Co esponding au ho : Umma Id is Abdullahi
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P e alence, Pa e n and Ou come o Congeni al Anomalies Admi ed o a Neona al
Uni o a Resou ce Limi ed Se ing
Umma Id is Abdullahi *
Depa men o Paedia ics, Fede al Medical Cen e, Bi nin Kudu,Jigawa S a e, Nige ia.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 026-031
Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 20 Augus 2025; e ised on 25 Sep embe 2025; accep ed on 29 Sep embe 2025
A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wjbphs.2025.24.1.0864
Abs ac
In oduc ion: Congeni al Anomalies con ibu e signi ican ly o he neona al mo bidi y and mo ali y. This s udy aimed
o documen he P e alence, Pa e n, and Ou come o Congeni al Anomalies Admi ed o a Neona al Uni o a Resou ce
Limi ed Se ing.
Me hod: This was a acili y-based, e ospec i e, obse a ional, desc ip i e s udy conduc ed in he Special ca e baby
Uni o a e ia y hospi al in Nige ia, om June 2015 o May 2025.
Resul s: Twen y-eigh newbo ns admi ed du ing he s udy pe iod had CA, which cons i u ed 1.4% o he o al
admissions. The s udy coho consis ed o 76% males and GI was he commonly a ec ed sys em. Majo i y o mo he s
did no a end an ena al ca e.
Conclusion: This s udy ound a low p e alence o Congeni al Anomalies among babies admi ed du ing he s udy pe iod.
The GI sys ems was commonly a ec ed sys em.i is ecommended ha mo he s should ecei e adequa e p econcep ion
ca e and an ena al ca e o p e en and allow o ea ly diagnosis and p omp ea men o congeni al Anomalies.
Keywo ds: Congeni al Anomalies; Bi h De ec ; Mal o ma ions; Neona es; Neu al Tube De ec s; Nige ia; Jigawa S a e;
Resou ce Limi ed Se ing
1. In oduc ion
P e alence, Pa e n, and Ou come o Congeni al Anomalies Admi ed o a Neona al Uni o a Resou ce Limi ed Se ing
Congeni al abno mali y (CA), which is de ined as s uc u al o unc ional anomalies ha occu du ing in au e ine li e,
an es ima ed 6% o babies wo ldwide a e bo n wi h CA annually.(1) Congeni al diso de s a e one o he main causes o
he global bu den o disease, and low- and middle-income coun ies a e disp opo iona ely a ec ed, accoun ing o 94%
o global cases and a e a leading cause o unde - i e mo ali y. Sub-Saha an A ica and Sou he n and Cen al Asia bea
80% o his bu den.(1)
A ound he wo ld each yea , an es ima ed 295 000 newbo ns die be o e eaching 4 weeks o age due o congeni al
diso de s and associa ed complica ions.(2) I accoun ed o abou 11.9% o o al mo ali y in a ecen s udy in Nige ian
neona es. CAs con ibu e o childhood disabili ies signi ican ly impac ing indi iduals and amilies, heal h-ca e sys ems
and socie ies.(2)
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 026-031
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The In e na ional Classi ica ion o Diseases classi ied CAs by he body sys em a ec ed, whe e majo anomalies a ec
he in an ’s li e expec ancy, heal h s a us, physical o social unc ioning. On o he hand, “mino ” anomalies a e hose
wi h li le o no impac on heal h o sho - e m o long- e m unc ion.(3)
Gene ic causes,(1) consanguini y,(4) Ad anced ma e nal age,(5) low socio-economic class, in ec ious, nu i ional o
en i onmen al ac o s a e linked o he e iology o CA. Howe e , abou hal o cases o CA canno be linked o a speci ic
cause.
Some congeni al diso de s can be p e en ed h ough accina ion, adequa e in ake o olic acid o iodine h ough
o i ica ion o s aple oods o supplemen a ion, and adequa e ca e be o e and du ing a p egnancy.(6)
The p e alence o CA in A ica is es ima ed o be 20.4 pe 1000 wi h he highes epo ed in Sou h A ica.(7–13) The
epo ed p e alence om Ghana, E hiopia, and India we e 8.6%,(14)8.3%,(15) and 4.3%(16) espec i ely. In Nige ia
he p e alence, pa e n and ou come o CA a ied om place o place. The e has no been a documen ed p e alence o
congeni al anomalies om Jigawa s a e, hence he need o documen he p e alence, pa e n and ou come o CA among
babies in Jigawa.
