RESEARCH ARTICLE
In e lea ed Quad a ic Boos DC-DC Con e e wi h Ex ended
Vol age Gain and Reduced Swi ch Vol age S ess o
Pho o ol aic Applica ions
[ e sion 1; pee e iew: 1 app o ed, 1 app o ed wi h ese a ions]
Daniel Fe ei a 1,2, A mando Co dei o 1,3, Paulo Gambôa1,3, Luis Rocha1,3,
Filipe Ba a a1, José Fe nando Sil a 3,4, João F. Ma ins5, Vi o Fe não Pi es 2,3
1PolyTechnic Uni e si y o Lisbon, Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing Ene gy and Au oma ion, Ins i u o Supe io de Engenha ia
de Lisboa (ISEL), Rua Conselhei o Emídio Na a o, Lisboa, 1, 1959-007, Po ugal
2Depa men o Elec ical and Compu e Enginee ing (DEEC), No a Uni e si y o Lisbon, Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT),
2829-516 Capa ica, Po ugal, CTS-UNINOVA and LASI, Po ugal, LASI, Po ugal
3Poly echnic Ins i u e o Se ubal, Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing (DEE), Escola Supe io de Tenologia de Se úbal, Campus do
IPS, Es e anilha, Se úbal, 2914-508, Po ugal
4INESC-ID Lisboa, Rua Al es Redol, Lisboa, 9, 1000-029, Po ugal
5Depa men o Elec ical and Compu e Enginee ing (DEEC), Uni e si y o Lisbon, Ins i u o Supe io Técnico, A . Ro isco Pais,
Lisboa, 1, 1049-001, Po ugal
Fi s published: 24 Feb 2025, 5:55
h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.19625.1
La es published: 28 Oc 2025, 5:55
h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.19625.2
1
Abs ac
Backg ound
DC-DC powe con e e s a e essen ial de ices in he mode n wo ld,
playing a c ucial ole in managing he powe supply om di e en
powe sou ces con e ing and adap ing ol age le els. These powe
con e e s a e undamen al o nume ous applica ions, om cha ging
you mobile phone o powe ing di e en ypes o machine y. La ely,
due o clima e change p oblems and he loa ing na u e o mos
enewable powe sou ces, hey a e essen ial o a ca bon- ee wo ld
and ze o emissions a ge .
Me hods
Ou in es iga ion me hod was based on an ini ial heo e ical app oach
using ma hema ical equa ions o desc ibe he ope a ion o he
elec ical ci cui and e alua e he pe o mance compa ed o o he
opologies, ollowed by he alida ion h ough some compu a ional
simula ions using MATLAB/SIMULINK so wa e. Nex , he ope a ion o
he p oposed con e e was also con i med by se e al expe imen al
Open Pee Re iew
App o al S a us
1 2
e sion 2
( e ision)
28 Oc 2025
e sion 1
24 Feb 2025 iew iew
Si a Asapu , Sh i Vishnu Enginee ing
College o Women, Bhima a am, India
1.
Rachananjali K, Vignan Founda ion o
Science Technology & Resea ch, Gun u ,
India
2.
Any epo s and esponses o commen s on he
a icle can be ound a he end o he a icle.
Open Resea ch Eu ope
Page 1 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
es s using a labo a o y p o o ype de eloped exclusi ely o hese
es s.
Resul s
Based on he achie ed esul s, an e iciency analysis was pe o med
showing ha in addi ion o high- ol age gain, om he ange o six o
eigh imes he inpu ol age, he con e e main ains a e y high
e iciency, a ound 95% o 96% up o a du y cycle o 0.50, whe e a
ol age gain o 5.82 is achie ed in a eal se up Also, he op imal
ope a ing poin was iden i ied, based on he du y cycle, whe e he
con e e ope a es a maximum e iciency.
Conclusions
In conclusion, i is possible o claim ha he p oposed con e e
p esen s a s able and e icien ope a ion and has a e y high po en ial
o applica ions ha equi e high- ol age gain, such as pho o ol aic
sola sys ems o e en elec ical ehicles o ene gy s o age sys ems.
O he ele an aspec is he educed alue o capaci o s, due o he
in e lea ed ope a ion, leading o educed s ess o e capaci o s and
dis ibu ed ol age o e hem.
Plain language summa y
This pape shows he s udy, de elopmen , and esul s o a new Di ec -
Cu en o Di ec -Cu en (DC-DC) elec ic powe con e e opology,
designa ed as in e lea ed quad a ic Boos DC-DC con e e opology.
The con e e opology is capable o achie ing signi ican ly highe
ol age gains (highe ol age in he ou pu when compa ed wi h he
inpu ol age) han mos con en ional exis ing opologies. A
heo e ical app oach was in oduced in his pape and hen alida ed
h ough some compu e simula ions (using MATLAB/SIMULINK
so wa e). Finally, he pe o mance o he opology was also
con i med in an expe imen al se up using a p ac ical p o o ype o he
p oposed con e e . F om he expe imen al esul s, i was possible o
achie e a maximum ou pu ol age gain o o e eigh imes he inpu
ol age. An e iciency analysis (allowing us o iden i y he ene gy
losses du ing he ope a ion o he con e e ) was also pe o med,
showing ha he p oposed opology con e e main ains a e y high
e iciency, a ound 95% o 96%. The op imal ope a ing poin was also
iden i ied, based on he du y cycle ( u n-on and u n-o o he powe
de ices a a ce ain equency), whe e he con e e ope a es a
maximum e iciency. The esul s show ha he p oposed con e e
has a e y high po en ial o applica ions ha equi e high- ol age
gain, such as pho o ol aic sola sys ems o e en elec ical ehicles o
ene gy s o age sys ems.
Keywo ds
DC-DC Con e e s; In e lea ed Quad a ic Boos ; High-Vol age Gain;
High E iciency; Pho o ol aic sys ems
Open Resea ch Eu ope
Page 2 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Co esponding au ho : A mando Co dei o ([email p o ec ed])
Au ho oles: Fe ei a D: In es iga ion, Me hodology, P ojec Adminis a ion, Supe ision, Valida ion, W i ing – O iginal D a
P epa a ion; Co dei o A: Concep ualiza ion, Fo mal Analysis, In es iga ion, Me hodology, P ojec Adminis a ion, Supe ision,
Valida ion, W i ing – O iginal D a P epa a ion, W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing; Gambôa P: Supe ision, Valida ion, Visualiza ion, W i ing –
O iginal D a P epa a ion, W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing; Rocha L: Resou ces, Supe ision, Valida ion, Visualiza ion, W i ing – O iginal D a
P epa a ion, W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing; Ba a a F: Resou ces, Supe ision, Valida ion, Visualiza ion, W i ing – O iginal D a P epa a ion,
W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing; Fe nando Sil a J: Concep ualiza ion, In es iga ion, Me hodology, P ojec Adminis a ion, Valida ion,
Visualiza ion, W i ing – O iginal D a P epa a ion, W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing; F. Ma ins J: Funding Acquisi ion, In es iga ion,
Me hodology, P ojec Adminis a ion, Valida ion, Visualiza ion, W i ing – O iginal D a P epa a ion, W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing; Fe não
Pi es V: Concep ualiza ion, Funding Acquisi ion, In es iga ion, Me hodology, P ojec Adminis a ion, Resou ces, Supe ision, Valida ion,
Visualiza ion, W i ing – O iginal D a P epa a ion, W i ing – Re iew & Edi ing
Compe ing in e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
G an in o ma ion: This p ojec has ecei ed unding om he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion p og amme
unde g an ag eemen No 101123175. (He i 4Ages p ojec ).
