Co esponding au ho : Soppo Lobe Emanda Cha lo e Vanessa
Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0.
Ve nonia Con e a o al gel o wound healing a e simple oo h ex ac ion:
Fo mula ion and in i o e alua ion
Cha lo e Vanessa Soppo Lobe Emanda 1, *, Ma ie El i e Nokam Abena 2, 3, Janyl Loïc Nsomo o 2, Hen i Julien
Nko’o Moïse 4, Féléci é Chimène Benga Mekoulou 1, Ma in Gogone Emanda Ekoudi 1, Jacqueline Sau elle
Foumane Maniepi Ngouopiho 1, P iscilla Be nade e Ndzie Maniben 1 and Nnanga Nga 1, 5
1 Depa men o Galenic Pha macy and Pha maceu ical Legisla ion o he Facul y o Medicine and Biomedical Sciences o
Uni e si y o Yaounde I, Came oon.
2 Depa men o O al, Maxillo acial and Pe iodon al Su ge y o he Facul y o Medicine and Biomedical Sciences o he
Uni e si y o Yaounde I, Came oon.
3 Odon o S oma ology Depa men o he Cen al Hospi al o Yaounde, Came oon.
4 Depa men o Pha maceu ical Sciences o he Facul y o Medicine and Pha maceu ical Sciences o Uni e si y o Ebolowa,
Came oon.
5 Ins i u e o Medical Resea ch and S udies on Medicinal Plan s, Came oon.
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1474-1479
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 02 June 2025; e ised on 13 July 2025; accep ed on 16 July 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.27.1.2676
Abs ac
Too h ex ac ion can lead o complica ions such as bleeding and pe sis en pain, despi e ad ances in den is y.
Con en ional ea men s a e no always su icien . Ve nonia con e a Ben h, a plan adi ionally used o bac e ial
in ec ions and skin condi ions, possesses an imic obial, hemos a ic, and wound healing p ope ies. This s udy aimed o
o mula e a healing gel based on an aqueous ex ac o i s ba k and e alua e i s in i o e icacy on wounds a e simple
oo h ex ac ion.
The o al gel was o mula ed acco ding o he me hod desc ibed by Nokam e al. A pilo s udy on 30 olun ee pa ien s
who unde wen simple oo h ex ac ion compa ed he gel's e icacy o s anda d an ibio ic ea men . The 2% gel
o mula ion had sa is ac o y physicochemical cha ac e is ics: da k b own colo , pH 5.6 (compa ible wi h sali a), so
consis ency, min odo , and sligh ly bi e as e. The esul s showed a mo e p onounced pain educ ion wi h he gel. On
day 2, 40% o pa ien s in he gel g oup s ill el pain, disappea ing on day 3, compa ed o 66.70% o he an ibio ic g oup.
Rega ding healing, he gel g oup showed a as e onse o healing. On day 3, 66.67% o pa ien s in he gel g oup showed
a eddish discolo a ion o he wound, a sign o g anula ion, compa ed o 26.67% in he o he g oup. The beginning o
closu e o he ex ac ion si e was obse ed in 60% o pa ien s in he gel g oup on day 3, while he an ibio ic g oup
eached his s age on day 7. A day 14, 66.70% o pa ien s in he gel g oup we e comple ely healed, compa ed o 40%
in he o he g oup.
In conclusion, he o al gel based on aqueous ex ac o Ve nonia con e a Ben h ba k was ela i ely mo e e ec i e o
he healing o wounds ollowing simple oo h ex ac ion, o e ing a p omising solu ion in den is y.
Keywo ds: Ve nonia con e a; O al Gel; Too h Ex ac ion; Healing; Pain; S oma ology
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1474-1479
1475
1. In oduc ion
Too h ex ac ion is a widely p ac iced p ocedu e in den is y, despi e conside able p og ess in he p ophylac ic and
he apeu ic ields o den al condi ions [1]. Following he p ocedu e, complica ions such as bleeding and pe sis en pain
may occu . Con ol measu es include physical (comp ession), su gical (su u es), and medicinal (analgesics, an ibio ics)
me hods. Some imes, hese measu es a e no su icien , and i is hen necessa y o expand he he apeu ic ange.
Ve nonia con e a Ben h is a sh ub o he As e aceae amily, eaching 6 m in heigh , composed o slende , omen ose
b anches. I is a plan adi ionally used o bac e ial in ec ions and skin condi ions such as wounds and ulce s [2,3].
Recen s udies show ha he ba k o his plan con ains bioac i e compounds wi h an imic obial, hemos a ic, and
healing p ope ies; making i a p omising candida e o he de elopmen o a healing o al gel [4,5].