2. Me hodology
This was a acili y-based, e ospec i e, obse a ional, desc ip i e s udy conduc ed in he Special ca e baby Uni o
Fede al Medical Cen e Bi nin Kudu, Jigawa S a e, Nige ia, om June 2015 o May 2025. The s udy was app o ed by he
Hospi al Resea ch and E hics Commi ee o he cen e .
2.1. Eligibili y c i e ia
All consecu i e newbo ns wi h CA admi ed du ing he s udy we e included. Majo mal o ma ions a e de ined as
mal o ma ions ha a e li e- h ea ening, equi e su ge y, o p esen a signi ican disabili y. Newbo ns wi h incomple e
eco ds we e excluded.
2.2. Da a collec ion
Da a we e collec ed om he medical eco ds o babies wi h CA using da a ex ac ion o m. The diagnosis was based
on physical examina ion by he Medical Doc o s in he SCBU, and ele an in es iga ions including imaging s udies.
Da a ex ac ed included bi h weigh , gende , as well as ou comes, we e eco ded. Ma e nal in o ma ion such as
ma e nal pa i y, ges a ional age, educa ion, an ena al ca e and Ul asound imaging in he index p egnancy.
2.3. S a is ical analysis
The equency and pa e n o mal o ma ions and inal ou come we e no ed as ou come a iables. S a is ical analysis
was done wi h IBM SPSS S a is ics o Windows, e sion 27. The esul s we e analyzed as simple pe cen ages, and ba
cha . The CAs we e classi ied based on o gan sys ems o ease o iden i ica ion.
3. Resul s
Among 2005 newbo n admissions du ing he s udy pe iod, 28 newbo ns had CA, which cons i u ed 1.4% o he o al
admissions. Howe e , only 24 case olde s we e e ie ed and analyzed in his s udy. The s udy coho consis ed o 76%
male (n=19) and 24% emale (n=5) in an s; all he babies we e ull e m, wi h 36% (n=9) being low bi h weigh . O he
in an s wi h CA in he s udy, 84% (n=21) we e bo n by no mal aginal deli e y (Table 1).
Table 2 showed ha majo i y o he mo he s did no a end ANC and lack o mal educa ion.
Gas oin es inal sys em was he commonly a ec ed sys em, ollowed by CNS. Th ee o he babies had Mul iple CA as
mo e han one o gan sys em is a ec ed (Table 3).
As depic ed in igu e 1, 3/24 (12.5%) he babies died.
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 026-031
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Table 1 Cha ac e is ics o Babies wi h CAs
Cha ac e is ics
Va iable
F equency
Pe cen age
Gende
Male
19
76
Female
5
24
Bi h Weigh (Kg)
Less han 2.5
9
36
Mo e han 2.5
15
64
Place o Deli e y
Home
20
83.3
Hospi al
4
16.7
Table 2 Ma e nal Cha ac e is ics
Cha ac e is ics
Va iable
F equency
Pe cen age
Age (Yea s)
Less han 20
3
12.5
21-25
12
50
26-30
7
29
31-35
2
8.5
Pa i y
P imipa a
2
8.5
Pa a 1 o 3
19
79
>Pa a 4
3
12.5
Educa ional Le el
No o mal Educa ion
22
91.5
P ima y le el
2
8.5
ANC a endance
Yes
8
33.3
No
16
66.7
An ena al USS
Yes
8
33.3
No
16
66.7
Table 3 Dis ibu ion o he CAs
Mal o ma ion
F equency
Pe cen age
Gas oin es inal
7
29
Ano ec al Mal o ma ion
2
Omphalocele
3
Gas oschisis
1
Pylo ic S enosis
1
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CNS
5
21
Neu al Tube De ec
5
Suspec ed Ch omosomal
2
8.4
Downs Synd ome
2
Musculo-skele al Sys em
3
12.4
Congeni al Talipes Equino a us
2
So issue sa coma
1
U ogeni al Sys em
2
8.4
Pos e io U e h al Val e
1
Hyd ocele
1
Mul iple Congeni al Anomaly
3
12.4
O he s
2
8.4
Cys ic hyg oma
1
Cle lip
1
To al
24
100
Figu e 1 Ou come o he babies wi h Congeni al Mal o ma ions
4. Discussion
The p e alence o congeni al mal o ma ion in his s udy is ound o be 1.4%. his lowe han he 2.8% o 6% p e iously
epo ed om o he pa s o Nige ia.(7,8,11,13,17) This could be due o di e ences in me hodology, sample size,
geog aphical loca ion, and heal h seeking beha io o he populace. Mo he s in his s udy ha e low li e acy le el, ANC
pa onage and in- acili y deli e y, his inding is in keeping wi h he ecen NDHS inding.(18) lack o an e-na al ca e o
delay in commencing an e na al-ca e (wi h a endan inabili y o ecei e, o delay in ecei ing, some necessa y
mic onu ien and o he supplemen a ion such as olic acid), especially in he ea ly pe iod o p egnancy when
o ganogenesis begins, may ha e con ibu ed o he occu ence o congeni al abno mali ies.