The unde s had no ole in s udy design, da a collec ion and analysis, decision o publish, o p epa a ion o he manusc ip .
Copy igh : © 2025 Fe ei a D e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion
License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
How o ci e his a icle: Fe ei a D, Co dei o A, Gambôa P e al. In e lea ed Quad a ic Boos DC-DC Con e e wi h Ex ended
Vol age Gain and Reduced Swi ch Vol age S ess o Pho o ol aic Applica ions [ e sion 1; pee e iew: 1 app o ed, 1 app o ed
wi h ese a ions] Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.19625.1
Fi s published: 24 Feb 2025, 5:55 h ps://doi.o g/10.12688/open eseu ope.19625.1
This a icle is included in he Ho izon Eu ope
ga eway.
This a icle is included in he Ene gy Sys ems
Modelling collec ion.
Open Resea ch Eu ope
Page 3 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
In oduc ion
The inc easing global demand o ene gy-e icien and sus ain-
able sys ems has d i en signi ican ad ancemen s in powe
elec onics, pa icula ly in DC-DC con e sion echnologies1.
T adi ional Boos con e e s, while e ec i e in many applica-
ions, o en ha e di icul y o achie e he high- ol age gains
equi ed in mode n powe sys ems, such as pho o ol aic sola
sys ems2, elec ical ehicles (EV)3, High-Vol age Di ec Cu en
(HVDC) powe ansmission sys ems4, wa e pumping sys ems5,
o o he s. Add essing he limi a ions o con en ional opologies,
his wo k in oduces a no el in e lea ed quad a ic DC-DC
Boos con e e designed o p o ide signi ican ly highe ol age
gain wi hou sac i icing e iciency.
O e he yea s, nume ous DC-DC Boos con e e opologies
ha e been de eloped o di e en applica ions in a wide ange
o eme gen mul idisciplina y enginee ing ields, such as enew-
able ene gy sou ces (RES), pho o ol aic sola ene gy con e sion,
EV, ene gy s o age sys ems (ESS), uel cells, among o he s.
Typically, DC-DC con e e s can be classi ied acco ding
o di e en ea u es, such as isola ed6,7 o non-isola ed8,9,
unidi ec ional10,11 o bidi ec ional12,13, ol age- ed14,15 o
cu en - ed16,17, ha d-swi ch18,19 o so -swi ch20,21, minimum-phase22
o non-minimum-phase23. Mos o hese DC-DC con e e s a e
well ep esen ed in 24–27. Ano he way o classi y he DC-DC
con e e s is speci ying hei ol age Boos echnique. Some o
he mos well-known echniques a e he swi ched capaci o s28,29,
ol age mul iplie cells30,31, swi ched induc o s32,33, ol age
li 34,35 and mul i-s age/-le el36,37 opologies. A e iew o some
o hese s ep-up ol age echniques can be ound in 38–40.
Nowadays, enginee ing esea ch is also ocused on he
de elopmen o con e e s wi h highe eliabili y, highe
e iciency, combined wi h less olume, weigh and cos 41.
Among he DC-DC con e e opologies de eloped ecen ly
ha ha e s ood ou o he high- ol age gains ob ained a e hose
ha p esen quad a ic gains. In his way, is possible o high-
ligh some signi ican ly impo an opologies de eloped wi h
such ea u es. The solu ion p oposed in 42 is a ans o me less
high s ep-up DC-DC con e e wi h a quad a ic ol age gain.
In his con e e , using a du y cycle g ea e han 0.309 is pos-
sible o achie e a highe ol age gain han he classic Boos
con e e . This solu ion includes h ee swi ches, i e diodes,
wo induc o s and h ee ou pu capaci o s. Despi e i s in e -
es , his solu ion equi es oo many componen s when compa ed
wi h o he solu ions. O he quad a ic gain opology can be ound
in 43, whe e he au ho s p opose a modi ied classic DC-DC
buck-boos con e e . Since his opology allows a buck-boos
ope a ion, i is only necessa y o con ol one powe swi ch o
each ope a ion mode and he addi ional powe swi ches emain
always ON o always OFF. By con olling only one powe
swi ch, hey de eloped a se up capable o achie ing a quad u-
ple ol age gain o a du y cycle o 0.5. Ano he simila opol-
ogy can be ound in 44, which c ea ed a quad a ic high-gain
Boos con e e , whe e i was possible o ob ain a gain o wo
imes he inpu ol age a he ou pu wi h a du y cycle o 0.50.
Mo e ecen ly a new DC-DC Boos con e e se up wi h
quad a ic gain was p oposed45. In his solu ion using a du y
cycle o 0.50 is also possible o achie e a iple ou pu ol age.
This solu ion includes one swi ch, h ee diodes, wo induc o s
and wo ou pu capaci o s. Recen ly, a new quad a ic DC-DC
Boos con e e opology was p oposed in 46, which can
achie e a quin uple ou pu ol age wi h a du y cycle o 0.50.
This solu ion equi es only one swi ch, ou diodes, wo induc-
o s and h ee capaci o s. The main disad an age o his
solu ion is ha he swi ch mus wi hs and he maximum
ou pu ol age.
I is well-known ha high- ol age gain is c i ical in applica-
ions wi h low inpu ol ages, such as hose using a educed
numbe o sola panel s ings o whe e, due o wea he a i-
abili y some imes p oduce educed ol ages, and i equi ed
o e icien ly con e hem in o much highe ou pu ol ages47.
Mos quad a ic DC-DC Boos con e e s ypically o e ol age
gains o h ee o ou imes he inpu ol age, which may no be
su icien o ad anced applica ions. The in e lea ed quad a ic
Boos opology p oposed in his s udy aims o o e come hese
limi a ions by achie ing an ex ended ol age gains o e eigh
imes he inpu ol age, o six imes conside ing a du y cycle
o 0.50, p o iding a mo e e ec i e solu ion o in eg a e addi-
ional RES sys ems. This con e e is also cha ac e ized by a
simple con ol echnique, con inuous inpu and ou pu cu -
en , educed swi ching ol age s ess o e he powe de ices.
The p oposed solu ion akes ad an age o he in e lea ed
ope a ion, which allows o use mul iple ci cui s (o phases)
o p ocess powe in pa allel. These ci cui s a e ope a ed wi h
ime-shi ed (in e lea ed) swi ching signals o achie e imp o ed
pe o mance compa ed o a single-phase o single-ci cui
con e e . Also, he in e lea ed ope a ion a oids he need o
la ge ou pu capaci o s. The solu ion is also able o achie e
good e iciency acco ding o some p elimina y expe imen al
esul s.