The objec i e o his s udy was o o mula e a healing gel based on an aqueous ex ac o he ba k o Ve nonia con e a
and o e alua e i s in i o e icacy on wounds ollowing simple den al ex ac ion.
a)
b)
Figu e 1 a) Ve nonia con e a plan ; b) Ve nonia con e a ba k and s em [5]
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Plan Ma e ial
This consis ed o Ve nonia con e a unk ba k collec ed in he Cen e egion, he Me ou and A amba depa men , he
locali y o Nkola amba. Au hen ica ion o ou specimen was ca ied ou a he Na ional He ba ium o Came oon by
compa ison wi h he ma e ial o Raynal J.A. unde numbe 10046 o he he ba ium collec ion no. 11111/HNC.
2.2. Equipmen
Fo he o mula ion, we used, among o he hings: p ecision balance; beake ; spa ula; magne ic s i e ; a pH me e ;
mo a and pes le; lasks; o en; and an au ocla e.
2.3. Fo mula ion o he 2% O al Gel
The o mula ion o he 2% o al gel was ca ied ou acco ding o he me hod desc ibed by Nokam e al [4].
2.3.1. Ex ac P epa a ion
A e ha es ing, he Ve nonia con e a ba k was o en-d ied a a empe a u e o 50°C and hen g ound in o powde .
Ex ac ion was pe o med by aqueous decoc ion: 1000g o powde in 400ml o dis illed wa e . The mix u e was il e ed
and placed in an o en o d y o 48 hou s a 50°C. The esul ing d y esidue will be he ex ac .
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1474-1479
1476
2.3.2. Fo mula ion De elopmen
• P epa a ion o he Aqueous Phase: 2g o Ca bopol we e slowly added o a clean, s e ile con aine con aining
95ml o wa e while s i ing igo ously o a oid
• Addi ion o he plan ex ac : 2g o ex ac was pul e ized and dissol ed in 5ml o wa e . This mix u e was
hen added o he Ca bopol solu ion.
• Gel o ma ion: T ie hanolamine was added d opwise un il a gel o he desi ed consis ency was ob ained.
• Addi ion o o he ing edien s: 0.5g o sodium benzoa e was inco po a ed in o he mix u e, along wi h one
d op o peppe min essen ial oil. The mix u e was homogenized.
• pH adjus men : The pH o he gel was checked and adjus ed, i necessa y, wi h ci ic acid o ie hanolamine
o achie e he app op ia e pH.
• Packaging: The gel was ans e ed in o s e ilized plas ic ja s.
2.3.3. Con ol o he o mula ed gel
The o ganolep ic cha ac e is ics, consis ency, and pH we e e alua ed.
2.4. E alua ion o he in i o e icacy o he o mula ed gel
2.4.1. S udy Design
A small-scale pilo s udy was conduc ed on 30 olun ee pa ien s aged 19 yea s and olde who unde wen simple oo h
ex ac ion, a e ob aining in o med consen and e hical app o al. Pa ien s we e ec ui ed om he Odon os oma ology
Depa men o he Yaoundé Cen al Hospi al, Came oon.
2.4.2. T ea men P o ocol
Volun ee s we e andomly assigned o use ei he Ve nonia con e a gel (3 applica ions pe day) o an ibio ics
(Amoxicillin 1g/12h and Me onidazole 500mg/8h) o 7 days. No mou hwash o o he ea men was pe mi ed du ing
he s udy.
2.4.3. E alua ion Pa ame e s
T ea men e icacy was assessed by sel -measu ing pain in ensi y using he Simple Ve bal Scale (SVS) on days 1, 2, and
3; and by e alua ing healing p og ess using he POSAS scale (du a ion o pain, du a ion o in lamma ion, appea ance o
he ex ac ion si e) on days 3, 7, and 14.
2.4.4. S a is ical Analysis
Da a we e en e ed using CSP o e sion 8.0 so wa e and hen impo ed in o he so wa e. SPSS e sion 25.0 analysis
so wa e. Ca ego ical a iables we e compa ed using Chi-squa e, as well as he s eng h o he associa ion using phi and
K ame 's V. The signi icance h eshold was se a 5% (p- alue <0.05).
3. Resul s
3.1. 2% Ve nonia con e a o mula ed gel
The o mula ed gel (Figu e 2) exhibi ed accep able physicochemical cha ac e is ics, which a e summa ized in Table 1.
Table 1 Composi ion and Physicochemical Cha ac e is ics o he Fo mula ed Gel
Composi ion
Cha ac e is ics
Dis illed Wa e
100 ml
Colo
Da k b own
Ve nonia con e a ex ac
2%
pH
5,6
Ca bopol 940
2 g
Consis ency
Mild
Sodium Benzoa e
0,5 g
Odo
Min
Min Essen ial Oil
1d op
Tas e
Sligh ly Bi e
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1474-1479
1477
Figu e 2 Gel Fo mula ed
3.2. In i o e icacy o he o mula ed gel
3.2.1. Pain du a ion
Clinically, a signi ican educ ion in pain was obse ed in bo h g oups, bu i was mo e p onounced in he gel g oup. On
day 2, only 40% o pa ien s in he gel g oup s ill expe ienced pain, which disappea ed by day 3, while 66.70% o pa ien s
in he s anda d ea men g oup s ill expe ienced pain un il day 3, and 13.30% by day 4 (Table 2).
