sali a d ops (less han 6.8),
i will cause apid oo h demine aliza ion15. Meanwhile, when he pH o sali a ises (mo e han 7) i can o m bac e ial
coloniza ion and inc ease calculus o ma ion. Se e al ac o s ha cause changes in sali a pH, such as he a e age speed
o sali a low, mic oo ganisms in he o al ca i y, o he bu e capaci y o sali a. Sali a has a bu e capaci y p oduced
by ca bohyd a e e men a ion by a ious ypes o bac e ia in he o al ca i y. The bu e sys em wo ks o p o ec he o al
ca i y in p e en ing coloniza ion o pa hogenic bac e ia and neu alizing he o al ca i y om acidic condi ions. The acid
o med will expe ience balance wi h sali a and can a ec he acidi y o sali a. I he b omelain enzyme p ocess can un
well, hen he pH o sali a will be able o e u n o no mal as e . Thus, he b omelain enzyme can egula e he pH o
sali a19.
On he o he hand, pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) can inc ease sali a y pH h ough simul aneous chewing and as ing
s imula ion when consuming pineapple which esul s in an inc ease in sali a y low a e20. The acidi y le el o sali a
changes wi h he p esence o mechanical s imuli, namely he p ocess o chewing ib ous oods which can s imula e sali a
sec e ion so ha sali a sec e ion inc eases and a ec s sali a y pH. Ci ic acid con ained in pineapple can inc ease
sali a y sec e ion21. This can p o e ha acid s imuli a e s ong s imula o s in s imula ing sali a y sec e ion compa ed
o mechanical s imula ion. Tas e s imuli such as sou as e s imuli can s imula e sali a sec e ion in e y la ge amoun s,
gene ally 8-20 imes he basal sec e ion a e. The e o e, he inc ease in sali a y low a e is di ec ly p opo ional o he
inc ease in sali a y pH, so ha i he e is an inc ease in sali a y low a e, he sali a y pH will also inc ease 22 .
Howe e , he e a e also insigni ican esul s, namely hose ha occu ed in one s udy which s a ed ha he e was no
signi ican di e ence be ween ga gling wi h a 6.25% pineapple s em ex ac solu ion and ga gling wi h dis illed wa e
on sali a pH. This could be caused by mechanical ac o s esul ing om he mo emen o ga gling dis illed wa e so ha
i can elease many deb is pa icles. Meanwhile, he concen a ion ac o o 6.25% pineapple s em ex ac is likely o
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1421-1425
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ha e no signi ican e ec on he pH o sali a in he o al ca i y. Thus, hese esul s con adic he s a emen ha
pineapple can a ec he acidi y le el (pH) o sali a19.
5. Conclusion
The b omelain enzyme ound in pineapple can lowe sali a pH. The b omelain enzyme plays a ole in egula ing bac e ial
media o s in he sali a y low ha can inc ease sali a pH so ha he p esence o he b omelain enzyme can help sali a
pH o e u n o i s no mal pH condi ion.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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