This pape p esen s he heo e ical amewo k behind he
p oposed in e lea ed quad a ic DC-DC Boos opology, com-
plemen ed by some expe imen al esul s o con i m he
heo e ical esul s and e iciency. This pape is o ganized in o i e
main sec ions. Sec ion I is dedica ed o he in oduc ion o his
subjec and impo ance o DC-DC con e e s in mos mode n
applica ions, ollowed by a b ie s a e-o - he-a o e DC-DC
con e e s wi h quad a ic gain. Sec ion II p o ides a de ailed
explana ion o all he design p ocedu es and conside a ions on
he p o o ype o he p oposed con e e . Sec ion III p esen s a
compa ison be ween he p oposed con e e and o he in e -
lea ed quad a ic Boos DC-DC con e e s al eady p oposed
and implemen ed in he li e a u e. Sec ion IV is dedica ed o
p esen ing and demons a ing he labo a o y se up and alida-
ion o he esul s ega ding he ope a ion p inciple, ol age
gain ob ained and e iciency. Finally, sec ion V p esen s some
conclusions.
Me hods
Ou in es iga ion me hodology was based on an ini ial heo-
e ical app oach using ma hema ical equa ions o desc ibe he
ope a ion o he elec ical ci cui and e alua e he pe o mance
Page 4 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
compa ed o o he opologies, ollowed by he alida ion
h ough some compu a ional simula ions using MATLAB/
SIMULINK so wa e. Nex , he ope a ion o he p oposed con-
e e was also con i med by se e al expe imen al es s using a
labo a o y p o o ype de eloped exclusi ely o hese es s. The
nex subsec ions a e dedica ed o show hese p ocedu es.
Powe Ci cui Layou o he p oposed quad a ic Boos
DC-DC con e e
Figu e 1 shows he diag am o he in e lea ed quad a ic Boos
DC-DC con e e p oposed in his pape . I is a new opology
ha has ne e been published be o e, acco ding o ex ensi e
esea ch conduc ed in he main bibliog aphic e e ence
esou ces in he ield. The powe ci cui consis s o an inpu
induc o , Lin, along wi h wo inpu diodes, Din1 and Din2,
and a capaci o , Cin. Connec ed o hese componen s a e
wo addi ional ci cui s, one a he op and ano he a he
bo om, each consis ing o and induc o , L1 and L2, a capaci o ,
C1 and C2, and a diode, D1 and D2, espec i ely. Finally, o
ensu e he capabili y o ol age egula ion and Boos ope a ion,
wo powe MOSFET, S1 and S2, a e included, con olled by a
command ci cui h ough hei ga es, ep esen ed in he igu e as
G1 and G2, espec i ely.
Ope a ion mode analysis in s eady-s a e
The con e e unde s udy has ou di e en ope a ion modes,
all in con inuous conduc ion mode (CCM), depending on
he ope a ion o he wo swi ches, S1 and S2. Al hough bo h
powe semiconduc o s can ope a e simul aneously (o e lap-
ping he conduc ion mode) o du y cycles abo e 0.50, his
mode o ope a ion is no ad an ageous o lowe du y cycles, as
i gene a es highe cu en peaks wi hou esul ing in imp o ed
ol age gain. The e o e, in he ollowing analysis, i
will be conside ed whe he he con e e ope a es wi h
S1 u ned ON and S2 u ned OFF o S1 u ned OFF and
S2 u ned ON o bo h swi ches u ned OFF, p o iding ou
di e en ope a ing in e als as explained nex . Figu e 2 shows
a simpli ied ep esen a ion o a classic PWM (Pulse-Wid h-
Modula ion) con ol s a egy in o de o achie e he desc ibed
ope a ion mode. This is conside ed an in e lea ed ope a ion.
In he ollowing igu es, he ou s a iona y ope a ion modes
a e illus a ed in de ail, whe e he cu en low di ec ions in
he di e en pa hs a e ep esen ed wi h di e en colou s o
help unde s anding he ope a ion p inciple o he con e e .
S1 u ned ON and S2 u ned OFF (δ1Ts). Du ing his ope -
a ing mode, he inpu diode Din2 is u ned OFF, while he
inpu diode Din1 is u ned on. Also, du ing his mode, he inpu
induc o Lin, discha ges he ene gy accumula ed in he p e i-
ous ope a ing mode o e he inpu capaci o Cin which is in
cha ging mode. Meanwhile, he diode D1 is also u ned OFF
because he induc o L1 is cha ging and he capaci o C1 is
discha ging, c ea ing a e e se ol age o e D1. On he o he
hand, D2 is u ned ON, meaning ha L2 is discha ging he
ene gy p e iously accumula ed, and as a esul , C2 is in cha ging
mode. The cu en low desc ibed is illus a ed in Figu e 3.
S1 OFF and S2 OFF (δ2Ts). In his ope a ing mode, Din2
emains u ned o while Din1 emains u ned ON. Simila o
he p e ious ope a ing mode, Lin is s ill discha ging and Cin
in cha ging mode. Bo h D1 and D2 a e now u ned ON since
bo h induc o s, L1 and L2, a e discha ging he accumula ed
ene gy o e C1 and C2, espec i ely. The cu en pa hs desc ibed
can be ound in Figu e 4.
S1 OFF and S2 ON (δ3Ts). In his ope a ing mode, a e
u ning ON he swi ch S2, Din2 u ns ON o low he cu en
o e he inpu induc o Lin, while Din1 u ns OFF due o e e se
ol age. Thus, Lin is cha ging, and Cin is discha ging he accu-
mula ed ene gy in he p e ious ope a ing mode o e he
induc o L2, which is s o ing ene gy. As a consequence o
Figu e 1. Ci cui opology o he p oposed in e lea ed quad a ic DC-DC Boos Con e e .
Page 5 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Figu e 2. PWM swi ching s a egy o S1 and S2.
Figu e 3. Cu en low analysis when S1 u ned ON and S2 u ned OFF (δ1Ts).
Page 6 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
passi e componen s pola i y, D2 becomes e e se-biased and
u ned o , while C2 s a s o discha ge o e he load. In he oppo-
si e di ec ion, D1 is o ced o u n ON o discha ging he ene gy
accumula ed o e he induc o L1 in o C1, which is in cha ging
mode. Figu e 5 shows he ep esen a ion o he cu en pa h
low desc ibed now.
S1 OFF and S2 OFF (δ4Ts). In his ope a ing mode, bo h
swi ches a e u ned o and he cu en ’s pa h low is he same
as he ones p esen ed in he in e al δ2Ts.
Following he ope a ion modes desc ibed p e iously, i can
be obse ed and concluded ha he cu en in he induc o
L1 inc eases when he swi ch S1 is u ned ON and dec eases
when S1 is u ned OFF. This means ha he swi ching s a e o
S1 does no a ec he cu en in Lin and L2. On he con a y, he
cu en in he induc o s Lin and L2 inc ease when swi ch S2 is
u ned ON and dec eases when S2 is u ned OFF. This means
ha he swi ching s a e o S2 does no a ec he cu en in L1.
This indica es a pa ially independen ope a ion o he wo
powe swi ches, when he swi ching s a es o S1 and S2 do no
o e lap. Acco ding o he p inciple o ope a ion de ailed in
he p e ious subsec ion, i is possible o ob ain he heo e ical
wa e o ms o he ou -ope a ing mode o he p oposed
con e e (see Figu e 6). When analysing he e olu ion o he
ol age ac oss each induc o and semiconduc o p esen ed in
his igu e is possible o es ablish he ol age ela ionships
shown in Table 1.