Table 2 Pain du a ion
Pain du a ion
G oup
p
G1 (%) N = 15
G2 (%) N = 15
D1
D2
D3
D4
9 (60,0)
6 (40,0)
-
-
1 (6,7)
10 (66,7)
2 (13,3)
2 (13,3)
0,010
G1= Gel G oup; G2 = An ibio ic G oup; D = day
3.2.2. Appea ance o he ex ac ion si e
In e ms o healing p og ess, he di e ence was mo e isible om day 3 o day 7, be o e eaching almos simila esul s
in bo h g oups.
Rega ding colo a ion, 66.67% o pa ien s in he gel g oup, compa ed o 26.67% in he an ibio ic g oup, showed a eddish
colo o he wound, a sign o o he beginning o healing h ough he g anula ion phase (Table 3).
Table 3 Ex ac ion si e colo a ion a e 3, 7 e 14 days
Ex ac ion si e colo a ion
G oup
p
G1 (%) N = 15
G2 (%) N = 15
D3
Whi ish
Reddish
5 (33.3)
10 (66.7)
11 (73.3)
4 (26.7)
0.028
D7
Whi ish
Pinkish
-
-
1 (6.7)
1 (6.7)
0.343
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1474-1479
1478
Uni o me
15 (100.0)
13 (86.7)
D14
Pinkish
Uni o me
-
15 (100.0)
1 (6.7)
14 (93.3)
0.309
G1= Gel G oup; G2 = An ibio ic G oup; D = day
On day 3, 60% o pa ien s in he gel g oup had begun o close he ex ac ion si e, while his was he case o only 60%
o pa ien s in he an ibio ic g oup on day 7. On day 14, 66.70% o pa ien s in he gel g oup we e comple ely healed wi h
comple e wound closu e, compa ed o 40% in he o he g oup (Table 4).
Table 4 Ex ac ion si e condi ion a e 3, 7 jou s e 14 days
Ex ac ion si e condi ion
G oup
p
G1 (%) N = 15
G2 (%) N = 15
D3
Open
Medium closed
Almos closed
5 (33,3)
9 (60,0)
1 (6,7)
15 (100,0)
-
-
0,001
D7
Medium closed
Almos closed
5 (33,3)
10 (66,7)
9 (60,0)
6 (40,0)
0,143
D14
Almos closed
Comple ely closed
5 (33,3)
10 (66,7)
9 (60,0)
6 (40,0)
0,143
G1= Gel G oup; G2 = An ibio ic G oup; D = day
4. Discussion
The objec i e o his s udy was o o mula e a healing gel based on an aqueous ex ac o Ve nonia con e a ba k and o
e alua e i s in i o e icacy on wounds ollowing simple den al ex ac ion.
We ob ained a gel wi h sa is ac o y cha ac e is ics. The consis ency was so , hus p omo ing good applica ion. The min
la o masked he odo and p o ided a cooling sensa ion upon adminis a ion. The pH was 5.6, compa ible wi h he pH
o sali a (5.5-8.0); i allows su icien con ac ime o ensu e good di usion o he ac i e subs ances a he ex ac ion
si e [6].
A he clinical le el, we analyzed pain, he colo o he ex ac ion si e, including he e olu ion o in lamma ion, and inally
he s a e o he ex ac ion si e du ing he healing p ocess. This allowed us o obse e signi ican di e ences in he wo
g oups o pa ien s (gel g oup and an ibio ic g oup).
Rega ding pain, he gel g oup epo ed lowe pain le els han he an ibio ic g oup (p=0.010), his could be due o he
p esence o bioac i e compounds such as phenols and la onoids in he ex ac . Indeed, phenols ha e analgesic
p ope ies, hence he educ ion o pain in hem, while la onoids ha e an i-in lamma o y p ope ies [7], which ac s on
he wound by educing in lamma ion, hence he conside able educ ion in pain om he i s day. Rega ding he
appea ance o he ex ac ion si e, we obse ed signi ican esul s occu ing on he 3 d day, including a change in colo
and an accele a ed healing p ocess o he gel g oup. In his g oup, we see he budding phase om he second day, which
is cha ac e ized by a ed appea ance wi h a g anula wound; and on he hi d, a ma ked epi helializa ion phase, he
beginning o wound closu e. These esul s can be explained by he p esence o annins, which a e known o hei
as ingen and hemos a ic p ope ies. In addi ion, du ing he hemos a ic p ocess, he e is added asocons ic o ac i i y
on he small essels, which comple es he healing ac i i y. This p ope y explains hei use agains hemo hoids and
supe icial wounds [8]. The emodeling phase is al eady be e obse ed on day 7 wi h a mo e signi ican closu e o
he gel g oup, which may be due o he egene a i e ac ion o an ioxidan s. Indeed, a s udy conduc ed by Inès Ma ia
Comino-Sanz e al. demons a ed he ole o an ioxidan s in wound healing [9].
Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 27(01), 1474-1479
1479
5. Conclusion
This s udy highligh s he ad ances ha adi ional medicine can b ing o den is y. O al gel based on aqueous ex ac o
Ve nonia con e a Ben h ba k was ound o be ela i ely mo e e ec i e o he healing o simple pos - oo h ex ac ion
wounds compa ed o s anda d ea men . I s accessibili y and e icacy could be bene icial in den al p ac ice.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Acknowledgmen s
Ou hanks go o he popula ion o Nkola amba in pa icula M. Mba ga; o he s a o he Na ional He ba ium o
Came oon, he Ins i u e o Medical Resea ch and Medicinal Plan S udies, he Mul idisciplina y Labo a o y o Galenic
Pha macy and Pha maceu ical Legisla ion, he Odon o S oma ology Depa men o he Cen al Hospi al o Yaounde,
Came oon, including he pa icipan s wi hou whom his s udy could no ha e been conduc ed.
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
S a emen o e hical app o al
App o al was gi en by he Resea ch E hics Commi ee o he Facul y o Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS).
S a emen o in o med consen
In o med consen was ob ained om all pa icipan s included in he s udy.
Re e ences
[1] Caldas AF., J . Reasons o oo h ex ac ion in a B azilian popula ion. In Den J. 2000; 50: 267–73.
[2] Nko’o M.H.J., Soppo Lobe C.V., Foumane Maniepi J.S., Ngo Nyobe J.C., Ngah D.K e al. Molecula docking o Ve nonia
con e a s em ba k isola ed i e penes on MRCK alpha- and be a-p o ein-media ed skin cance . J Sci Dis 2024;
(3): 43-50.
[3] Bayaga HN, Guedje NM, Biye EH. E hnobo anical and e hnopha macological app oach o plan s used in he
adi ional ea men o Bu uli ulce in Akonolinga (Came oon. In J Biol Chem Sci. 2017;11(4):1523-41.
[4] Nokam Abena Ma ie El i e, Soppo Lobe Vanessa Cha lo e, Boko Yolaine Fabienne, Mendimi Nkodo Joseph Ma ie,
Nnanga Nga. In i o E alua ion o he Hemos a ic and Healing Ac i i ies o a gel based on Ve nonia Con e a
Ben h. On Pos -ex ac ion Wounds in Wis a Ra s. O al Heal h Den al Sci. 2022; 6(2); 1-6.
[5] Soppo Lobe CV, Emanda Ekoudi M, Ngang Nguema FE, Nko’o MHJ, Minyem Ngombi AP, Nyangono Ndongo M,
Mbole M ondo JM, Toukam M, Nnanga Nga, Ze Minkande J. Fo mula ion and e icacy con ol o a opical solu ion
wi h healing p ope ies based on aqueous ex ac o Ve nonia con e a (As e aceae) unk ba k in Wis a a s. J.
Sci. Dis 2023; Vol 1 (1):58-63.
[6] Yuliia Maslii, Olena Ruban, Gied e Kaspa a iciene, Zenona Kal eniene, Anna Ma e iienko e al. The In luence o
pH Values on he Rheological, Tex u al and Release P ope ies o Ca bome Polac il® 40P-Based Den al Gel
Fo mula ion wi h Plan -De i ed and Syn he ic Ac i e Componen s. Molecules 2020; 25: 5018
[7] Soppo Lobe Cha lo e Vanessa, Nko’o Moïse Hen i Julien, Foumane Maniepi Ngoupiho Jacqueline Sau elle, Benga
Mekoulou Félici é, Nyangono Ndongo Ma in, Emanda Ekoudi Ma in, Toukam Michel, Nnanga Nga, Ze Minkande
Jacqueline. Chemical Composi ion and An imic obial Ac i i y o Me hanolic Ba k Ex ac o Ve nonia con e a
(As e aceae) on S ains Responsible o Skin In ec ions. Heal h Sci. Dis 2023; Vol 24 (11): 1-6
[8] Jean B une on. Pha macognosy, Phy ochemis y, Medicinal Plan s. Pa is: Ed. Tec & doc; Cachan: Ed. médicale
in e na ionale; 1999.
[9] Inés Ma ia Comino-Sanz e al. The ole o an ioxidan s on wound healing: a e iew o he cu en e idence. J. Clin.
Med. 2021, 10, 3558.