Fu he mo e, some babies wi h CA do no p esen o he neona ology uni bu a e seen a o he specialis uni s such as
Paedia ic su ge y uni o neu o-su ge y uni e c. Addi ionally, some o hese babies wi h CA sough al e na i e ca e
Wo ld Jou nal o Biology Pha macy and Heal h Sciences, 2025, 24(01), 026-031
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om adi ional heale s o le a home wi h no ea men due o some cul u al belie s and o po e y. Hence, he
p e alence a e o 1.4% ob ained in his s udy may no be e lec i e o he ue p e alence o he CA in he gene al
popula ion as his was pu ely a hospi al-based s udy.
Majo i y o he CA was epo ed among mo he s aged be ween 20 o 30 yea s, which is in keeping wi h he indings o
Ogbole and co-au ho s in Ibadan,(19) Swa i and colleagues om Soko o.(20) Howe e Ad anced ma e nal age mo e
han 35 yea s was epo ed o be signi ican ly associa ed wi h CA by o he au ho s.(13)(17)
All he hi d o he mo he s whose babies had congeni al abno mali y a ended an ena al clinic, and had USS done bu
no CA was de ec ed. The non-de ec ion o CA du ing USS in his s udy may be due o he le el o he expe ise o he
adiologis , iming o he USS, and he na u e o ype o he CA.(21,22)
This s udy ound male p eponde ance, which simila o wha was documen ed by o he au ho s,(13,23,24). I is been
pos ula ed ha he ea lie ime o ges a ion a which male ep oduc i e o gans de elop and hei suscep ibili y o excess
ho mone le els may accoun o he inc eased le el o male u ina y and ep oduc i e de ec s.(25) Also, he in e ac ion
o sex ho mones and sys em de elopmen has been ci ed as possible causes o sex di e ences in some anomalies
including cle pala e and lip.(26)
he commones sys em a ec ed by CA in his s udy is GI, which is simila wi h he indings om Kano,(10) Anamb a,(11)
Jos(7) and India(16),. In con as o Cen al ne ous sys em abno mali ies ound in Soko o(13), Ca dio ascula Sys em
in Asaba,(17) Del a S a e. These di e ences in he pa e n o dis ibu ion o sys em a ec a ion migh be due o a ied
me hodology, o ins ance, he Asaba s udy used echoca diog aphy pauci y in in es iga i e p ocedu es such as
ka yo yping and a e sion o au opsy in he s udy a ea.
Th ee babies died in- acili y in his s udy, gi ing a mo ali y a e o 12.5%, which is lowe han he 17.7 o 43.5%
epo ed om o he cen e s.(14,16,17,19). The a ia ion may be due o se e i y o he CA and he le el expe ise a he
di e en acili ies.
5. Conclusion
The p e alence o CA in Fede al Medical Cen e s a e is low, wi h GI sys em commonly in ol ed. I is ecommended o
mo he s o plan hei p egnancy (p econcep ion olic acid supplemen a ion) p e en occu ence o CA, and o egis e
o ANC ea ly o enable ea ly diagnosis and p omp ea men o CA.
Compliance wi h e hical s anda ds
Disclosu e o con lic o in e es
No con lic o in e es o be disclosed.
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