Acco ding o Table 1, as esul o he analysis o he ol -
age ela ionships be ween componen s is possible o see ha
he maximum ol age s ess o e powe de ices S1 and S2 a e
Cin + C1 and Cin + C2, espec i ely, which is a educed
when compa ed o mos DC-DC con e e s whose powe
de ices mus suppo he maximum ou pu ol age.
In his way, i is possible o es ablish he ollowing ol age
ela ionships o each induc o . Assuming ideal componen s
and conside ing one swi ching cycle, he ela ionship be ween
he ou pu and inpu cu en , unc ion o he du y cycle,
can be ob ained h ough he ol -second ela ionship o he
induc o s L1, L2 and Lin, as p esen ed om (1) o (3), espec i ely:
1 2 3 4 1
( ) ( )( )
CC
in
δ δ δ δ− = + +
(1)
3 1 2 4 2
( ) ( )( )
CC
in
δ δ δ δ− = + +
(2)
3 1 2 4
( ) ( )( )
Cin in in
δ δ δ δ= + + −
(3)
Knowing ha (δ2 + δ3 + δ4) = (1 – δ1) and (δ1 + δ3 + δ4) =
(1 – δ3), as well as δ1 = δ3 = δ; equalizing and sol ing he
Equa ion (1) o Equa ion (3) o each capaci o ol age, i
is possible o es ablish he ol age equa ions lis ed below
om (4) o (6):
11C
Cin
δ
δ
=
−
(4)
21
C
C
in
δ
δ
=
−
(5)
Figu e 4. Cu en low analysis when S1 and S2 a e u ned OFF (δ2Ts).
Page 7 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Figu e 5. Cu en low analysis when S1 is u ned OFF and S2 is u ned ON (δ3Ts).
1
Cin in
δ
δ
=
−
(6)
Equalizing and sol ing Equa ion (4) o Equa ion (6) in o de
o Vin, and knowing ha Vou = Cin + C1 + C2, i is
possible o es ablish he exp ession ha cha ac e izes he
ol age gain o he p oposed in e lea ed quad a ic DC-DC
con e e (7):
2
1
(1 )
ou in
δ
δ
+
=
−
(7)
Design conside a ions
In his sec ion, he en i e design p ocess o he passi e com-
ponen s used in he p oposed expe imen al p o o ype will be
p esen ed and discussed. The ollowing cha ac e is ics we e
conside ed in he design o he p o o ype: in = 50 V, δmax = 0.5,
RLoad = 450 Ω, Pou (max) = 200 W, ou (δmax) = 300 V, iou (δmax) =
300/450 = 0.67 A, ΔiLmax = 0.5 A, Δ Cmax = 1 V o 3 V, PWM = 50 kHz,
e iciency o 95%.
Induc o s design
Fo he induc o s design, he gene ic adop ed exp ession o
de ine he minimum induc ance alue is p esen ed in (8). This
exp ession is based on he linea a ia ion o he cu en in
he induc o and is well explained in mos design chap e s
abou DC-DC con e e s, such as 48–50.
L
PWM L
max
L i
δ
∆
⋅
>
⋅
(8)
Whe e Lmax is he maximum ol age applied o he induc o ,
δ is he maximum du y cycle in ended o he con e e , PWM
is he swi ching equency o he con e e , and ΔiL is he
maximum cu en a ia ion ( ipple) desi ed in he induc o .
Fo he inpu induc o , Lin, he ollowing equa ion can be used:
1
PWM L
in
in in
L L mH
i
δ
∆
⋅
> ⇒ >
⋅
(9)
Fo he emaining induc o s, L1 and L2, he ollowing
equa ion can be used:
1 2
(1 ) 2
PWM L PWM L
in
Cin
L L mH
i i
δ
δδ
∆ ∆
⋅
⋅−
= > ⇒ >
⋅ ⋅
(10)
Fe omagne ic ma e ial sa u a ion analysis
The ma e ial o he induc o s, applied in his p o o ype,
uses a Li z 420x0.08 SE F155 G1 wi e ype (widely used
in high equency applica ions, as i educes losses and he
skin e ec ), a plas ic induc o winding suppo om he
CF model -E70-1S and a se o e i e co es om model
E70/33/32DG in “U” shape, om he manu ac u e TDK,
wi h ype N87 e i e. Using he manu ac u e da ashee , i is
possible o ob ain some essen ial pa ame e s (see Table 2) o
analyzing he elec omagne ic sa u a ion o he e i e co e.
Thus, o calcula e he maximum cu en alue ha can c oss
each induc o , be o e sa u a ing he e omagne ic ma e ial
is possible o es ima e he numbe o u ns o each winding,
aking in o accoun he desi ed induc ance alue, L, (H) and he
induc ance ac o , AL, (H) o he ma e ial adop ed48–51.
2
L
L
L
L N A N A
= ⇔ =
(11)
Page 8 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Figu e 6. Theo e ical wa e o ms o he p oposed DC-DC Con e e .
Page 9 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
oscilloscope allows his con igu a ion). Thus, he noise is no
so high as i seems a i s sigh .
Ou pu ol age and ol age gain
In his subsec ion se e al expe imen al esul s a e p e-
sen ed o he ou pu ol age, ou pu cu en and a ol age gain
compa ison o di e en du y cycles. Figu e 12 ea u es he
expe imen al ol age and cu en ou pu esul ob ained wi h
δ = 0.4. Obse ing Figu e 12 i is possible o see ha o
δ = 0.4 he p oposed p o o ype is able o p oduce an ou pu
ol age ou = 189.8 V, which ansla es o a ol age gain
( ou / in) o 3.66. The mean alue o he ou pu cu en is
equal o 453.4 mA.
Figu e 13 shows he expe imen al esul o he ou pu ol age
and ou pu cu en ob ained in he p o o ype o δ = 0.5.
Obse ing Figu e 13 wi h his du y cycle is possible o
obse e an ou pu ol age ou = 291.00 V, which ansla es o
a ol age gain ( ou / in) o 5.82. The mean alue o he ou pu
cu en is equal o 690.6 mA.
As a inal expe imen al esul , he p o o ype was es ed wi h a
du y cycle alue δ = 0.6. Figu e 14 shows he ou pu ol age
in his condi ion. Acco ding o Figu e 14, he expe imen al
esul ob ained o he ou pu ol age ob ained wi h a du y
cycle δ = 0.6 is 436.7 V. Which means i is possible o ge a
ol age gain ( ou / in) o 8.62. Abo e his du y cycle is di icul
o inc ease he ol age gain due o inc eased losses.
Resul s
This sec ion discusses he esul s ob ained based on he
expe imen al es obse a ions, oscilloscope wa e o ms, and
measu ed ol ages and cu en s. Figu e 15 compa es he heo-
e ical ol age gain o he p oposed con e e , he compu a-
ional simula ion esul s (simula ed in MATLAB®/SIMULINK®
using he a e age powe losses a ailable in he Simscape
Powe Sys ems oolbox) and also he expe imen al ol age gain
ob ained.
Analyzing Figu e 15 is possible o obse e in he du y cycle
ange om 0.05 o 0.60, he ou pu ol age and ol age gain
o he expe imen al p o o ype shows a high deg ee o simila -
i y when compa ed wi h he simula ion and heo e ical calcula-
ions. Addi ionally, i is con i med ha wi h a du y cycle o 0.20,
a gain ol age g ea e han 1.7 is achie ed, wi h a du y cycle o
0.30, a ol age gains g ea e han 2.5, wi h a du y cycle o 0.40,
Figu e 12. Ou pu ol age and cu en o a du y cycle, δ = 0.4.
Page 16 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Figu e 14. Ou pu ol age o a du y cycle, δ = 0.6.
Figu e 13. Ou pu ol age and cu en o a du y cycle, δ = 0.5.
Page 17 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Figu e 15. Compa ison be ween heo e ical, simula ion and expe imen al ol age gain.
a ol age gains g ea e han 3.6 and wi h a du y cycle o 0.50,
a gain g ea e han 5.8 is achie ed. A maximum gain o 8.62
was achie ed wi h a du y cycle o 0.60. Behind his du y-cycle
is di icul o imp o e he ol age gain since he losses become
ex emely high.
Figu e 16 shows he g aphical esul o he e iciency ob ained
in bo h simula ion and expe imen al es s, as unc ion o he
con e e du y cycle.
A e analysing he esul s p esen ed in Figu e 16, a close co -
ela ion is obse ed be ween he e iciency a ia ion and he
du y cycle applied o he con e e . Fo a du y cycle a i-
a ion om 0.05 o 0.60, an e iciency ange a ound 97%
o 90% was ob ained in he simula ion es s and an e iciency
ange a ound 96% o 90% was ob ained in he expe imen al
es s. I is also obse ed ha a maximum e iciency o 96.79%
was achie ed o a du y cycle δ = 0.25.
Figu e 17 illus a es he e olu ion o he expe imen al e iciency
and ol age gain o e he du y cycle. The pu pose o his
ela ionship is o e alua e a which ou pu ol age gain
alue i is possible o achie e he bes e iciency, help-
ing us o iden i y an op imal ope a ing poin o he p oposed
DC-DC con e e p o o ype.
Examining Figu e 17 is possible o obse e ha he op imal
ope a ing poin o he con e e happens wi h a du y cycle
o δ =0.25 which esul s in a ol age gain o 2.09 (ma ked in
ed in he igu e). Howe e , i is clea ha , up o a du y cycle
o 0.60, he con e e main ains an e iciency be ween 90%
and 96%, which can be conside ed qui e sa is ac o y. A he
maximum alue o which i was designed, wi h a du y cycle
o 0.50, he con e e p esen s a ol age gain o 5.82 and an
e iciency o 94.76%. Addi ionally, he e is e y li le a ia ion
in e iciency, as i emains be ween 96% and 95% un il eaching
a du y cycle o 0.50.
Finally, Figu e 18 shows he ela ion be ween he ou pu
powe and he ou pu ol age gain o he p oposed opology
conside ing a ixed du y cycle o 0.50, showing ce ain
limi a ions o e he ou pu gain due o he se e al losses.
Discussion
DC-DC con e e s play an impo an ole in he in eg a ion o
di e en Renewable Ene gy Sou ces (RES) in o DC dis ibu ion
ne wo ks o as on end de ices o connec o DC-AC con e -
e s, acco ding o he desi ed equi emen s and adop ed equip-
men in e ace. The e is a cons an esea ch ega ding he design
o new DC-DC con e e opologies wi h high- ol age gain
a io and boos abili y o ex end he ope a ion o RES, and
o he sou ces, all o e he a ailable ol age anges, ex ac -
ing e icien ly as much ene gy as possible. In his pape i was
made a b ie esea ch abou o he ype o DC-DC con e e s
and i was decided o c ea e a new opology in e lea ed quad-
a ic DC-DC con e e . Quad a ic DC-DC con e e a e some
o he opologies ha can achie e high ol age gains and a e
he mos sui able o se e al RES applica ions due o he a i-
abili y o mos o hem, which a e dependen on wea he condi-
ions, loca ion, dis ibu ion sys em and o he aspec s. When
compa ed wi h o he opologies in he li e a u e, especially
o he quad a ic DC-DC con e e s, he p oposed opology is he
one wi h highe ol age gain, bu p esen a educed numbe o
componen s and he in e lea ed solu ion allows o educe he
Page 18 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Figu e 16. Compa ison be ween he simula ion and he expe imen al esul s conce ning he con e e e iciency.
Figu e 17. Compa ison be ween expe imen al ol age gain esul and expe imen al e iciency esul . A maximum e iciency o
96.79% was achie ed o a du y cycle a ound δ = 0.25.
ol age and cu en s ess o e powe de ices which allows
o inc ease he eliabili y o he solu ion. The labo a o y
p o o ype was es ed in se e al condi ions du ing se e al days
o e alua e he o e all pe o mance, namely he ol age and
cu en s ess, obus ness, o e hea ing issues, ho spo s, elec o-
magne ic noise, e iciency, sensi i i y o pa ame e s a ia ion and
o he aspec s. Rega ding he elec omagne ic noise, some adjus -
men need o done as u u e wo k in he p in ed ci cui boa d
and componen s, bu he o e all pe o mance is qui e accep able.
This will allow o imp o e some wa e o m and in e e -
ence due o elec omagne ic noise. The e iciency was meas-
u ed in se e al condi ions and eal alues be ween 90% (wo s
condi ions) and 96% (bes condi ion) we e achie ed. O he
ele an aspec is he educed alue o capaci o s, due o he in e -
lea ed ope a ion. This leads o educed s ess o e capaci o s
and dis ibu ed ol age. No ice ha he ou pu ol age is he
Page 19 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Figu e 18. Ou pu ol age gain e sus Ou pu Powe , conside ing a ixed du y cycle o 0.50.
sum o he ol age o e he h ee capaci o s. A low powe
labo a o y p o o ype was de eloped bu is possible de elop a
simila high powe con e e .
Conclusions
This pape p oposed a new in e lea ed quad a ic DC-DC boos
con e e opology wi h high- ol age gain, con i ming he
heo e ical ope a ion p inciple based on some expe imen al
se up. The expe imen al esul s demons a e ha he p oposed
opology allows highe ol age gains han mos well-known
quad a ic opologies, eaching a ol age gain om six o eigh
in a eal p o o ype wi hou deg ading he e iciency signi i-
can ly. The p oposed con e e p o ides con inuous inpu and
ou pu cu en and a simple PWM con ol s a egy. Fu he mo e,
i was possible o op imize he con e e ’s e iciency by adjus -
ing he du y cycle, which plays a c ucial ole in minimizing
conduc ion and swi ching losses. The ob ained esul s indica e
ha he e is an op imal ope a ing poin whe e e iciency is maxi-
mized, achie ing an e icien balance be ween ol age gain
and associa ed losses. Addi ionally, he e is a e y small a ia-
ion in e iciency, which emains be ween 95% and 96% up o
a du y cycle o 0.50, whe e a ol age gain o 5.82 is achie ed in
a eal se up. Howe e , when he ol age gains inc ease behind
his poin , he e iciency began o dec ease, esul ing in an
e iden ade-o be ween maximizing ol age gain and ene gy
e iciency. This ade-o is pa icula ly ele an in sola
pho o ol aic applica ions, whe e i is necessa y o ind an app o-
p ia e comp omise be ween ol age gain and e iciency based
on he speci ic equi emen s o he sys em.
E hics and consen
E hical app o al and consen we e no equi ed.
Da a a ailabili y
No da a associa ed wi h his a icle.
Acknowledgmen s
Au ho s would like o acknowledge he Ins i u o Poli écnico
de Lisboa (Poly echnic Uni e si y o Lisbon), Po ugal, (IPL/
IDI&CA2024/ResCONVERT_ISEL) o using he acili ies
o he ins i u ion and also he Ins i u o Supe io de Engenha ia
de Lisboa (ISEL), Po ugal, o all he expe imen al labo a o y
suppo .
Re e ences
1. Vakacha la VR, Gnana K, Xuewei P, e al.: S a e-o - he-a powe elec onics
sys ems o sola - o-g id in eg a ion. Sola Ene gy. 2020; 210: 128–148.
Publishe Full Tex
2. S i Re a hi B, Mahalingam P, Gonzalez-Longa F: In e lea ed high gain DC-DC
con e e o in eg a ing sola PV sou ce o DC bus. Sola Ene gy. 2019; 188:
924–934.
Publishe Full Tex
3. Ra ind an MA, Nalla hambi K, Vishnu am P, e al.: A no el echnological
e iew on as cha ging in as uc u e o Elec ical Vehicles: challenges,
solu ions, and u u e esea ch di ec ions. Alexand ia Enginee ing Jou nal.
Page 20 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
2023; 82: 260–290.
Publishe Full Tex
4. Chen J, Nguyen MK, Yao Z, e al.: DC-DC con e e s o anspo a ion
elec i ica ion: opologies, con ol, and u u e challenges. In: IEEE
Elec i ica ion Magazine. 2021; 9(2): 10–22.
Publishe Full Tex
5. Pu wa A, Mal R, Pandi S, e al.: Supe iso y con ol s a egy o dual
ba e y assis ed sola wa e pumping using a 3-s age in e lea ed boos
con e e . J Ene gy S o age. 2024; 101(Pa B): 113929.
Publishe Full Tex
6. Snehalika, Pa el R, Panig ahi CK: GaN based isola ed bidi ec ional mul ipo
DC-DC con e e o elec ic ehicle cha ging. e-P ime - Ad ances in Elec ical
Enginee ing, Elec onics and Ene gy. 2024; 8: 100574.
Publishe Full Tex
7. G aziani SF, Cook TV, G ainge BM: Isola ed lying capaci o mul ile el
con e e s. In: IEEE Open Jou nal o Powe Elec onics. 2022; 3: 197–208.
Publishe Full Tex
8. Koç Y, Bi bi Y, Bodu H: Non-isola ed high s ep-up DC/DC con e e s – an
o e iew. Alexand ia Enginee ing Jou nal. 2022; 61(2): 1091–1132.
Publishe Full Tex
9. Khan F, Zaid M, Ta iq A, e al.: A new non-isola ed high-gain DC-DC con e e
o he PV applica ion. e-P ime - Ad ances in Elec ical Enginee ing, Elec onics
and Ene gy. 2023; 5: 100198.
Publishe Full Tex
10. Mi zaei A, Rez any a dom M: High ol age gain so swi ching ull b idge
in e lea ed lyback DC-DC con e e o PV applica ions. Sola Ene gy. 2020;
196: 217–227.
Publishe Full Tex
11. Thanga el S, Ragha end a Rao NS, Shaw M, e al.: Reliabili y analysis o a
h ee-phase in e lea ed s ep-up DC-DC con e e o elec ic ehicle.
Compu Elec Eng. 2024; 118(Pa B): 109428.
Publishe Full Tex
12. Bodele NJ, Kulka ni PS: Modula ba e y-in eg a ed bidi ec ional single-
s age DC–DC con e e o sola PV based DC Nano-g id applica ion. Sola
Ene gy. 2023; 259: 1–14.
Publishe Full Tex
13. Ama al da Luz CM, Ribei o ER, To oli FL: Analysis o he PV- o-PV a chi ec u e
wi h a bidi ec ional buck-boos con e e unde shading condi ions. Sola
Ene gy. 2022; 232: 102–119.
Publishe Full Tex
14. Ak e K, Mo akabbe SMA, Zahi ul Alam AHM, e al.: Design and in es iga ion
o high powe quali y PV ed DC-DC boos con e e . e-P ime - Ad ances in
Elec ical Enginee ing, Elec onics and Ene gy. 2024; 9: 100649.
Publishe Full Tex
15. Mo ey M, Golla M, Ga g MM, e al.: A high gain Z-sou ce boos DC–DC
con e e wi h common g ound o sola PV applica ions. Elec ic Powe
Sys ems Resea ch. 2024; 232: 110405.
Publishe Full Tex
16. Ahmed OA, Bleijs JAM: Modelling and expe imen al e i ica ion o he e ec
o pa asi ic elemen s on he pe o mance o an ac i e-clamped cu en - ed
DC–DC con e e . Simul Model P ac Theo y. 2015; 59: 71–88.
Publishe Full Tex
17. Pan X, Li H, Liu Y, e al.: An o e iew and comp ehensi e compa a i e
e alua ion o cu en - ed-isola ed-bidi ec ional DC/DC con e e . In: IEEE
T ans Powe Elec on. 2020; 35(3): 2737–2763.
Publishe Full Tex
18. da Rocha JF, dos San os MB, Cos a JMD: Vol age spikes in in eg a ed
CMOS Buck DC-DC con e e s: analysis o esonan and ha d swi ching
opologies. P ocedia Technology. 2014; 17: 327–334.
Publishe Full Tex
19. Aydemi MT, Bend e A, Venka a amanan G: A c i ical e alua ion o high
powe ha d and so swi ched isola ed DC-DC con e e s. Con e ence Reco d
o he 2002 IEEE Indus y Applica ions Con e ence. 37 h IAS Annual Mee ing (Ca .
No.02CH37344). Pi sbu gh, PA, USA, 2002; 2: 1338–1345.
Publishe Full Tex
20. Cheng XF, Liu C, Wang D, e al.: S a e-o - he-a e iew on so -swi ching
echnologies o non-isola ed DC-DC con e e s. In: IEEE Access. 2021; 9:
119235–119249.
Publishe Full Tex
21. Danyali S, Mo adkhani A, Abdaum an OA, e al.: A no el mul i-inpu medium-
gain DC-DC boos con e e wi h so -swi ching pe o mance. In e na ional
Jou nal o Elec ical Powe & Ene gy Sys ems. 2024; 155(Pa B): 109629.
Publishe Full Tex
22. Sha ma P, Kuma R, Hassanpou S: An app oach o elimina e he non-
minimum phase issue in high gain con e e s. 2022 IEEE 19 h India Council
In e na ional Con e ence (INDICON). Kochi, India, 2022; 1–6.
Publishe Full Tex
23. Sa ka S, Ghosh A, Bane jee S: Design and implemen a ion o ype-III
con olle in i s a e boos con e e . 2015 Annual IEEE India Con e ence
(INDICON). New Delhi, India, 2015; 1–6.
Publishe Full Tex
24. Fa ajdadian S, Hajizadeh A, Sol ani M: Recen de elopmen s o mul ipo
DC/DC con e e opologies, con ol s a egies, and applica ions: a
compa a i e e iew and analysis. Ene gy Rep. 2024; 11: 1019–1052.
Publishe Full Tex
25. Alam MA, Minai AF, Bakhsh FI: Isola ed bidi ec ional DC-DC con e e : a
opological e iew. e-P ime - Ad ances in Elec ical Enginee ing, Elec onics and
Ene gy. 2024; 8: 100594.
Publishe Full Tex
26. Chewale MA, Wanja i RA, Sa akhande VB, e al.: A e iew on isola ed and non-
isola ed DC-DC con e e o PV applica ion. 2018 In e na ional Con e ence on
Con ol, Powe , Communica ion and Compu ing Technologies (ICCPCCT). Kannu ,
India, 2018; 399–404.
Publishe Full Tex
27. Ragha end a KVG, Zeb K, Mu husamy A, e al.: A comp ehensi e e iew
o DC–DC con e e opologies and modula ion s a egies wi h ecen
ad ances in sola pho o ol aic sys ems. Elec onics. MDPI, 2020; 9(1): 31.
Publishe Full Tex
28. Nanda H, Sha ma H, A o a K, e al.: A no el high-gain swi ched-capaci o
mul ile el in e e wi h educed componen s o g id in eg a ion.
Alexand ia Enginee ing Jou nal. 2024; 106: 240–251.
Publishe Full Tex
29. Assem P, Liu WC, Lei Y, e al.: Hyb id dickson swi ched-capaci o con e e
wi h wide con e sion a io in 65-nm CMOS. In: IEEE J Solid S a e Ci cui s. 2020;
55(9): 2513–2528.
Publishe Full Tex
30. Na amani JD, Vijayakuma K, Jega heesan R: Non-isola ed high gain DC-DC
con e e by quad a ic boos con e e and ol age mul iplie cell. Ain
Shams Enginee ing Jou nal. 2018; 9(4): 1397–1406.
Publishe Full Tex
31. Mohseni P, Mohammadsalehian S, Islam MR, e al.: Ul ahigh ol age gain DC–
DC boos con e e wi h ZVS swi ching ealiza ion and coupled induc o
ex endable ol age mul iplie cell echniques. IEEE T ans Ind Elec on. 2022;
69(1): 323–335.
Publishe Full Tex
32. Ding X, Yu D, Song Y, e al.: Swi ched-coupled induc o DC-DC con e e s.
2018 IEEE In e na ional Con e ence on Indus ial Elec onics o Sus ainable Ene gy
Sys ems (IESES), Hamil on, New Zealand, 2018; 174–179.
Publishe Full Tex
33. Alnuman H, Samiullah Md, A mghan A, e al.: Swi ched induc o supe boos
con e e wi h auxilia y cha ging mode o low du y ope a ion in a DC
mic og id. Ene gy Rep. 2023; 10: 2319–2329.
Publishe Full Tex
34. Kuma MAB, K ishnasamy V: Enhanced quad a ic boos con e e based on
ol age li echnique o uel cell powe ed elec ic ehicle. Compu e s and
Elec ical Enginee ing. 2022; 102: 108256.
Publishe Full Tex
35. Rajabi A, Rajaei A, Teh ani VM, e al.: A non-isola ed high s ep-up DC-DC
con e e using ol age li echnique: analysis, design, and implemen a ion.
IEEE Access. 2022; 10: 6338–6347.
Publishe Full Tex
36. Diab M, Else ougi AA, Abdel-Khalik AS: A hyb id DC-DC modula mul ile el
con e e wi h capaci o s pa allel connec i i y o a m ene gy balancing.
Alexand ia Enginee ing Jou nal. 2023; 83: 286–297.
Publishe Full Tex
37. Abdelaziz YN, Mansou M, Aboushady AA, e al.: New analysis o VSC-based
modula mul ile el DC-DC con e e wi h low in e acing induc o o
hyb id LCC/VSC HVDC ne wo k in e connec ions. Alexand ia Enginee ing
Jou nal. 2024; 95: 82–93.
Publishe Full Tex
38. Fo ouzesh M, Siwako i YP, Go ji SA, e al.: S ep-up DC–DC con e e s: a
comp ehensi e e iew o ol age-boos ing echniques, opologies, and
applica ions. IEEE T ans Powe Elec on. 2017; 32(12): 9143–9178.
Publishe Full Tex
39. Vala ma hy AS, P abhaka M: High gain in e lea ed boos -de i ed DC-DC
con e e s – a e iew on s uc u al a ia ions, gain ex ension mechanisms
and applica ions. e-P ime - Ad ances in Elec ical Enginee ing, Elec onics and
Ene gy. 2024; 8: 100618.
Publishe Full Tex
40. E a A, Vu al AM: DC/DC modula mul ile el con e e s o HVDC
in e connec ion: a comp ehensi e e iew. In T ans Elec Ene gy Sys . 2022;
2022(1): 49, 2687243.
Publishe Full Tex
41. Hossain MZ, Rahim NA, Jey aj a/l Sel a aj, e al.: Recen p og ess and
de elopmen on powe DC-DC con e e opology, con ol, design and
applica ions: a e iew. Renew Sus ain Ene gy Re . 2018; 81(Pa 1): 205–230.
Publishe Full Tex
42. Si a am NV, La anya A, Na amani JD: Dual Inpu Single Ou pu Quad a ic
Boos Con e e o DC mic og id. e-P ime - Ad ances in Elec ical Enginee ing,
Elec onics and Ene gy. 2024; 9: 100683.
Publishe Full Tex
43. Pi es VF, Foi o D, Co dei o A: A DC–DC con e e wi h quad a ic gain and
bidi ec ional capabili y o ba e ies/supe capaci o s. IEEE T ans Ind Appl.
2018; 54(1): 274–285.
Publishe Full Tex
Page 21 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
44. Ga cía–Vi e PM, So iano–Rangel CA, Rosas–Ca o JC, e al.: A DC–DC con e e
wi h quad a ic gain and inpu cu en ipple cancela ion a a selec able
du y cycle. Renew Ene g. 2017; 101: 431–436.
Publishe Full Tex
45. Lica S, Lascu D, Lo asz EA: A new s ep-up-down quad a ic DC–DC con e e
wi h a single ac i e swi ch. J Compu Appl Ma h. 2024; 436: 115362.
Publishe Full Tex
46. Vee acha y M: Design and analysis o a new quad a ic boos con e e .
2017 Na ional Powe Elec onics Con e ence (NPEC). Pune, India, 2017; 307–313.
Publishe Full Tex
47. de Ca alho MRS, Ne o RC, Ba bosa EJ, e al.: An o e iew o ol age boos ing
echniques and s ep-up DC-DC con e e s opologies o PV applica ions.
Ene gies. 2021; 14(24): 8230.
Publishe Full Tex
48. Mohan N, Undeland TM, Robbins WP: Powe elec onics. Con e e s,
applica ions and design. 2ª edição, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., ISBN 978-
0471584087, 1995.
49. E ickson RW, Maksimo ic D: Fundamen als o powe elec onics. 3ª edição,
Sp inge , ISBN 978-030-43879-1, 978-3-030-43881-4 (ebook), 2020.
Re e ence Sou ce
50. Rashid MH: Powe elec onics Handbook. 3ª edição, Else ie Inc., ISBN 978-0-
12-382036-5, 2011.
51. E icksonRW,Maksimo ićD:Fundamen als o powe elec onics. 3ª edição,
Sp inge , ISBN 978-030-43879-1, 978-3-030-43881-4 (ebook), 2020.
Publishe Full Tex
52. Shalba AA, Shahidi N, Hema i M: A high-gain in e lea ed DC-DC con e e
wi h educed componen s o EV cha ging applica ion. Compu Elec Eng.
2024; 118(Pa A): 109316.
Publishe Full Tex
53. Samuel VJ, Kee hi G, P abhaka M: High gain in e lea ed quad a ic boos
DCDC con e e . 2019 2nd In Con e ence on Powe and Embedded D i e Con ol
(ICPEDC). Chennai, India, 2019; 390–395.
Publishe Full Tex
54. Izadi M, Mosallanejad A, Eshke a i AL: An imp o ed coupled induc o -based
quad a ic s ep-up DC–DC con e e wi h a high s ep-up ac o and educed
ol age o e shoo on he powe swi ch. IET Powe Elec on. 2024; 17(9):
986–1004.
Publishe Full Tex
55. Balci S, Al in N, Komu cugil H, e al.: Pe o mance analysis o in e lea ed
quad a ic boos con e e wi h coupled induc o o uel cell applica ions.
IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Con e ence o he IEEE Indus ial Elec onics Socie y.
Flo ence, I aly, 2016; 3541–3546.
Publishe Full Tex
56. Muhammad M, A ms ong M, Elgendy MA: A nonisola ed in e lea ed boos
con e e o high- ol age gain applica ions. In: IEEE J Eme g Sel Top Powe
Elec on. 2016; 4(2): 352–362.
Publishe Full Tex
Page 22 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Open Pee Re iew
Cu en Pee Re iew S a us:
Ve sion 1
Re iewe Repo 08 Augus 2025
h ps://doi.o g/10.21956/open eseu ope.21228. 55982
© 2025 K R. This is an open access pee e iew epo dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
Rachananjali K
Vignan Founda ion o Science Technology & Resea ch, Gun u , Andh a P adesh, India
Au ho s ha e add essed he issues and ocused on ex ended ol age gain and educed swi ch
coun .
Topology is being implemen ed o pho o ol aic applica ion. Thei in es iga ion me hod was
based on an ini ial heo e ical app oach using ma hema ical equa ions o desc ibe he ope a ion
o he elec ical ci cui and e alua e he pe o mance compa ed o o he opologies, ollowed by
he alida ion h ough some compu a ional simula ions using MATLAB/SIMULINK so wa e.
Nex , he ope a ion o he p oposed con e e was also con i med by se e al expe imen al es s
using a labo a o y p o o ype de eloped exclusi ely o hese es s.
Is he wo k clea ly and accu a ely p esen ed and does i ci e he cu en li e a u e?
Yes
Is he s udy design app op ia e and does he wo k ha e academic me i ?
Yes
A e su icien de ails o me hods and analysis p o ided o allow eplica ion by o he s?
Yes
I applicable, is he s a is ical analysis and i s in e p e a ion app op ia e?
Yes
A e all he sou ce da a unde lying he esul s a ailable o ensu e ull ep oducibili y?
Yes
A e he conclusions d awn adequa ely suppo ed by he esul s?
Yes
Open Resea ch Eu ope
Page 23 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Expe ise: Renewable and con e e s
I con i m ha I ha e ead his submission and belie e ha I ha e an app op ia e le el o
expe ise o con i m ha i is o an accep able scien i ic s anda d.
Re iewe Repo 12 June 2025
h ps://doi.o g/10.21956/open eseu ope.21228. 54070
© 2025 Asapu S. This is an open access pee e iew epo dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
Si a Asapu
Sh i Vishnu Enginee ing College o Women, Bhima a am, Andh a P adesh, India
The pape desc ibes an In e lea ed Quad a ic Boos DC-DC Con e e . The opic o In e lea ed
Quad a ic Boos Con e e s has been widely explo ed in he li e a u e o e he pas ew decades.
Va ious s udies ha e discussed di e en opologies and designs aimed a achie ing high-gain
con e sion and high e iciency. The e o e, de e mining he no el y o he p oposed ci cui is
challenging.
In he abs ac , he au ho men ions he con e e 's e iciency alues, bu in he body o he
a icle, he e iciency analysis is missing. Including he con e e ’s e iciency o mulas, de i a ions,
and equi alen ci cui unde non-ideal condi ions would g ea ly enhance he eade 's
unde s anding o he con e e 's dynamic pe o mance.
While e iciency is a c i ical me ic o DC-DC con e e s, i s discussion in he manusc ip is
minimal. Please elabo a e on how he e iciency was calcula ed, and p o ide deepe insigh s in o
swi ching and conduc ion losses.
The au ho s a e encou aged o include a discussion on ol age and cu en s ess on key
componen s, which would help e alua e he eliabili y o he p oposed con e e .
The compa ison sec ion is incomple e and equi es signi ican imp o emen . I should
con incingly compa e he p oposed con e e wi h exis ing opologies. Speci ically, compa isons
should include powe losses (bo h swi ching and conduc ion), powe densi y, e iciency, and o he
ele an pe o mance me ics.
In he manusc ip , ha dwa e esul s a e p esen ed and explained. Howe e , he implemen a ion
de ails using MATLAB so wa e a e lacking—pa icula ly wi h espec o he ol age and cu en
wa e o ms o induc o s, capaci o s, and swi ches.
The e is no s ep esponse analysis p esen ed o he con e e . Including his analysis would
signi ican ly imp o e he unde s anding o he con e e 's dynamic pe o mance. De ailed
Open Resea ch Eu ope
Page 24 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
in o ma ion on how he ga e d i e s a e in eg a ed in o he ci cui and he componen selec ion
c i e ia would also be bene icial.
The quali y o he igu es h oughou he manusc ip is subs anda d. Mos igu es a e low-
esolu ion and appea pixela ed, which hampe s cla i y and eadabili y. I is ecommended o
p o ide high- esolu ion ec o g aphics (p e e ably in PDF o EPS o ma ) o ensu e clea
isualiza ion o plo s and ci cui diag ams.
Is he wo k clea ly and accu a ely p esen ed and does i ci e he cu en li e a u e?
Pa ly
Is he s udy design app op ia e and does he wo k ha e academic me i ?
Yes
A e su icien de ails o me hods and analysis p o ided o allow eplica ion by o he s?
Pa ly
I applicable, is he s a is ical analysis and i s in e p e a ion app op ia e?
Yes
A e all he sou ce da a unde lying he esul s a ailable o ensu e ull ep oducibili y?
Yes
A e he conclusions d awn adequa ely suppo ed by he esul s?
Yes
Compe ing In e es s: No compe ing in e es s we e disclosed.
Re iewe Expe ise: DC - DC con e e s, MPPT and mul ile el in e e s
I con i m ha I ha e ead his submission and belie e ha I ha e an app op ia e le el o
expe ise o con i m ha i is o an accep able scien i ic s anda d, howe e I ha e
signi ican ese a ions, as ou lined abo e.
Open Resea ch Eu ope
Page 25 o 25
Open Resea ch Eu ope 2025, 5:55 Las upda ed: 05 NOV 2025
